The evolution of the turtle shell

Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology

Volumn , Issue 9789400743083, 2013, Pages 51-61

  Rieppel, Olivier ^a  

^a FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Carapace; Dermal bone; Dermochelys; Membrane bone; Odontochelys

Indexed keywords

EID: 84941927981     PISSN: 18779077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_5     Document Type: Chapter

References (99)

1. Baur, G. (1886). Osteologische Notizen über Reptilien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 9, 685–690.
2. Baur, G. (1887). On the morphogeny of the carapace of the Testudinata. The American Naturalist, 21, 89.
3. Baur, G. (1888). Unusual dermal ossifications. Science, 11, 144–145.
4. Baur, G. (1889). Die systematische Stellung von Dermochelys Blainv. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 9, 149–153.
5. Burke, A. C. (1989a). Critical feature in chelonian development: The ontogeny and phylogeny of a unique tetrapod bauplan. Ph.D Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
6. Burke, A. C. (1989b). Development of the turtle carapace: Implications for the evolution of a novel bauplan. Journal of Morphology, 199, 363–378.
7. Burke, A. C. (1991). The development and evolution of the turtle body plan: Inferring intrinsic aspects of the evolutionary process from experimental embryology. American Zoologist, 31, 616–627.
8. Burke, A. C. (2009). Turtles …… again. Evolution & Development, 11, 622–624.
9. Carroll, R. L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W. H. Freeman.
10. Carus, K. G. (1834). Lehrbuch der Vergleichenden Zootomie. 2. Aufl., Bd. I. Leipzig: Ernst Fleischer.
11. Case, E. C. (1898). Toxochelys. University of Kansas Geological Survey, 4, 370–385.
12. Cebra-Thomas, J. A., Betters, E., Yin, M., Plafkin, C., McDow, K., & Gilbert, S. F. (2007). Evidence that a late-emerging population of trunk neural crest cells forms the plastron in the turtle Trachemys scriptascripta. Evolution & Development, 9, 267–277.
13. Cebra-Thomas, J. A., Tan, F., Sistla, S., Estes, E., Bender, G., Kim, C., Riccio, P., & Gilbert, S. F. (2005). How the turtle forms its shell: A paracrine hypothesis of carapace formation. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol Dev Evol), 304B, 558–569.
14. Clark, K., Bender, G., Murray, B. P., Panfilio, K., Cook, S., Davis, R., Murnen, K., Tuan, R. S., & Gilbert, S. F. (2001). Evidence for the neural crest origin of turtle plastron bones. Genesis, 3, 111–117.
15. Cope, E. D. (1871). On the homologies of some of the cranial bones of the Reptilia, and the systematic arrangement of the class. In Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, (pp. 194–247).
16. Cuvier, G. (1799). Leçons d’Anatomie Comparée, Vol. I. Paris: Boudouin.
17. Cuvier, G. (1812). Recherches sur les Ossements Fossiles de Quadrupèdes, Vol. IV. Paris: Deterville.
18. Darwin, Ch. (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: John Murray.
19. Dollo, L. (1886). Première note sur les chéloniens du Bruxellien (Eocène moyen) de la Belgique. Bulletin du Musée Royale d’Histoire Naturelle de la Belgique, 4, 75–96.
20. Gaffney, E. S. (1990). The comparative osteology of the Triassic turtle Proganochelys. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 194, 1–263.
21. Gauthier, J. A. (1994). The diversification of amniotes. In D. Prothero, & R. M. Schoch (Eds.), Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution (pp. 129–159). Knoxville: Paleontological Society.
22. Geoffroy, S-H. E. (1818). Philosophie Anatomique. Des Organes Respiratoires sous le Rapport de la Détermination et de l’Identité de leurs Pièces Osseuses. I. J.B. Baillière: Paris.
23. Gervais, P. (1872). Ostéologie du Sphargis Luth (Sph. coriacea). Nouveau Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 8, 199–228.
24. Gilbert, S. F., Loredo, G. A., Brukman, A., & Burke, A. C. (2001). Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: The development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. Evolution & Development, 3, 47–58.
25. Gilbert, S. F., Bender, G., Betters, E., Yin, M., & Cebra-Thomas, J. A. (2007). The contribution of neural crest cells to the nuchal bone and plastron of the turtle shell. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 47, 401–408.
26. Gilbert, S. F., Cebra-Thomas, J. A., & Burke, A. C. (2008). How the turtle gets its shell. In J. Wyneken, M. H. Godfrey & V. Bels (Eds.), Biology of Turtles (pp. 1–16). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
27. Goette, A. (1899). Über die Entwicklung des knöchernen Rückenschildes (Carapax) der Schildkröten. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 66, 407–434.
28. Haines, R. W., & Mohuiddin, A. (1968). Metaplastic bone. Journal of Anatomy, 103, 527–538.
29. Hay, O. P. (1898). On Protostega, the systematic position of Dermochelys, and the morphogeny of the chelonian carapace and plastron. American Naturalist, 32, 929–948.
30. Hay, O.P. (1905). On the group of fossil turtles known as Amphichelydia; with remarks on the origin and relationships of the suborders, superfamilies, and families of Testudines. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 21, 137–175.
31. Hay, O. P. (1908). The Fossil Turtles of North America. Washington DC: Carnegie Institution.
32. Hay, O. P. (1922). On the phylogeny of the shell of the Testudinata and the relationships of Dermochelys. Journal of Morphology, 36, 421–445.
33. Hay, O. P. (1928). Further consideration of the shell of Chelys and of the constitution of the armor of turtles in general. In Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 73, pp.1–12.
34. Haycraft, J. B. (1891). The development of the carapace of the Chelonia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 36, 335–342.
35. Henderson, D. M. (2003). Effects of stomach stones on the buoyancy and equilibrium of a floating crocodilian: A computational analysis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81, 1346–1357.
36. Henderson, D. M. (2006). Floating point: A computational study of buoyancy, equilibrium, and gastroliths in plesiosaurs. Lethaia, 39, 227–244.
37. Hill, R. V. (2005). Integration of morphological data sets for phylogenetic analysis: The importance of integumentary characters and increased taxonomic sampling. Systematic Biology, 54, 530–547.
38. Hoffmann, C. K. (1878). Beiträge zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere. Tafel IX –XIII. Niederländisches Archiv für Zoologie, 4, 112–248.
39. Jollie, M. (1962). Chordate Morphology. New York: Reinhold.
40. Joyce, W. J. (2007). Phylogenetic relationships of Mesozoic turtles. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 48, 3–102.
41. Joyce, W. G., & Gauthier, J. A. (2003). Paleoecology of Triassic stem turtles sheds new light on turtle origins. In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 271, pp. 1–5.
42. Joyce, W. G., Lucas, S. G., Scheyer, T. M., Heckert, A. B., & Hunt, A. P. (2009). A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell. In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 276, 507–513.
43. Kälin, J. (1945). Zur Morphogenese des Panzers bei den Schildkröten. Acta Anatomica, 1, 144–176.
44. Kordikova, E. G. (2000). Paedomorphosis in the shell of fossil and living turtles. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 218, 399–446.
45. Kordikova, E. G. (2002). Heterochrony in the evolution of the shell of Chelonia. Part 1. Terminology, Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae, Trionychidae, Cyclanorbidae and Carettochelyidae. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 226, 343–417.
46. Kuraku, S., Usuda, R., & Kuratani, S. (2005). Comprehensive survey of carapacial ridge-specific genes in turtle implies co-option of some regulatory genes in carapace evolution. Evolution & Development, 7, 3–17.
47. Laurin, M., & Reisz, R. R. (1995). A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 113, 165–223.
48. Lee, M. S. Y. (1993). The origin of the turtle body plan: bridging a famous morphological gap. Science, 261, 1716–1720.
49. Lee, M. S. Y. (1996). Correlated progression and the origin of turtles. Nature, 379, 811–815.
50. Li, C., Wu, X.-C., Rieppel, O., Wang, L.-T., & Zhao, L.-J. (2008). An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature, 456, 497–501.
51. Menger, W. (1922). Ontogenie und Phylogenie des Schildkrötenpanzers. Ph.D. Dissertation, Hessische Ludwigs-Universität, Giessen.
52. Merrem, B. (1820). Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Tentamen sistematis amphibiorum. Marburg.
53. Meyer, H.v. (1847). Mittheilungen an Professor BRONN gerichtet. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie, und Petrefakten-Kunde, 1847, 572–580.
54. Meyer, H. v. (1858). Psephoderma alpinum aus dem Dachsteinkalke der Alpen. Palaeontographica, 6, 246–252.
55. Moss, M. L. (1969). Comparative histology of dermal sclerifications in reptiles. Acta Anatomica, 73, 510–533.
56. Moustakas, J. E. (2008). Development of the carapacial ridge: implications for the evolution of genetic networks in turtle shell development. Evolution & Development, 10, 29–36.
57. Newman, H. H. (1905–1906). The significance of scute and plate ‘‘Abnormalities’’ in Chelonia. Biological Bulletin, 10, 68–114.
58. Nagashima, H., Kuraku, S., Uchida, K., Kawashima-Ohya, Y., Narita, Y., & Kuratani, S. (2007). On the carapacial ridge in turtle embryos: Its developmental origin, function and the chelonian body plan. Development, 134, 2219–2226.
59. Nagashima, H., Sugahara, F., Takechi, M., Ericsson, R., KawashimaOhya, Y., Narita, Y., & Kuratani, S. (2009). Evolution of the turtle body plan by folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science, 325, 193–196.
60. Nosotti, S., & Pinna, G. (1989). Storia delle ricerche e degli studi sui rettili placodonti. Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 24, 29–86.
61. Oguschi, K. (1911). Anatomische Studien an der japanischen dreikralligen Lippenschildkröte (Trionyx japanicus). Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch, 43, 1–106.
62. Owen, R. (1849). On the development of the carapace and plastron of the chelonian reptiles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 139, 151–171.
63. Patterson, C. (1977). Cartilage bones, dermal bones and membrane bones, or the exoskeleton versus the endoskeleton. In S. M. Andrews, R. S. Miles & A. D. Walker (Eds.), Problems in Vertebrate Evolution (pp. 77–121). London: Academic Press.
64. Pritchard, P. C. H. (2008). Evolution and structure of the turtle shell. In J. Wyneken, M. H. Godfrey, & V. Bels (Eds.), Biology of the Turtles (pp. 45–83). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
65. Procter, J. B. (1922). A study of the remarkable tortoise, Testudo loveridgii Blgr., and the morphogeny of the chelonian carapace. In Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 92, 483–526.
66. Rathke, H. (1848). Uber die Entwicklung der Schildkröten. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn.
67. Reisz, R. R., & Head, J. J. (2008). Turtle origins out to sea. Nature456, 450–451.
68. Rieppel, O. (2001). Turtles as hopeful monsters. BioEssays, 23, 987–991
69. Rieppel, O. (2008). The relationships of turtles within amniotes. In JWyneken, M. H. Godfrey, & V. Bels (Eds.), Biology of the Turtles (pp. 345–353). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
70. Rieppel, O., & Kearney, M. (2007). The poverty of taxonomic characters. Biology & Philosophy, 22, 95–113.
71. Rieppel, O., Reisz, R. R. (1999). The origin and early evolution of turtles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30, 1–22.
72. Ruckes, H. (1929). Studies in chelonian osteology. Part II. The morphological relationships between girdles, ribs and carapaceAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 31, 81–120.
73. Sánchez-Villagra, M. R., Müller, H., Scheil, C. A., Scheyer, T. M.Nagashima, H., & Kuratani, S. (2009). Skeletal development in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis (Testudines: Trionychidae). Journal of Morphology, 270, 1381–1399.
74. Shearman, R. M., & Burke, A. C. (2009). The lateral somatic frontier in ontogeny and phylogeny. Journal of Experimental Biology (MoDev Evol), 312B, 603–612.
75. Scheil, A. A. (2003). Osteology and skeletal development of Apalone spinifera (Reptilia: Testudines: Trionychidae). Journal of Morphology256, 42–78.
76. Scheyer, T. M., Brüllmann, B., & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2008). The ontogeny of the shell in side-necked turtles, with emphasis on the homologies of costal and neural bones. Journal of Morphology269, 1008–1021.
77. Smith, M. M., & Hall, B. K. (1990). Development and evolutionary origins of vertebrate skeletogenic and odontogenic tissues. Biological Reviews, 65, 277–373.
78. Smith, M. M., & Hall, B. K. (1993). A developmental model for the evolution of vertebrate exoskeleton and teeth: the role of craniaand trunk neural crest. Evolutionary Biology, 27, 387–448.
79. Starck, D. (1955). Embryologie. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme.
80. Starck, D. (1979). Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, Bd. 2Berlin: Springer.
81. Strauch, A. (1890). Bemerkungen über die Schildkrröten-sammlung im Zoologischen Museum der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences, St. Petersburg, (7) 38, 1–127.
82. Taylor, A. M. (1993). Stomach stones for feeding or buoyancy? The occurrence and function of gastroliths in marine tetrapodsPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B341, 163–175.
83. Taylor, A. M. (1994). Stone, bone or blubber? Buoyancy controstrategies in aquatic tetrapod. In L. Maddock, Q. Bone & J. M. V
84. Rayner (Eds.), Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming (pp. 151–161). Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
85. Taylor, A. M. (2000). Functional significance of bone ballast in the evolution of buoyancy control strategies by aquatic tetrapods. Historical Biology, 14: 15–31.
86. Taylor, A. M. (2002). Origin of marine mammals. In W. F. Perrin, B. Würsig, & J. G. M. Thewissen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (pp. 833–837). San Diego: Academic Press.
87. Vallén, E. (1942). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Ontogenie und der vergleichenden Anatomie des Schildkrötenpanzers. Acta Zoologica, Stockholm, 23, 1–127.
88. Versluys, J. (1914). Über die Phylogenie des Panzers der Schildkröten und über die Verwandtschaft der Lederschildkröte (Dermochelys coriacea). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 1, 321–347.
89. Vickaryous, M. K., & Hall, B. K. (2008). Development of the dermal skeleton in Alligator mississippiensis (Archosauria, Crocodylia) with comments on the homology of osteoderms. Journal of Morphology, 260, 398–422.
90. Völker, H. (1913). Über das Stamm, Gliedmassen-, und Hautskelett von Dermochelys coriacea L. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 33, 431–552.
91. Wang, X., Bachmann, G. H., Hagdorn, H., Sander, P. M., Cuny, G., Chen, X., et al. (2008). The Late Triassic black shales from the Guanling area, Guizhou Province, south-west China: A unique marine reptile and pelagic crinoid fossil Lagerstätte. Palaeontology, 51, 27–61.
92. Wiedeman, C. R. W. (1802). Anatomische Beschreibung der Schildkröten überhaupt und der getäfelten Schildkröte (T. tesselata Schneid., T. tabulata Walbaum) insbesondere. Archiv für Zoologie und Zootomie, 2, 177–210.
93. Wieland, G. R. (1896). Archelon ischyrios: A new gigantic Cryptodire Testudinate from Fort Pierre Cretaceous of South Dakota. American Journal of Science, 2(4), 399–415.
94. Wieland, G. R. (1905). On marine turtles. American Journal of Science, 20, 325–343.
95. Wieland, G. R. (1909). Revision of the Protostegidae. American Journal of Science, 27(4), 237–251.
96. Wings, O. (2007). A review of gastrolith function with implications for fossil vertebrates and a revised classification. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52: 1–16.
97. Yntema, C. L. A. (1968). A series of stages in the embryonic development of Chelydra serpentina. Journal of Morphology, 125, 219–252.
98. Zangerl, R. (1939). The homology of the shell elements in turtles. Journal of Morphology, 65, 383–406.
99. Zangerl, R. (1969). The turtle shell. In C. Gans, A. d’A. Bellairs, & T. S. Parsons (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, (Vol. 1). Morphology A (pp. 311–339). London: Academic Press.