메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 1-7

Sex Differences in the Excess Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Explanations and Clinical Implications

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Coronary heart disease; Diabetes; Men; Sex differences; Stroke; Women

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; HEMOGLOBIN A1C;

EID: 84941898793     PISSN: 19329520     EISSN: 19329563     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12170-015-0462-5     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (133)

References (41)
  • 2
    • 79959936188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2.7 million participants
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXotlyltbo%3D, PID: 2170506
    • Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lu Y, et al. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2.7 million participants. Lancet. 2011;378:31–40.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.378 , pp. 31-40
    • Danaei, G.1    Finucane, M.M.2    Lu, Y.3
  • 3
    • 79960013954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global control of diabetes: information for action
    • PID: 2170507
    • Tobias M. Global control of diabetes: information for action. Lancet. 2011;378:3–4.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.378 , pp. 3-4
    • Tobias, M.1
  • 4
    • 84922381210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the american heart association
    • PID: 2552037
    • Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2015;131:e29–322.
    • (2015) Circulation , vol.131 , pp. e29-e322
    • Mozaffarian, D.1    Benjamin, E.J.2    Go, A.S.3
  • 5
    • 84911938013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in lifetime risk and first manifestation of cardiovascular disease: prospective population based cohort study
    • Leening MJ, Ferket BS, Steyerberg EW, et al. Sex differences in lifetime risk and first manifestation of cardiovascular disease: prospective population based cohort study. BMJ (Clin Res ed). 2014;349:g5992.
    • (2014) BMJ (Clin Res ed) , vol.349 , pp. g5992
    • Leening, M.J.1    Ferket, B.S.2    Steyerberg, E.W.3
  • 6
    • 0034844049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality and causes of death in the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes
    • PID: 1158704
    • Morrish NJ, Wang SL, Stevens LK, Fuller JH, Keen H. Mortality and causes of death in the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetologia. 2001;44 Suppl 2:S14–21.
    • (2001) Diabetologia , vol.44 , pp. S14-S21
    • Morrish, N.J.1    Wang, S.L.2    Stevens, L.K.3    Fuller, J.H.4    Keen, H.5
  • 7
    • 84904742540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes as risk factor for incident coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts including 858,507 individuals and 28,203 coronary events
    • PID: 24859435, This systematic review and meta-analyses summarised all available evidence to date on sex differences in the association between diabetes and the onset of coronary heart diseas
    • Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Diabetes as risk factor for incident coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts including 858,507 individuals and 28,203 coronary events. Diabetologia. 2014;57:1542–51. This systematic review and meta-analyses summarised all available evidence to date on sex differences in the association between diabetes and the onset of coronary heart disease.
    • (2014) Diabetologia , vol.57 , pp. 1542-1551
    • Peters, S.A.1    Huxley, R.R.2    Woodward, M.3
  • 8
    • 30744433885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies
    • Huxley R, Barzi F, Woodward M. Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. BMJ (Clin Res ed). 2006;332:73–8.
    • (2006) BMJ (Clin Res ed) , vol.332 , pp. 73-78
    • Huxley, R.1    Barzi, F.2    Woodward, M.3
  • 9
    • 84901831131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts, including 775,385 individuals and 12,539 strokes
    • PID: 24613026, This systematic review and meta-analyses summarised all available evidence to date on sex differences in the association between diabetes and the onset of strok
    • Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts, including 775,385 individuals and 12,539 strokes. Lancet. 2014;383:1973–80. This systematic review and meta-analyses summarised all available evidence to date on sex differences in the association between diabetes and the onset of stroke.
    • (2014) Lancet , vol.383 , pp. 1973-1980
    • Peters, S.A.1    Huxley, R.R.2    Woodward, M.3
  • 10
    • 84921364667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1.9 million people
    • PID: 2546652
    • Shah AD, Langenberg C, Rapsomaniki E, et al. Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1.9 million people. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70219-0.
    • (2014) Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
    • Shah, A.D.1    Langenberg, C.2    Rapsomaniki, E.3
  • 11
    • 84898600803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in the risk of stroke and HbA(1c) among diabetic patients
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjvFSqtLw%3D, PID: 2457772
    • Zhao W, Katzmarzyk PT, Horswell R, Wang Y, Johnson J, Hu G. Sex differences in the risk of stroke and HbA(1c) among diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2014;57:918–26.
    • (2014) Diabetologia , vol.57 , pp. 918-926
    • Zhao, W.1    Katzmarzyk, P.T.2    Horswell, R.3    Wang, Y.4    Johnson, J.5    Hu, G.6
  • 12
    • 38149007072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex disparities in control and treatment of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors among patients with diabetes: Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study
    • PID: 1793415
    • Ferrara A, Mangione CM, Kim C, et al. Sex disparities in control and treatment of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors among patients with diabetes: Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:69–74.
    • (2008) Diabetes Care , vol.31 , pp. 69-74
    • Ferrara, A.1    Mangione, C.M.2    Kim, C.3
  • 13
    • 49649117985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex disparities in the treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes
    • PID: 1837541
    • Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK, Mantzoros CS, Bohm M, Krone W. Sex disparities in the treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1389–91.
    • (2008) Diabetes Care , vol.31 , pp. 1389-1391
    • Gouni-Berthold, I.1    Berthold, H.K.2    Mantzoros, C.S.3    Bohm, M.4    Krone, W.5
  • 14
    • 84880328314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors, treatments and complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: the RIACE Italian multicentre study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFWlu7nI, PID: 2356593
    • Penno G, Solini A, Bonora E, et al. Gender differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors, treatments and complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: the RIACE Italian multicentre study. J Intern Med. 2013;274:176–91.
    • (2013) J Intern Med , vol.274 , pp. 176-191
    • Penno, G.1    Solini, A.2    Bonora, E.3
  • 15
    • 14644443562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex disparities in treatment of cardiac risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • PID: 1573518
    • Wexler DJ, Grant RW, Meigs JB, Nathan DM, Cagliero E. Sex disparities in treatment of cardiac risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:514–20.
    • (2005) Diabetes Care , vol.28 , pp. 514-520
    • Wexler, D.J.1    Grant, R.W.2    Meigs, J.B.3    Nathan, D.M.4    Cagliero, E.5
  • 16
    • 84871397713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender disparities in diabetes and coronary heart disease medication among patients with type 2 diabetes: results from the DIANA study
    • PID: 2283897
    • Kramer HU, Raum E, Ruter G, et al. Gender disparities in diabetes and coronary heart disease medication among patients with type 2 diabetes: results from the DIANA study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012;11:88.
    • (2012) Cardiovasc Diabetol , vol.11 , pp. 88
    • Kramer, H.U.1    Raum, E.2    Ruter, G.3
  • 17
    • 84958192501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health and Social Care Information Centre. National diabetes audit 2012–2013 - report 1: care processes and treatment targets; 2014
    • Health and Social Care Information Centre. National diabetes audit 2012–2013 - report 1: care processes and treatment targets; 2014.
  • 19
    • 84875272041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women show worse control of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors than men: results from the MIND.IT Study Group of the Italian Society of Diabetology
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38vlslKqsQ%3D%3
    • Franzini L, Ardigo D, Cavalot F, et al. Women show worse control of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors than men: results from the MIND.IT Study Group of the Italian Society of Diabetology. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis NMCD. 2013;23:235–41.
    • (2013) Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis NMCD , vol.23 , pp. 235-241
    • Franzini, L.1    Ardigo, D.2    Cavalot, F.3
  • 20
    • 68149116298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex and racial/ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factor treatment and control among individuals with diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtV2gsL%2FJ, PID: 1943595
    • Winston GJ, Barr RG, Carrasquillo O, Bertoni AG, Shea S. Sex and racial/ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factor treatment and control among individuals with diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1467–9.
    • (2009) Diabetes Care , vol.32 , pp. 1467-1469
    • Winston, G.J.1    Barr, R.G.2    Carrasquillo, O.3    Bertoni, A.G.4    Shea, S.5
  • 21
    • 84946478184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of socioeconomic status and gender on glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes complications in type 1 and 2 diabetes: a population based analysis from a Scottish region
    • Collier A, Ghosh S, Hair M, Waugh N. Impact of socioeconomic status and gender on glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes complications in type 1 and 2 diabetes: a population based analysis from a Scottish region. Diabetes Metab. 2014.
    • (2014) Diabetes Metab
    • Collier, A.1    Ghosh, S.2    Hair, M.3    Waugh, N.4
  • 22
    • 84875878475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes abrogates sex differences and aggravates cardiometabolic risk in postmenopausal women
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXotFClt7k%3D, PID: 2357034
    • Mascarenhas-Melo F, Marado D, Palavra F, et al. Diabetes abrogates sex differences and aggravates cardiometabolic risk in postmenopausal women. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013;12:61.
    • (2013) Cardiovasc Diabetol , vol.12 , pp. 61
    • Mascarenhas-Melo, F.1    Marado, D.2    Palavra, F.3
  • 23
    • 84856758245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do women exhibit greater differences in established and novel risk factors between diabetes and non-diabetes than men? The British Regional Heart Study and British Women’s Heart Health Study
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38%2FktVOksg%3D%3D, PID: 2186117
    • Wannamethee SG, Papacosta O, Lawlor DA, et al. Do women exhibit greater differences in established and novel risk factors between diabetes and non-diabetes than men? The British Regional Heart Study and British Women’s Heart Health Study. Diabetologia. 2012;55:80–7.
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 80-87
    • Wannamethee, S.G.1    Papacosta, O.2    Lawlor, D.A.3
  • 24
    • 0034595287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type II diabetes abrogates sex differences in endothelial function in premenopausal women
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3ltlOrsw%3D%3D, PID: 1079034
    • Steinberg HO, Paradisi G, Cronin J, et al. Type II diabetes abrogates sex differences in endothelial function in premenopausal women. Circulation. 2000;101:2040–6.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.101 , pp. 2040-2046
    • Steinberg, H.O.1    Paradisi, G.2    Cronin, J.3
  • 25
    • 0030027840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in coagulation and fibrinolysis in white subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK287ktVajtg%3D%3D, PID: 854841
    • Mansfield MW, Heywood DM, Grant PJ. Sex differences in coagulation and fibrinolysis in white subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:160–4.
    • (1996) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.16 , pp. 160-164
    • Mansfield, M.W.1    Heywood, D.M.2    Grant, P.J.3
  • 26
    • 0031880796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse effects of diabetes on multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in women. The Strong Heart Study
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK1czmslyjtQ%3D%3D, PID: 970243
    • Howard BV, Cowan LD, Go O, Welty TK, Robbins DC, Lee ET. Adverse effects of diabetes on multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in women. The Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1258–65.
    • (1998) Diabetes Care , vol.21 , pp. 1258-1265
    • Howard, B.V.1    Cowan, L.D.2    Go, O.3    Welty, T.K.4    Robbins, D.C.5    Lee, E.T.6
  • 27
    • 0030854081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatively more atherogenic coronary heart disease risk factors in prediabetic women than in prediabetic men
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2szmsFyhtw%3D%3D, PID: 922265
    • Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Stern MP. Relatively more atherogenic coronary heart disease risk factors in prediabetic women than in prediabetic men. Diabetologia. 1997;40:711–7.
    • (1997) Diabetologia , vol.40 , pp. 711-717
    • Haffner, S.M.1    Miettinen, H.2    Stern, M.P.3
  • 28
    • 33846663253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in endothelial function markers before conversion to pre-diabetes: does the clock start ticking earlier among women? The Western New York Study
    • PID: 1725950
    • Donahue RP, Rejman K, Rafalson LB, Dmochowski J, Stranges S, Trevisan M. Sex differences in endothelial function markers before conversion to pre-diabetes: does the clock start ticking earlier among women? The Western New York Study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:354–9.
    • (2007) Diabetes Care , vol.30 , pp. 354-359
    • Donahue, R.P.1    Rejman, K.2    Rafalson, L.B.3    Dmochowski, J.4    Stranges, S.5    Trevisan, M.6
  • 29
    • 84862521043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women develop type 2 diabetes at a higher body mass index than men
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38vjsFGrtg%3D%3D, PID: 2234910
    • Paul S, Thomas G, Majeed A, Khunti K, Klein K. Women develop type 2 diabetes at a higher body mass index than men. Diabetologia. 2012;55:1556–7.
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 1556-1557
    • Paul, S.1    Thomas, G.2    Majeed, A.3    Khunti, K.4    Klein, K.5
  • 30
    • 82455212115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do men develop type 2 diabetes at lower body mass indices than women?
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38%2FmtVOmtw%3D%3D, PID: 2195995
    • Logue J, Walker JJ, Colhoun HM, et al. Do men develop type 2 diabetes at lower body mass indices than women? Diabetologia. 2011;54:3003–6.
    • (2011) Diabetologia , vol.54 , pp. 3003-3006
    • Logue, J.1    Walker, J.J.2    Colhoun, H.M.3
  • 31
    • 62649165515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance
    • PID: 1931821
    • Geer EB, Shen W. Gender differences in insulin resistance, body composition, and energy balance. Gend Med. 2009;6 Suppl 1:60–75.
    • (2009) Gend Med , vol.6 , pp. 60-75
    • Geer, E.B.1    Shen, W.2
  • 32
    • 84884411424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender aspects in type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic risk
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXpsFShtLw%3D, PID: 24054927, This review summarises the relevant data underlying sex differences in cardiometabolic risk associated in the context of diabetes, examines potential mechanisms including life course changes in insulin resistance and role of adiposity, and discusses relevant clinical implications and solution
    • Sattar N. Gender aspects in type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic risk. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27:501–7. This review summarises the relevant data underlying sex differences in cardiometabolic risk associated in the context of diabetes, examines potential mechanisms including life course changes in insulin resistance and role of adiposity, and discusses relevant clinical implications and solutions.
    • (2013) Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.27 , pp. 501-507
    • Sattar, N.1
  • 33
    • 0033674551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthropometric, computed tomography and fat cell data in an obese population: relationship with insulin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, sex hormone-binding globulin and sex hormones
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXovFCnsbg%3
    • Garaulet M, Perex-Llamas F, Fuente T, Zamora S, Tebar FJ. Anthropometric, computed tomography and fat cell data in an obese population: relationship with insulin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, sex hormone-binding globulin and sex hormones. Eur J Endocrinol Eur Fed Endocr Soc. 2000;143:657–66.
    • (2000) Eur J Endocrinol Eur Fed Endocr Soc , vol.143 , pp. 657-666
    • Garaulet, M.1    Perex-Llamas, F.2    Fuente, T.3    Zamora, S.4    Tebar, F.J.5
  • 34
    • 84906822967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes as a disease of ectopic fat?
    • PID: 2515981
    • Sattar N, Gill JM. Type 2 diabetes as a disease of ectopic fat? BMC Med. 2014;12:123.
    • (2014) BMC Med , vol.12 , pp. 123
    • Sattar, N.1    Gill, J.M.2
  • 35
    • 77956034950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the duration of pre-diabetes
    • PID: 2061827
    • Bertram MY, Vos T. Quantifying the duration of pre-diabetes. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2010;34:311–4.
    • (2010) Aust N Z J Public Health , vol.34 , pp. 311-314
    • Bertram, M.Y.1    Vos, T.2
  • 36
    • 84864381165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk identification and interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes in adults at high risk: summary of NICE guidance
    • Chatterton H, Younger T, Fischer A, Khunti K. Risk identification and interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes in adults at high risk: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ (Clin Res ed). 2012;345:e4624.
    • (2012) BMJ (Clin Res ed) , vol.345 , pp. e4624
    • Chatterton, H.1    Younger, T.2    Fischer, A.3    Khunti, K.4
  • 37
    • 84885997413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the task force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
    • PID: 2399628
    • Ryden L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the task force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:3035–87.
    • (2013) Eur Heart J , vol.34 , pp. 3035-3087
    • Ryden, L.1    Grant, P.J.2    Anker, S.D.3
  • 38
    • 80054951979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomised controlled trial
    • PID: 2190679
    • Jebb SA, Ahern AL, Olson AD, et al. Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378:1485–92.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.378 , pp. 1485-1492
    • Jebb, S.A.1    Ahern, A.L.2    Olson, A.D.3
  • 39
    • 61549092818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for type 2 diabetes among women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review
    • PID: 1927247
    • Baptiste-Roberts K, Barone BB, Gary TL, et al. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes among women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2009;122:207–14.e4.
    • (2009) Am J Med , vol.122 , pp. 207
    • Baptiste-Roberts, K.1    Barone, B.B.2    Gary, T.L.3
  • 40
    • 65649084159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmtlektr4%3D, PID: 1946523
    • Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373:1773–9.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.373 , pp. 1773-1779
    • Bellamy, L.1    Casas, J.P.2    Hingorani, A.D.3    Williams, D.4
  • 41
    • 78650246338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined cardiovascular and diabetes risk assessment in primary care
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M%2FptlKjsg%3D%3
    • Preiss D, Khunti K, Sattar N. Combined cardiovascular and diabetes risk assessment in primary care. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 2011;28:19–22.
    • (2011) Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc , vol.28 , pp. 19-22
    • Preiss, D.1    Khunti, K.2    Sattar, N.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.