Risk indicators for peri-implantitis. A narrative review

Clinical Oral Implants Research

Volumn 26, Issue , 2015, Pages 15-44

  Renvert, Stefan ^a,b,c   Quirynen, Marc ^d  

^a KRISTIANSTAD UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^c BLEKINGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Biofilm; Etiology; Excess cement; Genotype; Microbiology; Oral hygiene; Partial edentulism; Peri implantitis; Periodontitis; Risk indicators; Smoking; Supportive periodontal therapy

Indexed keywords

TOOTH CEMENT;

ADVERSE EFFECTS; COMPLICATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETICS; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROFLORA; MOUTH HYGIENE; PERI-IMPLANTITIS; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; TOOTH PLAQUE;

DENTAL CEMENTS; DENTAL PLAQUE; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; HUMANS; MICROBIOTA; ORAL HYGIENE; PERI-IMPLANTITIS; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING;

EID: 84941902107     PISSN: 09057161     EISSN: 16000501     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/clr.12636     Document Type: Article

References (242)

1. AAP White paper on Peri-implantitis. (2013) Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a current understanding of their diagnoses and clinical implications. Journal of Periodontology 84: 436-443.
2. Aglietta, M., Siciliano, V.I., Rasperini, G., Cafiero, C., Lang, N.P. & Salvi, G.E. (2011) A 10-year retrospective analysis of marginal bone-level changes around implants in periodontally healthy and periodontally compromised tobacco smokers. Clinical Oral Implants Research 22: 47-53.
3. Albandar, J.M. (2002) Periodontal diseases in north america. Periodontology 2000 29: 31-69.
4. Albertini, M., Lopez-Cerero, L., O'Sullivan, M.G., Chereguini, C.F., Ballesta, S., Rios, V., Herrero-Climent, M. & Bullon, P. (2014) Assessment of periodontal and opportunistic flora in patients with peri-implantitis. Clinical Oral Implants Research doi: 10.1111/cir.12387. [Epub ahead of print].
5. Alcoforado, G.A., Rams, T.E., Feik, D. & Slots, J. (1991) Microbial aspects of failing osseointegrated dental implants in humans. Journal de Parodontologie 10: 11-18.
6. Al-Radha, A.S., Pal, A., Pettemerides, A.P. & Jenkinson, H.F. (2012) Molecular analysis of microbiota associated with peri-implant diseases. Journal of Dentistry 40: 989-998.
7. Anner, R., Grossmann, Y., Anner, Y. & Levin, L. (2010) Smoking, diabetes mellitus, periodontitis, and supportive periodontal treatment as factors associated with dental implant survival: a long-term retrospective evaluation of patients followed for up to 10 years. Implant Dentistry 19: 57-64.
8. Aoki, M., Takanashi, K., Matsukubo, T., Yajima, Y., Okuda, K., Sato, T. & Ishihara, K. (2012) Transmission of periodontopathic bacteria from natural teeth to implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 14: 406-411.
9. Apatzidou, D.A., Riggio, M.P. & Kinane, D.F. (2005) Impact of smoking on the clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters of adult patients with periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32: 973-983.
10. Apse, P., Ellen, R.P., Overall, C.M. & Zarb, G.A. (1989) Microbiota and crevicular fluid collagenase activity in the osseointegrated dental implant sulcus: a comparison of sites in edentulous and partially edentulous patients. Journal of Periodontal Research 24: 96-105.
11. Atieh, M.A., Alsabeeha, N.H., Faggion, C.M. Jr & Duncan, W.J. (2013) The frequency of peri-implant diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Periodontology 84: 1586-1598.
12. Augthun, M. & Conrads, G. (1997) Microbial findings of deep peri-implant bone defects. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 12: 106-112.
13. Bain, C.A. (1996) Smoking and implant failure-benefits of a smoking cessation protocol. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 11: 756-759.
14. Baljoon, M., Natto, S. & Bergstrom, J. (2004) The association of smoking with vertical periodontal bone loss. Journal of Periodontology 75: 844-851.
15. Beikler, T. & Flemmig, T.F. (2003) Implants in the medically compromised patient. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 14: 305-316.
16. Bornstein, M.M., Cionca, N. & Mombelli, A. (2009) Systemic conditions and treatments as risks for implant therapy. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 24(Suppl.): 12-27.
17. Botero, J.E., Gonzalez, A.M., Mercado, R.A., Olave, G. & Contreras, A. (2005) Subgingival microbiota in peri-implant mucosa lesions and adjacent teeth in partially edentulous patients. Journal of Periodontology 76: 1490-1495.
18. Brocard, D., Barthet, P., Baysse, E., Duffort, J.F., Eller, P., Justumus, P., Marin, P., Oscaby, F., Simonet, T., Benque, E. & Brunel, G. (2000) A multicenter report on 1, 022 consecutively placed iti implants: a 7-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 15: 691-700.
19. Buchmann, R., Khoury, F., Faust, C. & Lange, D.E. (1999) Peri-implant conditions in periodontally compromised patients following maxillary sinus augmentation. A long-term post-therapy trial. Clinical Oral Implants Research 10: 103-110.
20. Buser, D., Janner, S.F., Wittneben, J.G., Bragger, U., Ramseier, C.A. & Salvi, G.E. (2012) 10-year survival and success rates of 511 titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface: a retrospective study in 303 partially edentulous patients. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 14: 839-851.
21. Carvalho, M.D., Benatti, B.B., Cesar-Neto, J.B., Nociti, F.H. Jr, da Rocha Nogueira Filho, G., Casati, M.Z. & Sallum, E.A. (2006) Effect of cigarette smoke inhalation and estrogen deficiency on bone healing around titanium implants: a histometric study in rats. Journal of Periodontology 77: 599-605.
22. Casado, P.L., Otazu, I.B., Balduino, A., de Mello, W., Barboza, E.P. & Duarte, M.E. (2011) Identification of periodontal pathogens in healthy periimplant sites. Implant Dentistry 20: 226-235.
23. Casado, P.L., Pereira, M.C., Duarte, M.E. & Granjeiro, J.M. (2013b) History of chronic periodontitis is a high risk indicator for peri-implant disease. Brazilian Dental Journal 24: 136-141.
24. Casado, P.L., Villas-Boas, R., de Mello, W., Duarte, M.E. & Granjeiro, J.M. (2013a) Peri-implant disease and chronic periodontitis: is interleukin-6 gene promoter polymorphism the common risk factor in a brazilian population? International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 28: 35-43.
25. Cesar-Neto, J.B., Benatti, B.B., Sallum, E.A., Casati, M.Z. & Nociti, F.H. Jr. (2006) The influence of cigarette smoke inhalation and its cessation on the tooth-supporting alveolar bone: a histometric study in rats. Journal of Periodontal Research 41: 118-123.
26. Cha, H.S., Kim, A., Nowzari, H., Chang, H.S. & Ahn, K.M. (2014) Simultaneous sinus lift and implant installation: prospective study of consecutive two hundred seventeen sinus lift and four hundred sixty-two implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 16: 337-347.
27. Chambrone, L., Chambrone, L.A. & Lima, L.A. (2010) Effects of occlusal overload on peri-implant tissue health: a systematic review of animal-model studies. Journal of Periodontology 81: 1367-1378.
28. Chapple, I.L., Genco, R. & Working group 2 of joint E.F.P.A.A.P.w. (2013) Diabetes and periodontal diseases: consensus report of the joint efp/aap workshop on periodontitis and systemic diseases. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40(Suppl. 14): S106-S112.
29. Charalampakis, G., Leonhardt, A., Rabe, P. & Dahlen, G. (2012) Clinical and microbiological characteristics of peri-implantitis cases: a retrospective multicentre study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23: 1045-1054.
30. Chen, H., Liu, N., Xu, X., Qu, X. & Lu, E. (2013) Smoking, radiotherapy, diabetes and osteoporosis as risk factors for dental implant failure: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 8: e71955.
31. Chrcanovic, B.R., Albrektsson, T. & Wennerberg, A. (2014) Periodontally compromised vs. Periodontally healthy patients and dental implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dentistry 42: 1509-1527.
32. Chuang, S.K., Cai, T., Douglass, C.W., Wei, L.J. & Dodson, T.B. (2005) Frailty approach for the analysis of clustered failure time observations in dental research. Journal of Dental Research 84: 54-58.
33. Chvartszaid, D. & Koka, S. (2011) On manufactured diseases, healthy mouths and infected minds. International Journal of Prosthodontics 24: 102-103.
34. Chvartszaid, D., Koka, S. & Zarb, G. (2008) Osseointegration failure. In: Zarb, G., Albrectsson, T. & Baker, G. Eckert, G. & Stanford, C., eds. Osseointegration - on Continuing Synergies in Surgery, Prosthodontics, Biomaterials, 157-167. Chicago, IL: Quintessence.
35. Corbella, S., Del Fabbro, M., Taschieri, S., De Siena, F. & Francetti, L. (2011) Clinical evaluation of an implant maintenance protocol for the prevention of peri-implant diseases in patients treated with immediately loaded full-arch rehabilitations. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 9: 216-222.
36. Cortelli, S.C., Cortelli, J.R., Romeiro, R.L., Costa, F.O., Aquino, D.R., Orzechowski, P.R., Araujo, V.C. & Duarte, P.M. (2013) Frequency of periodontal pathogens in equivalent peri-implant and periodontal clinical statuses. Archives of Oral Biology 58: 67-74.
37. Costa, F.O., Takenaka-Martinez, S., Cota, L.O., Ferreira, S.D., Silva, G.L. & Costa, J.E. (2012) Peri-implant disease in subjects with and without preventive maintenance: a 5-year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 39: 173-181.
38. Cosyn, J., Christiaens, V., Koningsveld, V., Coucke, P.J., De Coster, P., De Paepe, A. & De Bruyn, H. (2014) An exploratory case-control study on the impact of il-1 gene polymorphisms on early implant failure. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research doi: 10.1111/cid.12237. [Epub ahead of print].
39. Cury, P.R., Horewicz, V.V., Ferrari, D.S., Brito, R. Jr, Sendyk, W.R., Duarte, P.M. & Shibli, J.A. (2009) Evaluation of the effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphism on the risk of peri-implantitis: a case-control study. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 24: 1101-1105.
40. Dabdoub, S.M., Tsigarida, A.A. & Kumar, P.S. (2013) Patient-specific analysis of periodontal and peri-implant microbiomes. Journal of Dental Research 92: 168S-175S.
41. Daubert, D.M., Weinstein, B.F., Bordin, S., Leroux, B.G. & Flemmig, T.F. (2015) Prevalence and predictive factors for peri-implant disease and implant failure: a cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Periodontology 86: 337-347.
42. De Boever, A.L., Quirynen, M., Coucke, W., Theuniers, G. & De Boever, J.A. (2009) Clinical and radiographic study of implant treatment outcome in periodontally susceptible and non-susceptible patients: a prospective long-term study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 20: 1341-1350.
43. De Bruyn, H., Collaert, B., Linden, U., Johansson, C. & Albrektsson, T. (1999) Clinical outcome of screw vent implants. A 7-year prospective follow-up study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 10: 139-148.
44. Demmer, R.T. & Papapanou, P.N. (2010) Epidemiologic patterns of chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 53: 28-44.
45. D'Haese, J., Vervaeke, S., Verbanck, N. & De Bruyn, H. (2013) Clinical and radiographic outcome of implants placed using stereolithographic guided surgery: a prospective monocenter study. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 28: 205-215.
46. Dierens, M., Vandeweghe, S., Kisch, J., Nilner, K. & De Bruyn, H. (2012) Long-term follow-up of turned single implants placed in periodontally healthy patients after 16-22 years: radiographic and peri-implant outcome. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23: 197-204.
47. Dvorak, G., Arnhart, C., Heuberer, S., Huber, C.D., Watzek, G. & Gruber, R. (2011) Peri-implantitis and late implant failures in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38: 950-955.
48. Ebadian, A.R., Kadkhodazadeh, M., Zarnegarnia, P. & Dahlen, G. (2012) Bacterial analysis of peri-implantitis and chronic periodontitis in iranian subjects. Acta Medica Iranica 50: 486-492.
49. Eggert, F.M., McLeod, M.H. & Flowerdew, G. (2001) Effects of smoking and treatment status on periodontal bacteria: evidence that smoking influences control of periodontal bacteria at the mucosal surface of the gingival crevice. Journal of Periodontology 72: 1210-1220.
50. Eke, P.I., Dye, B.A., Wei, L., Thornton-Evans, G.O., Genco, R.J., Cdc Periodontal Disease Surveillance workgroup, James Beck, G.D.R.P. (2012) Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. Journal of Dental Research 91: 914-920.
51. Ericsson, I., Berglundh, T., Marinello, C., Liljenberg, B. & Lindhe, J. (1992) Long-standing plaque and gingivitis at implants and teeth in the dog. Clinical Oral Implants Research 3: 99-103.
52. Evian, C.I., Emling, R., Rosenberg, E.S., Waasdorp, J.A., Halpern, W., Shah, S. & Garcia, M. (2004) Retrospective analysis of implant survival and the influence of periodontal disease and immediate placement on long-term results. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 19: 393-398.
53. Fardal, O. & Grytten, J. (2013) A comparison of teeth and implants during maintenance therapy in terms of the number of disease-free years and costs - an in vivo internal control study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40: 645-651.
54. Fardal, O. & Linden, G.J. (2008) Tooth loss and implant outcomes in patients refractory to treatment in a periodontal practice. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35: 733-738.
55. Feloutzis, A., Lang, N.P., Tonetti, M.S., Burgin, W., Bragger, U., Buser, D., Duff, G.W. & Kornman, K.S. (2003) Il-1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri-implant bone loss in a well-maintained population. Clinical Oral Implants Research 14: 10-17.
56. Ferreira, S.D., Silva, G.L., Cortelli, J.R., Costa, J.E. & Costa, F.O. (2006) Prevalence and risk variables for peri-implant disease in brazilian subjects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33: 929-935.
57. Frisch, E., Ziebolz, D., Vach, K. & Ratka-Kruger, P. (2014) Supportive post-implant therapy: patient compliance rates and impacting factors: 3-year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 41: 1007-1014.
58. Fu, J.H., Hsu, Y.T. & Wang, H.L. (2012) Identifying occlusal overload and how to deal with it to avoid marginal bone loss around implants. European Journal of Oral Implantology 5(Suppl.): S91-S103.
59. Fürst, M.M., Salvi, G.E., Lang, N.P. & Persson, G.R. (2007) Bacterial colonization immediately after installation on oral titanium implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 18: 501-508.
60. Gamal, A.Y. & Bayomy, M.M. (2002) Effect of cigarette smoking on human pdl fibroblasts attachment to periodontally involved root surfaces in vitro. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 29: 763-770.
61. Garcia-Bellosta, S., Bravo, M., Subira, C. & Echeverria, J.J. (2010) Retrospective study of the long-term survival of 980 implants placed in a periodontal practice. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 25: 613-619.
62. Gatti, C., Gatti, F., Chiapasco, M. & Esposito, M. (2008) Outcome of dental implants in partially edentulous patients with and without a history of periodontitis: a 5-year interim analysis of a cohort study. European Journal of Oral Implantology 1: 45-51.
63. Genco, R.J., Jeffocat, M., Caton, J., Papapanou, P., Armitagwe, G.C., Grossi, S., Johnson, N., Lamster, I., Lang, N.P., Robertson, P. & Sanz, M. (1996) Consensus Report. Periodontal diseases: epidemiology and diagnosis. Annals of Periodontology 1: 216-222.
64. George, K., Zafiropoulos, G.G., Murat, Y., Hubertus, S. & Nisengard, R.J. (1994) Clinical and microbiological status of osseointegrated implants. Journal of Periodontology 65: 766-770.
65. Gianserra, R., Cavalcanti, R., Oreglia, F., Manfredonia, M.F. & Esposito, M. (2010) Outcome of dental implants in patients with and without a history of periodontitis: a 5-year pragmatic multicentre retrospective cohort study of 1727 patients. European Journal of Oral Implantology 3: 307-314.
66. Gotfredsen, K., Berglundh, T. & Lindhe, J. (2002) Bone reactions at implants subjected to experimental peri-implantitis and static load. A study in the dog. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 29: 144-151.
67. Gouvoussis, J., Sindhusake, D. & Yeung, S. (1997) Cross-infection from periodontitis sites to failing implant sites in the same mouth. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 12: 666-673.
68. Graswinckel, J.E., van der Velden, U., van Winkelhoff, A.J., Hoek, F.J. & Loos, B.G. (2004) Plasma antibody levels in periodontitis patients and controls. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 31: 562-568.
69. Gronert, K., Kantarci, A., Levy, B.D., Clish, C.B., Odparlik, S., Hasturk, H., Badwey, J.A., Colgan, S.P., Van Dyke, T.E. & Serhan, C.N. (2004) A molecular defect in intracellular lipid signaling in human neutrophils in localized aggressive periodontal tissue damage. Journal of Immunology 172: 1856-1861.
70. Gruica, B., Wang, H.Y., Lang, N.P. & Buser, D. (2004) Impact of il-1 genotype and smoking status on the prognosis of osseointegrated implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 15: 393-400.
71. Grunder, U., Gaberthuel, T., Boitel, N., Imoberdorf, M., Meyenberg, K., Andreoni, C. & Meier, T. (1999) Evaluating the clinical performance of the osseotite implant: defining prosthetic predictability. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 20: 628-633, 636, 638-640.
72. Guntsch, A., Erler, M., Preshaw, P.M., Sigusch, B.W., Klinger, G. & Glockmann, E. (2006) Effect of smoking on crevicular polymorphonuclear neutrophil function in periodontally healthy subjects. Journal of Periodontal Research 41: 184-188.
73. Haffajee, A.D. & Socransky, S.S. (1994) Microbial etiological agents of destructive periodontal diseases. Periodontology 2000 5: 78-111.
74. Haffajee, A.D. & Socransky, S.S. (2001) Relationship of cigarette smoking to the subgingival microbiota. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 28: 377-388.
75. Hallman, M., Sennerby, L., Zetterqvist, L. & Lundgren, S. (2005) A 3-year prospective follow-up study of implant-supported fixed prostheses in patients subjected to maxillary sinus floor augmentation with a 80:20 mixture of deproteinized bovine bone and autogenous bone clinical, radiographic and resonance frequency analysis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 34: 273-280.
76. Hamdy, A.A. & Ebrahem, M.A. (2011) The effect of interleukin-1 allele 2 genotype (il-1a(-889) and il-1b(+3954)) on the individual's susceptibility to peri-implantitis: case-control study. Journal of Oral Implantology 37: 325-334.
77. Hardt, C.R., Grondahl, K., Lekholm, U. & Wennstrom, J.L. (2002) Outcome of implant therapy in relation to experienced loss of periodontal bone support: a retrospective 5- year study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 13: 488-494.
78. Heitz-Mayfield, L.J. (2008) Peri-implant diseases: diagnosis and risk indicators. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35: 292-304.
79. Heitz-Mayfield, L.J. & Lang, N.P. (2010) Comparative biology of chronic and aggressive periodontitis vs. Peri-implantitis. Periodontology 2000 53: 167-181.
80. Heitz-Mayfield, L.J., Schmid, B., Weigel, C., Gerber, S., Bosshardt, D.D., Jonsson, J., Lang, N.P. & Jonsson, J. (2004) Does excessive occlusal load affect osseointegration? An experimental study in the dog. Clinical Oral Implants Research 15: 259-268.
81. Hinode, D., Tanabe, S., Yokoyama, M., Fujisawa, K., Yamauchi, E. & Miyamoto, Y. (2006) Influence of smoking on osseointegrated implant failure: a meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17: 473-478.
82. Hsu, Y.T., Fu, J.H., Al-Hezaimi, K. & Wang, H.L. (2012) Biomechanical implant treatment complications: a systematic review of clinical studies of implants with at least 1 year of functional loading. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 27: 894-904.
83. Hultin, M., Bostrom, L. & Gustafsson, A. (1998) Neutrophil response and microbiological findings around teeth and dental implants. Journal of Periodontology 69: 1413-1418.
84. Hultin, M., Gustafsson, A., Hallstrom, H., Johansson, L.A., Ekfeldt, A. & Klinge, B. (2002) Microbiological findings and host response in patients with peri-implantitis. Clinical Oral Implants Research 13: 349-358.
85. Hutton, J.E., Heath, M.R., Chai, J.Y., Harnett, J., Jemt, T., Johns, R.B., McKenna, S., McNamara, D.C., van Steenberghe, D., Taylor, R., et al. (1995) Factors related to success and failure rates at 3-year follow-up in a multicenter study of overdentures supported by branemark implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 10: 33-42.
86. Hwang, D. & Wang, H.L. (2006) Medical contraindications to implant therapy: Part i: Absolute contraindications. Implant Dentistry 15: 353-360.
87. Javed, F., Al-Hezaimi, K., Salameh, Z., Almas, K. & Romanos, G.E. (2011) Proinflammatory cytokines in the crevicular fluid of patients with peri-implantitis. Cytokine 53: 8-12.
88. Jiang, B.Q., Lan, J., Huang, H.Y., Liang, J., Ma, X.N., Huo, L.D. & Xu, X. (2013) A clinical study on the effectiveness of implant supported dental restoration in patients with chronic periodontal diseases. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 42: 256-259.
89. Johnson, N.W. & Bain, C.A. (2000) Tobacco and oral disease. Eu-working group on tobacco and oral health. British Dental Journal 189: 200-206.
90. Jung, R.E., Zembic, A., Pjetursson, B.E., Zwahlen, M. & Thoma, D.S. (2012) Systematic review of the survival rate and the incidence of biological, technical, and aesthetic complications of single crowns on implants reported in longitudinal studies with a mean follow-up of 5 years. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23(Suppl. 6): 2-21.
91. Kadkhodazadeh, M., Baghani, Z., Ebadian, A.R., Youssefi, N., Mehdizadeh, A.R. & Azimi, N. (2013a) Il-17 gene polymorphism is associated with chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis in iranian patients: a cross-sectional study. Immunological Investigations 42: 156-163.
92. Kadkhodazadeh, M., Ebadian, A.R., Amid, R., Youssefi, N. & Mehdizadeh, A.R. (2013c) Interleukin 17 receptor gene polymorphism in periimplantitis and chronic periodontitis. Acta Medica Iranica 51: 353-358.
93. Kadkhodazadeh, M., Ebadian, A.R., Gholami, G.A., Khosravi, A. & Tabari, Z.A. (2013b) Analysis of rankl gene polymorphism (rs9533156 and rs2277438) in iranian patients with chronic periodontitis and periimplantitis. Archives of Oral Biology 58: 530-536.
94. Kadkhodazadeh, M., Tabari, Z.A., Ardakani, M.R., Ebadian, A.R. & Brook, A. (2012) Analysis of osteoprotegerin (opg) gene polymorphism in iranian patients with chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis. A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Oral Implantology 5: 381-388.
95. Karbach, J., Callaway, A., Kwon, Y.D., d'Hoedt, B. & Al-Nawas, B. (2009) Comparison of five parameters as risk factors for peri-mucositis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 24: 491-496.
96. Karoussis, I.K., Kotsovilis, S. & Fourmousis, I. (2007) A comprehensive and critical review of dental implant prognosis in periodontally compromised partially edentulous patients. Clinical Oral Implants Research 18: 669-679.
97. Karoussis, I.K., Salvi, G.E., Heitz-Mayfield, L.J., Bragger, U., Hammerle, C.H. & Lang, N.P. (2003) Long-term implant prognosis in patients with and without a history of chronic periodontitis: a 10-year prospective cohort study of the iti dental implant system. Clinical Oral Implants Research 14: 329-339.
98. Klinge, B., Meyle, J. & Working, G. (2012) Peri-implant tissue destruction. The third eao consensus conference 2012. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23(Suppl. 6): 108-110.
99. Kocar, M., Seme, K. & Hren, N.I. (2010) Characterization of the normal bacterial flora in peri-implant sulci of partially and completely edentulous patients. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 25: 690-698.
100. Koka, S. & Zarb, G. (2012) On osseointegration: the healing adaptation principle in the context of osseosufficiency, osseoseparation, and dental implant failure. International Journal of Prosthodontics 25: 48-52.
101. Koldsland, O.C., Scheie, A.A. & Aass, A.M. (2009) Prevalence of implant loss and the influence of associated factors. Journal of Periodontology 80: 1069-1075.
102. Kornman, K.S. & Robertson, P.B. (2000) Fundamental principles affecting the outcomes of therapy for osseous lesions. Periodontology 2000 22: 22-43.
103. Korsch, M., Robra, B.P. & Walther, W. (2015) Cement-associated signs of inflammation: retrospective analysis of the effect of excess cement on peri-implant tissue. International Journal of Prosthodontics 28: 11-18.
104. Korsch, M., Walther, W., Marten, S.M. & Obst, U. (2014) Microbial analysis of biofilms on cement surfaces: an investigation in cement-associated peri-implantitis. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 12: 70-80.
105. Koyanagi, T., Sakamoto, M., Takeuchi, Y., Maruyama, N., Ohkuma, M. & Izumi, Y. (2013) Comprehensive microbiological findings in peri-implantitis and periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40: 218-226.
106. Koyanagi, T., Sakamoto, M., Takeuchi, Y., Ohkuma, M. & Izumi, Y. (2010) Analysis of microbiota associated with peri-implantitis using 16s rrna gene clone library. Journal of Oral Microbiology doi:10.3402/jom.v2i0.5104. [Epub ahead of print].
107. Kulkarni, C. & Kinane, D.F. (2014) Host response in aggressive periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 65: 79-91.
108. Kumar, A., Jaffin, R.A. & Berman, C. (2002) The effect of smoking on achieving osseointegration of surface-modified implants: a clinical report. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 17: 816-819.
109. Lachmann, S., Kimmerle-Muller, E., Axmann, D., Scheideler, L., Weber, H. & Haas, R. (2007) Associations between peri-implant crevicular fluid volume, concentrations of crevicular inflammatory mediators, and composite il-1a -889 and il-1b +3954 genotype. A cross-sectional study on implant recall patients with and without clinical signs of peri-implantitis. Clinical Oral Implants Research 18: 212-223.
110. Lachmann, S., Stehberger, A., Axmann, D. & Weber, H. (2013) The peri-implant health in patients attending an annual recall program. A clinical and microbiological study in 74 patients from the tubingen implant registry. Clinical Oral Implants Research 24: 1300-1309.
111. Laine, M.L., Leonhardt, A., Roos-Jansaker, A.M., Pena, A.S., van Winkelhoff, A.J., Winkel, E.G. & Renvert, S. (2006) Il-1rn gene polymorphism is associated with peri-implantitis. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17: 380-385.
112. Lambert, P.M., Morris, H.F. & Ochi, S. (2000) The influence of smoking on 3-year clinical success of osseointegrated dental implants. Annals of Periodontology 5: 79-89.
113. Lang, N.P. & Tonetti, M.S. (2003) Periodontal risk assessment (pra) for patients in supportive periodontal therapy (spt). Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry 1: 7-16.
114. Laurell, L. & Lundgren, D. (2011) Marginal bone level changes at dental implants after 5 years in function: a meta-analysis. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 13: 19-28.
115. Lee, S., Kim, J.Y., Hwang, J., Kim, S., Lee, J.H. & Han, D.H. (2014) Investigation of pathogenic genes in peri-implantitis from implant clustering failure patients: a whole-exome sequencing pilot study. PLoS ONE 9: e99360.
116. Lee, H.J., Kim, Y.K., Park, J.Y., Kim, S.G., Kim, M.J. & Yun, P.Y. (2010) Short-term clinical retrospective study of implants in geriatric patients older than 70 years. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 110: 442-446.
117. Lekholm, U., Ericsson, I., Adell, R. & Slots, J. (1986) The condition of the soft tissues at tooth and fixture abutments supporting fixed bridges. A microbiological and histological study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 13: 558-562.
118. Leonhardt, A., Adolfsson, B., Lekholm, U., Wikstrom, M. & Dahlen, G. (1993) A longitudinal microbiological study on osseointegrated titanium implants in partially edentulous patients. Clinical Oral Implants Research 4: 113-120.
119. Leonhardt, A., Renvert, S. & Dahlen, G. (1999) Microbial findings at failing implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 10: 339-345.
120. Levin, L., Hertzberg, R., Har-Nes, S. & Schwartz-Arad, D. (2008) Long-term marginal bone loss around single dental implants affected by current and past smoking habits. Implant Dentistry 17: 422-429.
121. Levin, L., Ofec, R., Grossmann, Y. & Anner, R. (2011) Periodontal disease as a risk for dental implant failure over time: a long-term historical cohort study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38: 732-737.
122. Lin, G.H., Chan, H.L. & Wang, H.L. (2013) The significance of keratinized mucosa on implant health: a systematic review. Journal of Periodontology 84: 1755-1767.
123. Lindhe, J., Meyle, J. & Group, D.o.E.W.o.P. (2008) Peri-implant diseases: consensus report of the sixth european workshop on periodontology. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35: 282-285.
124. Lindquist, L.W., Carlsson, G.E. & Jemt, T. (1996) A prospective 15-year follow-up study of mandibular fixed prostheses supported by osseointegrated implants. Clinical results and marginal bone loss. Clinical Oral Implants Research 7: 329-336.
125. Lindquist, L.W., Carlsson, G.E. & Jemt, T. (1997) Association between marginal bone loss around osseointegrated mandibular implants and smoking habits: a 10-year follow-up study. Journal of Dental Research 76: 1667-1674.
126. Linkevicius, T., Puisys, A., Vindasiute, E., Linkeviciene, L. & Apse, P. (2013b) Does residual cement around implant-supported restorations cause peri-implant disease? A retrospective case analysis. Clinical Oral Implants Research 24: 1179-1184.
127. Linkevicius, T., Vindasiute, E., Puisys, A., Linkeviciene, L., Maslova, N. & Puriene, A. (2013a) The influence of the cementation margin position on the amount of undetected cement. A prospective clinical study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 24: 71-76.
128. Mager, D.L., Ximenez-Fyvie, L.A., Haffajee, A.D. & Socransky, S.S. (2003) Distribution of selected bacterial species on intraoral surfaces. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 30: 644-654.
129. Marrone, A., Lasserre, J., Bercy, P. & Brecx, M.C. (2013) Prevalence and risk factors for peri-implant disease in belgian adults. Clinical Oral Implants Research 24: 934-940.
130. Maruyama, N., Maruyama, F., Takeuchi, Y., Aikawa, C., Izumi, Y. & Nakagawa, I. (2014) Intraindividual variation in core microbiota in peri-implantitis and periodontitis. Scientific Reports 4: 6602.
131. Matarasso, S., Rasperini, G., Iorio Siciliano, V., Salvi, G.E., Lang, N.P. & Aglietta, M. (2010) A 10-year retrospective analysis of radiographic bone-level changes of implants supporting single-unit crowns in periodontally compromised vs. Periodontally healthy patients. Clinical Oral Implants Research 21: 898-903.
132. Mawhinney, J., Connolly, E., Claffey, N., Moran, G. & Polyzois, I. (2015) An in vivo comparison of internal bacterial colonization in two dental implant systems: identification of a pathogenic reservoir. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 73: 188-194.
133. Meijndert, L., van der Reijden, W.A., Raghoebar, G.M., Meijer, H.J. & Vissink, A. (2010) Microbiota around teeth and dental implants in periodontally healthy, partially edentulous patients: is pre-implant microbiological testing relevant? European Journal of Oral Sciences 118: 357-363.
134. Melo, R.F., Lopes, B.M., Shibli, J.A., Marcantonio, E. Jr, Marcantonio, R.A. & Galli, G.M. (2012) Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 expression and gene polymorphisms in subjects with peri-implant disease. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 14: 905-914.
135. Mengel, R. & Flores-de-Jacoby, L. (2005) Implants in regenerated bone in patients treated for generalized aggressive periodontitis: a prospective longitudinal study. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry 25: 331-341.
136. Mengel, R., Kreuzer, G., Lehmann, K.M. & Flores-de-Jacoby, L. (2007) A telescopic crown concept for the restoration of partially edentulous patients with aggressive generalized periodontitis: a 3-year prospective longitudinal study. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry 27: 231-239.
137. Merin, R.L. (2014) Repair of peri-implant bone loss after occlusal adjustment: a case report. Journal of the American Dental Association 145: 1058-1062.
138. Meyle, J., Gersok, G., Boedeker, R.H. & Gonzales, J.R. (2014) Long-term analysis of osseointegrated implants in non-smoker patients with a previous history of periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 41: 504-512.
139. Michalowicz, B.S., Diehl, S.R., Gunsolley, J.C., Sparks, B.S., Brooks, C.N., Koertge, T.E., Califano, J.V., Burmeister, J.A. & Schenkein, H.A. (2000) Evidence of a substantial genetic basis for risk of adult periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 71: 1699-1707.
140. Millar, W.J. & Locker, D. (2007) Smoking and oral health status. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association Journal de L'Association Dentaire Canadienne 73: 155.
141. Mombelli, A. & Cionca, N. (2006) Systemic diseases affecting osseointegration therapy. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17(Suppl. 2): 97-103.
142. Mombelli, A. & Decaillet, F. (2011) The characteristics of biofilms in peri-implant disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38(Suppl. 11): 203-213.
143. Mombelli, A. & Lang, N.P. (1992) Antimicrobial treatment of peri-implant infections. Clinical Oral Implants Research 3: 162-168.
144. Mombelli, A., Marxer, M., Gaberthuel, T., Grunder, U. & Lang, N.P. (1995) The microbiota of osseointegrated implants in patients with a history of periodontal disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 22: 124-130.
145. Mombelli, A., van Oosten, M.A., Schurch, E. Jr & Land, N.P. (1987) The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 2: 145-151.
146. Monje, A., Alcoforado, G., Padial-Molina, M., Suarez, F., Lin, G.H. & Wang, H.L. (2014) Generalized aggressive periodontitis as a risk factor for dental implant failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Periodontology 85: 1398-1407.
147. Morozumi, T., Kubota, T., Sato, T., Okuda, K. & Yoshie, H. (2004) Smoking cessation increases gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular fluid. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 31: 267-272.
148. Naert, I., Duyck, J. & Vandamme, K. (2012) Occlusal overload and bone/implant loss. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23(Suppl. 6): 95-107.
149. Nair, P., Sutherland, G., Palmer, R.M., Wilson, R.F. & Scott, D.A. (2003) Gingival bleeding on probing increases after quitting smoking. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 30: 435-437.
150. Nishimura, F., Nagai, A., Kurimoto, K., Isoshima, O., Takashiba, S., Kobayashi, M., Akutsu, I., Kurihara, H., Nomura, Y., Murayama, Y., et al. (1990) A family study of a mother and daughter with increased susceptibility to early-onset periodontitis: microbiological, immunological, host defensive, and genetic analyses. Journal of Periodontology 61: 755-762.
151. Olson, J.W., Dent, C.D., Morris, H.F. & Ochi, S. (2000) Long-term assessment (5 to 71 months) of endosseous dental implants placed in the augmented maxillary sinus. Annals of Periodontology 5: 152-156.
152. Ong, C.T., Ivanovski, S., Needleman, I.G., Retzepi, M., Moles, D.R., Tonetti, M.S. & Donos, N. (2008) Systematic review of implant outcomes in treated periodontitis subjects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35: 438-462.
153. Ormianer, Z. & Patel, A. (2012) The use of tapered implants in the maxillae of periodontally susceptible patients: 10-year outcomes. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 27: 442-448.
154. Palmer, R.M., Wilson, R.F., Hasan, A.S. & Scott, D.A. (2005) Mechanisms of action of environmental factors-tobacco smoking. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32(Suppl. 6): 180-195.
155. Papaioannou, W., Quirynen, M., Nys, M. & van Steenberghe, D. (1995) The effect of periodontal parameters on the subgingival microbiota around implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 6: 197-204.
156. Paquette, D.W., Brodala, N. & Williams, R.C. (2006) Risk factors for endosseous dental implant failure. Dental Clinics of North America 50: 361-374, vi.
157. Peleg, M., Garg, A.K. & Mazor, Z. (2006) Healing in smokers versus nonsmokers: survival rates for sinus floor augmentation with simultaneous implant placement. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 21: 551-559.
158. Persson, L., Bergstrom, J., Ito, H. & Gustafsson, A. (2001) Tobacco smoking and neutrophil activity in patients with periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontology 72: 90-95.
159. Persson, G.R. & Renvert, S. (2014) Cluster of bacteria associated with peri-implantitis. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 16: 783-793.
160. Pjetursson, B.E., Helbling, C., Weber, H.P., Matuliene, G., Salvi, G.E., Bragger, U., Schmidlin, K., Zwahlen, M. & Lang, N.P. (2012b) Peri-implantitis susceptibility as it relates to periodontal therapy and supportive care. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23: 888-894.
161. Pjetursson, B.E., Thoma, D., Jung, R., Zwahlen, M. & Zembic, A. (2012a) A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (fdps) after a mean observation period of at least 5 years. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23(Suppl. 6): 22-38.
162. Polizzi, G., Grunder, U., Goene, R., Hatano, N., Henry, P., Jackson, W.J., Kawamura, K., Renouard, F., Rosenberg, R., Triplett, G., Werbitt, M. & Lithner, B. (2000) Immediate and delayed implant placement into extraction sockets: a 5-year report. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 2: 93-99.
163. Pontoriero, R., Tonelli, M.P., Carnevale, G., Mombelli, A., Nyman, S.R. & Lang, N.P. (1994) Experimentally induced peri-implant mucositis. A clinical study in humans. Clinical Oral Implants Research 5: 254-259.
164. Qian, J., Wennerberg, A. & Albrektsson, T. (2012) Reasons for marginal bone loss around oral implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 14: 792-807.
165. Quirynen, M., Abarca, M., Van Assche, N., Nevins, M. & van Steenberghe, D. (2007) Impact of supportive periodontal therapy and implant surface roughness on implant outcome in patients with a history of periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 34: 805-815.
166. Quirynen, M., Alsaadi, G., Pauwels, M., Haffajee, A., van Steenberghe, D. & Naert, I. (2005) Microbiological and clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction for two treatment options in the edentulous lower jaw after 10 years of function. Clinical Oral Implants Research 16: 277-287.
167. Quirynen, M., De Soete, M., Dierickx, K. & van Steenberghe, D. (2001) The intra-oral translocation of periodontopathogens jeopardises the outcome of periodontal therapy. A review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 28: 499-507.
168. Quirynen, M., Herrera, D., Teughels, W. & Sanz, M. (2014) Implant therapy: 40 years of experience. Periodontology 2000 66: 7-12.
169. Quirynen, M. & Listgarten, M.A. (1990) Distribution of bacterial morphotypes around natural teeth and titanium implants ad modum branemark. Clinical Oral Implants Research 1: 8-12.
170. Quirynen, M., Papaioannou, W. & van Steenberghe, D. (1996) Intraoral transmission and the colonization of oral hard surfaces. Journal of Periodontology 67: 986-993.
171. Quirynen, M. & Teughels, W. (2003) Microbiologically compromised patients and impact on oral implants. Periodontology 2000 33: 119-128.
172. Quirynen, M. & Van Assche, N. (2011) Microbial changes after full-mouth tooth extraction, followed by 2-stage implant placement. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38: 581-589.
173. Quirynen, M. & Van Assche, N. (2012) Rct comparing minimally with moderately rough implants. Part 2: Microbial observations. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23: 625-634.
174. Quirynen, M., Vogels, R., Peeters, W., van Steenberghe, D., Naert, I. & Haffajee, A. (2006) Dynamics of initial subgingival colonization of 'pristine' peri-implant pockets. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17: 25-37.
175. Rakic, M., Petkovic-Curcin, A., Struillou, X., Matic, S., Stamatovic, N. & Vojvodic, D. (2015) Cd14 and TNF α single nucleotide polymorphisms are candidates for genetic biomarkers of peri-implantitis. Clinical Oral Investigations 19: 791-801.
176. Ramanauskaite, A., Baseviciene, N., Wang, H.L. & Tozum, T.F. (2014) Effect of history of periodontitis on implant success: meta-analysis and systematic review. Implant Dentistry 23: 687-696.
177. Renvert, S., Aghazadeh, A., Hallstrom, H. & Persson, G.R. (2014) Factors related to peri-implantitis - a retrospective study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 25: 522-529.
178. Renvert, S., Lindahl, C., Renvert, H. & Persson, G.R. (2008) Clinical and microbiological analysis of subjects treated with branemark or astratech implants: a 7-year follow-up study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 342-347.
179. Renvert, S., Lindahl, C. & Rutger Persson, G. (2012) The incidence of peri-implantitis for two different implant systems over a period of thirteen years. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 39: 1191-1197.
180. Renvert, S. & Persson, G.R. (2009) Periodontitis as a potential risk factor for peri-implantitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36(Suppl. 10): 9-14.
181. Renvert, S. & Polyzois, I. (2014) Risk indicators for peri-implant mucositis: a systematic literature review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 42(Suppl. 16): S172-S186.
182. Renvert, S., Polyzois, I. & Claffey, N. (2011) How do implant surface characteristics influence peri-implant disease? Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38(Suppl. 11): 214-222.
183. Renvert, S., Roos-Jansaker, A.M., Lindahl, C., Renvert, H. & Rutger Persson, G. (2007) Infection at titanium implants with or without a clinical diagnosis of inflammation. Clinical Oral Implants Research 18: 509-516.
184. Rinke, S., Ohl, S., Ziebolz, D., Lange, K. & Eickholz, P. (2011) Prevalence of periimplant disease in partially edentulous patients: a practice-based cross-sectional study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 22: 826-833.
185. Roccuzzo, M., Bonino, F., Aglietta, M. & Dalmasso, P. (2012) Ten-year results of a three arms prospective cohort study on implants in periodontally compromised patients. Part 2: Clinical results. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23: 389-395.
186. Roccuzzo, M., Bonino, L., Dalmasso, P. & Aglietta, M. (2014) Long-term results of a three arms prospective cohort study on implants in periodontally compromised patients: 10-year data around sandblasted and acid-etched (sla) surface. Clinical Oral Implants Research 25: 1105-1112.
187. Roccuzzo, M., De Angelis, N., Bonino, L. & Aglietta, M. (2010) Ten-year results of a three-arm prospective cohort study on implants in periodontally compromised patients. Part 1: Implant loss and radiographic bone loss. Clinical Oral Implants Research 21: 490-496.
188. Romanos, G.E., Gaertner, K., Aydin, E. & Nentwig, G.H. (2013) Long-term results after immediate loading of platform-switched implants in smokers versus nonsmokers with full-arch restorations. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 28: 841-845.
189. Romeo, E. & Storelli, S. (2012) Systematic review of the survival rate and the biological, technical, and aesthetic complications of fixed dental prostheses with cantilevers on implants reported in longitudinal studies with a mean of 5 years follow-up. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23(Suppl. 6): 39-49.
190. Roos-Jansåker, A.M., Lindahl, C., Renvert, H. & Renvert, S. (2006a) Nine- to fourteen-year follow-up of implant treatment. Part i: Implant loss and associations to various factors. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33: 283-289.
191. Roos-Jansåker, A.M., Lindahl, C., Renvert, H. & Renvert, S. (2006b) Nine- to fourteen-year follow-up of implant treatment. Part ii: Presence of peri-implant lesions. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33: 290-295.
192. Roos-Jansåker, A.M., Persson, G.R., Lindahl, C. & Renvert, S. (2014) Surgical treatment of peri-implantitis using a bone substitute with or without a resorbable membrane: a 5-year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 41: 1108-1114.
193. Roos-Jansåker, A.M., Renvert, H., Lindahl, C. & Renvert, S. (2006c) Nine- to fourteen-year follow-up of implant treatment. Part iii: Factors associated with peri-implant lesions. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33: 296-301.
194. Rosenberg, E.S., Cho, S.C., Elian, N., Jalbout, Z.N., Froum, S. & Evian, C.I. (2004) A comparison of characteristics of implant failure and survival in periodontally compromised and periodontally healthy patients: a clinical report. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 19: 873-879.
195. Rosenquist, B. & Grenthe, B. (1996) Immediate placement of implants into extraction sockets: implant survival. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 11: 205-209.
196. Ryder, M.I. (2007) The influence of smoking on host responses in periodontal infections. Periodontology 2000 43: 267-277.
197. Ryder, M.I., Fujitaki, R., Johnson, G. & Hyun, W. (1998b) Alterations of neutrophil oxidative burst by in vitro smoke exposure: implications for oral and systemic diseases. Annals of Periodontology 3: 76-87.
198. Ryder, M.I., Fujitaki, R., Lebus, S., Mahboub, M., Faia, B., Muhaimin, D., Hamada, M. & Hyun, W. (1998a) Alterations of neutrophil l-selectin and cd18 expression by tobacco smoke: implications for periodontal diseases. Journal of Periodontal Research 33: 359-368.
199. Salcetti, J.M., Moriarty, J.D., Cooper, L.F., Smith, F.W., Collins, J.G., Socransky, S.S. & Offenbacher, S. (1997) The clinical, microbial, and host response characteristics of the failing implant. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 12: 32-42.
200. Salvi, G.E., Aglietta, M., Eick, S., Sculean, A., Lang, N.P. & Ramseier, C.A. (2012) Reversibility of experimental peri-implant mucositis compared with experimental gingivitis in humans. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23: 182-190.
201. Salvi, G.E., Furst, M.M., Lang, N.P. & Persson, G.R. (2008) One-year bacterial colonization patterns of staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria at implants and adjacent teeth. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 242-248.
202. Sanna, A.M., Molly, L. & van Steenberghe, D. (2007) Immediately loaded cad-cam manufactured fixed complete dentures using flapless implant placement procedures: a cohort study of consecutive patients. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 97: 331-339.
203. Scabbia, A., Cho, K.S., Sigurdsson, T.J., Kim, C.K. & Trombelli, L. (2001) Cigarette smoking negatively affects healing response following flap debridement surgery. Journal of Periodontology 72: 43-49.
204. Schou, S., Holmstrup, P., Worthington, H.V. & Esposito, M. (2006) Outcome of implant therapy in patients with previous tooth loss due to periodontitis. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17(Suppl. 2): 104-123.
205. Schwartz-Arad, D., Grossman, Y. & Chaushu, G. (2000) The clinical effectiveness of implants placed immediately into fresh extraction sites of molar teeth. Journal of Periodontology 71: 839-844.
206. Schwartz-Arad, D., Herzberg, R. & Dolev, E. (2004) The prevalence of surgical complications of the sinus graft procedure and their impact on implant survival. Journal of Periodontology 75: 511-516.
207. Serino, G. & Ström, C. (2009) Peri-implantitis in partially edentulous patients: association with inadequate plaque control. Clinical Oral Implants Research 20: 169-174.
208. Serino, G., Turri, A. & Lang, N.P. (2014) Maintenance therapy in patients following the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis: a 5-year follow-up study. Clinical Oral Implants Research doi: 10.1111/j.1600-05012012.02470.x. [Epub ahead of print].
209. Severino, V.O., Napimoga, M.H. & de Lima Pereira, S.A. (2011) Expression of il-6, il-10, il-17 and il-8 in the peri-implant crevicular fluid of patients with peri-implantitis. Archives of Oral Biology 56: 823-828.
210. Sgolastra, F., Petrucci, A., Severino, M., Gatto, R. & Monaco, A. (2015) Smoking and the risk of peri-implantitis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Implants Research 26: 62-67.
211. Sham, A.S., Cheung, L.K., Jin, L.J. & Corbet, E.F. (2003) The effects of tobacco use on oral health. Hong Kong Medical Journal Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi 9: 271-277.
212. Shibli, J.A., Melo, L., Ferrari, D.S., Figueiredo, L.C., Faveri, M. & Feres, M. (2008) Composition of supra- and subgingival biofilm of subjects with healthy and diseased implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 975-982.
213. Simonis, P., Dufour, T. & Tenenbaum, H. (2010) Long-term implant survival and success: a 10-16-year follow-up of non-submerged dental implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 21: 772-777.
214. Smith, M.R., Kinmonth, A.L., Luben, R.N., Bingham, S., Day, N.E., Wareham, N.J., Welch, A. & Khaw, K.T. (2003) Smoking status and differential white cell count in men and women in the epic-norfolk population. Atherosclerosis 169: 331-337.
215. Socransky, S.S. & Haffajee, A.D. (2005) Periodontal microbial ecology. Periodontology 2000 38: 135-187.
216. Sopori, M.L. & Kozak, W. (1998) Immunomodulatory effects of cigarette smoke. Journal of Neuroimmunology 83: 148-156.
217. Stabholz, A., Soskolne, W.A. & Shapira, L. (2010) Genetic and environmental risk factors for chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 53: 138-153.
218. van Steenberghe, D., Jacobs, R., Desnyder, M., Maffei, G. & Quirynen, M. (2002) The relative impact of local and endogenous patient-related factors on implant failure up to the abutment stage. Clinical Oral Implants Research 13: 617-622.
219. Stein, J.M., Machulla, H.K., Smeets, R., Lampert, F. & Reichert, S. (2008) Human leukocyte antigen polymorphism in chronic and aggressive periodontitis among caucasians: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35: 183-192.
220. Stoker, G., van Waas, R. & Wismeijer, D. (2012) Long-term outcomes of three types of implant-supported mandibular overdentures in smokers. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23: 925-929.
221. Strietzel, F.P., Reichart, P.A., Kale, A., Kulkarni, M., Wegner, B. & Kuchler, I. (2007) Smoking interferes with the prognosis of dental implant treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 34: 523-544.
222. Sumida, S., Ishihara, K., Kishi, M. & Okuda, K. (2002) Transmission of periodontal disease-associated bacteria from teeth to osseointegrated implant regions. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 17: 696-702.
223. Swierkot, K., Lottholz, P., Flores-de-Jacoby, L. & Mengel, R. (2012) Mucositis, peri-implantitis, implant success, and survival of implants in patients with treated generalized aggressive periodontitis: 3- to 16-year results of a prospective long-term cohort study. Journal of Periodontology 83: 1213-1225.
224. Tamura, N., Ochi, M., Miyakawa, H. & Nakazawa, F. (2013) Analysis of bacterial flora associated with peri-implantitis using obligate anaerobic culture technique and 16s rdna gene sequence. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 28: 1521-1529.
225. Tanur, E., McQuade, M.J., McPherson, J.C., Al-Hashimi, I.H. & Rivera-Hidalgo, F. (2000) Effects of nicotine on the strength of attachment of gingival fibroblasts to glass and non-diseased human root surfaces. Journal of Periodontology 71: 717-722.
226. Tawil, G., Younan, R., Azar, P. & Sleilati, G. (2008) Conventional and advanced implant treatment in the type ii diabetic patient: surgical protocol and long-term clinical results. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 23: 744-752.
227. Teughels, W., Van Assche, N., Sliepen, I. & Quirynen, M. (2006) Effect of material characteristics and/or surface topography on biofilm development. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17(Suppl. 2): 68-81.
228. Tipton, D.A. & Dabbous, M.K. (1995) Effects of nicotine on proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Journal of Periodontology 66: 1056-1064.
229. Tonetti, M.S., Van Dyke, T.E. & Working group 1 of the joint, E.F.P.A.A.P.w. (2013) Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: consensus report of the joint efp/aap workshop on periodontitis and systemic diseases. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40(Suppl. 14): S24-S29.
230. Van Assche, N., Van Essche, M., Pauwels, M., Teughels, W. & Quirynen, M. (2009) Do periodontopathogens disappear after full-mouth tooth extraction? Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36: 1043-1047.
231. Vervaeke, S., Collaert, B., Cosyn, J. & De Bruyn, H. (2014) A 9-year prospective case series using multivariate analyses to identify predictors of early and late peri-implant bone loss. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research doi:10.1111/cid.12255. [Epub ahead of print].
232. de Waal, Y.C., van Winkelhoff, A.J., Meijer, H.J., Raghoebar, G.M. & Winkel, E.G. (2013) Differences in peri-implant conditions between fully and partially edentulous subjects: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40: 266-286.
233. de Waal, Y.C., Winkel, E.G., Meijer, H.J., Raghoebar, G.M. & van Winkelhoff, A.J. (2014) Differences in peri-implant microflora between fully and partially edentulous patients: a systematic review. Journal of Periodontology 85: 68-82.
234. Wagenberg, B. & Froum, S.J. (2006) A retrospective study of 1925 consecutively placed immediate implants from 1988 to 2004. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 21: 71-80.
235. Warnakulasuriya, S., Dietrich, T., Bornstein, M.M., Casals Peidro, E., Preshaw, P.M., Walter, C., Wennstrom, J.L. & Bergstrom, J. (2010) Oral health risks of tobacco use and effects of cessation. International Dental Journal 60: 7-30.
236. Watson, C.J., Tinsley, D., Ogden, A.R., Russell, J.L., Mulay, S. & Davison, E.M. (1999) A 3 to 4 year study of single tooth hydroxylapatite coated endosseous dental implants. British Dental Journal 187: 90-94.
237. Weyant, R.J. & Burt, B.A. (1993) An assessment of survival rates and within-patient clustering of failures for endosseous oral implants. Journal of Dental Research 72: 2-8.
238. Widmark, G., Andersson, B., Carlsson, G.E., Lindvall, A.M. & Ivanoff, C.J. (2001) Rehabilitation of patients with severely resorbed maxillae by means of implants with or without bone grafts: a 3- to 5-year follow-up clinical report. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 16: 73-79.
239. Wilson, T.G. Jr. (2009) The positive relationship between excess cement and peri-implant disease: a prospective clinical endoscopic study. Journal of Periodontology 80: 1388-1392.
240. van Winkelhoff, A.J., Goene, R.J., Benschop, C. & Folmer, T. (2000) Early colonization of dental implants by putative periodontal pathogens in partially edentulous patients. Clinical Oral Implants Research 11: 511-520.
241. Zambon, J.J. (1996) Periodontal diseases: microbial factors. Annals of Periodontology 1: 879-925.
242. Zhuang, L.F., Watt, R.M., Steiner, S., Lang-Hua, B.H., Wang, R., Ramseier, C.A. & Lang, N.P. (2014) Subgingival microbiota of sri lankan tea labourers naive to oral hygiene measures. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 41: 433-441.