The origin and early evolution of turtles

Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics

Volumn 30, Issue , 1999, Pages 1-22

  Rieppel, Olivier ^a   Reisz, Robert R ^b  

^a FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Paleobiology; Phylogeny; Triassic; Turtles

Indexed keywords

EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENETICS; TURTLE;

EID: 0033381933     PISSN: 00664162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.1     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Baur G. 1885. Zur Morphologie des Carpus und Tarsus der Reptilien. Zool. Anz. 8:631-38
2. Bennett AF, Dawson WR. 1976. Metabolism. In Biology of the Reptilia, ed. C Gans, WR Dawson, 5:127-223. London: Academic
3. Bentley PJ. 1976. Osmoregulation. In Biology of the Reptilia, ed. C Gans, WR Dawson, 5:365-412. London: Academic
4. Brinkman D. 1980. Structural correlates of tarsal and metatarsal functioning in Iguana (Lacertilia; Iguanidae) and other lizards. Can. J. Zool. 58:277-89
5. Brinkman D. 1981. The hind limb step cycle of Iguana and primitive reptiles. J. Zool. 181:91-103
6. Burke AC, Alberch P. 1985. The development and homologies of the chelonian carpus and tarsus. J. Morph. 186:119-31
7. Burke AC. 1989. Development of the turtle carapace: implications for the evolution of a novel bauplan. J. Morph. 199:363-78
8. Burke AC. 1991. The development and evolution of the turtle body plan: inferring intrinsic aspects of the evolutionary process from experimental embryology. Am. Zool. 31:616-27
9. Carroll RL. 1969. A Middle Pennsylvanian captorhinomorph, and the interrelationships of primitive reptiles. J. Paleontol. 43:151-70
10. Colbert EH. 1970. The Triassic gliding reptile Icarosaurus. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 143:85-142
11. deBraga M, Rieppel O. 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 120:281-354
12. deBroin F. 1984. Proganochelys ruchae n. sp., chélonien du Trias supérieur de Thailande. Stud. Geol. Salamanticensia-Stud. Palaeocheloniológica 1:87-97
13. dePinna MCC. 1991. Concepts and tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm. Cladistics 7:367-394
14. Fischer W. 1959. Neue Funde von Henodus chelyops v. Huene im Tübinger Gipskeuper. N. Jb. Geol. Paläontol., Mh. 1959:241-47
15. Gaffney ES. 1990. The comparative osteology of the Triassic turtle Proganochelys. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 194:1-263
16. Gaffney ES, Kitching JW. 1994. The most ancient African turtle. Nature 369:55-58
17. Gaffney ES, Hutchison JH, Jenkins FA Jr, Meeker L. 1987. Modern turtle origins: the oldest known cryptodire. Science 237:289-91
18. Gans C. Hughes GM. 1997. The mechanism of lung ventilation in the tortoise Testudo graeca Linné. J. Exp. Biol. 47:1-20
19. Gaunt AS, Gans C. 1969. Mechanics of respiration in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina (Linné). J. Morph. 128:195-228
20. Gauthier J, Kluge AG, Rowe T. 1988. Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics 4:105-209
21. Gauthier JR, Estes R, deQueiroz K. 1988. A phylogenetic analysis of Lepidosauromorpha. In Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families, ed. R Estes, G Pregill, pp. 15-98. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
22. Gegenbaur C. 1864. Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbelthiere. Erstes Heft. Carpus und Tarsus. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelman
23. Goette A. 1899. Über die Entwicklung des knöchernen Rückenschildes (Carapax) der Schildkröten. Z. wiss. Zool. 66:407-34
24. Goodrich ES. 1930. Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates. London: Macmillan
25. Goodrich ES. 1942. The hind foot of Youngina and the fifth metatarsal in Reptilia. J. Anat. 76:308-12
26. Gregory WK. 1946. Pareiasaurs versus placodonts as near ancestors to turtles. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 86:275-326
27. Haas G. 1969. The armor of placodonts from the Muschelkalk of Wadi Ramon (Israel). Israel J. Zool. 18:135-47
28. Haines RW. 1969. Epiphyses and sesamoids. In Biology of the Reptilia, ed. C Gans, TS Parsons, AdA Bellairs, 1:81-115. London: Academic
29. Hay OP. 1898. On Protostega, the systematic position of Dermochelys, and the morphogeny of the chelonian carapace and plastron. Am. Nat. 32:929-48
30. 29a. Hedges SB, Poling LL. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of reptiles. Science 283:998-1001
31. Hoffstetter R, Rage J-C. 1969. Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. In Biology of the Reptilia, ed. C Gans, TS Parsons, AdA Bellairs, 1:201-310. London: Academic Press
32. Howes GB, Swinnerton HH. 1901. On the development of the skeleton of the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus; with comments on the egg, the hatching, and the hatched young. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 16:1-86
33. Huey RB. 1987. Phylogeny, history, and the comparative method. In New Direction in Physiological Ecology, ed. ME Fered, AF Bennett, WW Burggren, RB Huey, pp. 76-98. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
34. Jenkins FA Jr. 1994. Late Triassic continental vertebrates and depositional environments of the Fleming Fjord Formation, Jameson Land, East Greenland. Medd. Gronl. Geosci. 32:1-25
35. Kaelin J. 1945. Zur Morphogenese des Panzers bei den Schildkröten. Acta Anat. 1:144-76
36. Kirsch JAW, Mayer GC. 1998. The platypus is not a rodent: DNA hybridization, amniote phylogeny and the palimpsest theory Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 353: 1221-37
37. Kitching JW. 1977. The Distribution of the Karroo Vertebrate Fauna. Bernard Price Inst. for Palaeontol. Res., Memoir 1. Johannesburg: Univ. Witwatersrand
38. Laurin M. 1991. The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 101:59-95
39. Laurin M, Reisz RR. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 113:165-223
40. Lee MSY. 1993. The origin of the turtle body plan: bridging a famous morphological gap. Science 261:1716-20
41. Lee MSY 1994. The turtle's long lost relatives. Nat. Hist. 6:63-65
42. Lee MSY. 1995. Historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of 'parareptiles'. Biol. Rev. 70:459-547
43. Lee MSY. 1996. Correlated progression and the origin of turtles. Nature 379:811-15
44. Lee MSY. 1997. Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 120:197-280
45. Lee MSY. 1997. Reptile relationships turn turtle. Nature 389:245-46
46. Lee MSY. 1997. The evolution of the reptilian hindfoot and the homology of the hooked fifth metatarsal. J. Evol. Biol. 10:253-63
47. Lee MSY, Doughty P. 1997. The relationship between evolutionary theory and phylogenetic analysis. Biol. Rev. 72:471-95
48. Maddison WP, Maddison R. 1992. MacClade, Version 3. Sunderland: Sinauer
49. Merck JW. 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of the euryapsid reptiles. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17:65A
50. Motani R, Minoura, Ando T. 1998. Ichthyosaurian relationships illuminated by new primitive skeletons from Japan. Nature 393:255-57
51. O'Donoghue CH. 1921. The blood vascular system of the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 210: 175-252
52. Oguschi K. 1911. Anatomische Studien an der japanischen dreikralligen Lippenschildkröte (Trionyx japanicus). Morph. Jb. 43:1-106
53. Olson EC. 1947. The family Diadectidae and its bearing on the classification of reptiles. Fieldiana (Geol.) 11:1-53
54. Patterson C. 1977. Cartilage bones, dermal bones and membrane bones, or the exoskeleton versus the endoskeleton. In Problems in Vertebrate Evolution, ed. SM Andrews, RS Miles, AD Walker, pp. 77-121. London: Academic
55. Patterson C. 1982. Morphological characters and homology. In Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction, ed. KA Joysey, AE Friday. pp. 21-74. London: Academic
56. Peabody FE. 1951. The origin of the astragalus of reptiles. Evolution 5:339-44
57. Platz JE, Conlon JM. 1997. Reptile relationships turn turtle... and turn back again. Nature 389:245-46
58. Rabl C. 1910. Bausteine zu einer Theorie der Extremitȧten der Wirbeltiere. 1. Theil. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann
59. Reisz RR, Laurin M. 1991. Owenetta and the origin of turtles. Nature 349:324-26
60. Remane A. 1952. Die Grundlagen des natürlichen Systems, der vergleichenden Anatomie und der Phylogenetik. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft
61. Rieppel O. 1992. Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles. III. Patterns of ossification in the skeleton of Lacerta vivipara Jacquin (Reptilia, Squamata). Fieldiana (Zool.) n.s. 68:1-25
62. Rieppel O. 1993. Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles: patterns of ossification in the skeleton of Chelydra serpentina. J. Zool. 231:487-509
63. Rieppel O. 1993. Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles. IV. The homology of the reptilian (amniote) astragalus revisited. J. Vert. Paleontol. 13:31-47
64. Rieppel O. 1993. Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles. V. Patterns of ossification in the skeleton of Alligator mississippiensis Daudin (Reptilia, Crocodylia). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 109:301-25
65. Rieppel O. 1994. Osteology of Simosaurus gaillardoti, and the phylogenetic interrelationships of stem-group Sauropterygia. Fieldiana (Geol.) n.s. 28:1-85
66. Rieppel O. 1998. The systematic status of Hanosaurus hupehensis (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of China. J. Vert. Paleont. 18:545-76
67. Rieppel O, deBraga M. 1996. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Nature 384:453-55
68. Rieppel O, Hagdorn H. 1997. Paleobiogeography of Middle Triassic Sauropterygia in Central and Western Europe. In Ancient Marine Reptiles, ed. JM Call-away, EL Nicholls, pp. 121-44. San Diego: Academic
69. Robinson PL. 1962. Gliding lizards from the Upper Keuper of Great Britain. Proc. Geol. Soc. Lond. 1601:137-46
70. Robinson PL. 1975. The functions of the hooked fifth metatarsal in lepidosaurian reptiles. Coll. Int. CNRS 218:461-83
71. Rougier GW, Fuente MS, Arcucci AB. 1995. Late Triassic turtles from South America. Science 268:855-58
72. Ruckes H. 1929. Studies in chelonian osteology. Part II. The morphological relationships between girdles, ribs and carapace. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 31:81-120
73. Sewertzoff AN. 1908. Studien über die Entwicklung der Muskeln, Nerven und des Skeletts der Extremitäten der niederen Tetrapoda. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. N.S. 21:1-430
74. Starck D. 1979. Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere auf evolutionsbiologischer Grundlage, Vol. 2. Berlin: Springer Verlag
75. Swofford DL, Begle DP. 1993. PAUP-Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Version 3.1. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Inst.
76. Vallén E. 1942. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Ontogenie und der vergleichenden Anatomie des Schildkrötenpanzers. Acta Zool. Stockholm, 23:1-127
77. Versluys J. 1914. Über die Phylogenie des Panzers der Schildkröten und über die Verwandtschaft der Lederschildkrȯte (Dermochelys coriacea). Paläontol. Zeit. 1:321-47
78. Vȯlker H. 1913. Über das Stamm, Gliedmassen-, und Hautskelett von Dermochelys coriacea L. Zool. Jb., Anat. 33:431-552
79. Walker WF. 1971. A structural and functional analysis of walking in the turtle, Chrysemis picta marginata. J. Morph. 134:195-214
80. Walker WF. 1973. The locomotor apparatus in turtles. In Biology of the Reptilia, ed. C Gans, TS Parsons, 4:1-100. London: Academic
81. Westphal F. 1975. Bauprinzipien im Panzer der Placodonten (Reptilia triadica). Paläont. Z. 49:97-125
82. Zangerl R. 1939. The homology of the shell elements in turtles. J. Morph. 65:383-406
83. Zangerl R. 1969. The turtle shell. In Biology of The Reptilia, ed. C Gans, TS Parsons, AdA Bellairs, 1:311-339. London: Academic
84. Zardoya R, Meyer A. 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:14226-31
85. Zuckerkandl E. 1895. Zur Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Arterien des Unterschenkels und des Fusses. Anat. Hefte 5:207-291
86. Zug GR. 1971. Buoyancy, locomotion, morphology of the pelvic girdle and hind-limb, and systematics of cryptodiran turtles. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 142:1-98