Microalgae oil: Algae cultivation and harvest, algae residue torrefaction and diesel engine emissions tests

Aerosol and Air Quality Research

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 81-98

  Kennedy Mwangi, John ^a   Lee, Wen Jhy ^a   Whang, Liang Ming ^a   Son Wu, Tser ^b   Chen, Wei Hsin ^a   Chang, Jo Shu ^a   Chen, Chun Yen ^a   Chen, Ching Lung ^a  

^a NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b KUN SHAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Biomass; CO2; Diesel; Emission; Energy; Engine; Microalgae; NOx; PAHs; PM; Torrefaction

Indexed keywords

BIODIESEL; BIOMASS; CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATE CHANGE; DIESEL ENGINES; ENGINES; EXHAUST GASES; HARVESTING; LIQUIDS; MICROORGANISMS; NEUTRON EMISSION; OIL SHALE; OILS AND FATS; PROMETHIUM;

DIESEL; ENERGY; MICRO-ALGAE; PAHS; TORREFACTION;

ALGAE;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CROP RESIDUE; DIESEL; DIESEL ENGINE; MICROALGA; NITROUS OXIDE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PHOTOCHEMISTRY;

ALGAE;

EID: 84941897850     PISSN: 16808584     EISSN: 20711409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2014.10.0268     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Alahmer, A. (2013). Influence of Using Emulsified Diesel Fuel on the Performance and Pollutants Emitted from Diesel Engine. Energy Convers. Manage.73: 361–369.
2. Bondioli, P., Della Bella, L., Rivolta, G., Chini Zittelli, G., Bassi, N., Rodolfi, L., Casini, D., Prussi, M., Chiaramonti, D. and Tredici, M.R. (2012). Oil Production by the Marine Microalgae Nannochloropsis Sp. F&M-M24 and Tetraselmis Suecica F&M-M33. Bioresour. Technol.114: 567–572.
3. Brennan, L. and Owende, P. (2010). Biofuels from Microalgae—A Review of Technologies for Production, Processing, and Extractions of Biofuels and Co-Products. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 14: 557–577.
4. Chang, W.L. (2010). Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation by Engineered Clostridium Beijerinckii and Clostridium Tyrobutyricum. The Ohio State University.
5. Chang, Y.C., Lee, W.J., Lin, S.L. and Wang, L.C. (2013). Green Energy: Water-Containing Acetone–Butanol– Ethanol Diesel Blends Fueled in Diesel Engines. Appl. Energy109: 182–191.
6. Chang, Y.C., Lee, W.J., Wu, T.S., Wu, C.Y. and Chen, S.J. (2014a). Use of Water Containing Acetone–Butanol– Ethanol for NOx-PM (Nitrogen Oxide-particulate Matter) Trade-off in the Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel. Energy64: 678–687.
7. Chang, Y.C., Lee, W.J., Yang, H.H., Wang, L.C., Lu, J.H., Tsai, Y.I., Cheng, M.T., Young, L.H. and Chiang, C.J. (2014b). Reducing Emissions of Persistent Organic Pollutants from a Diesel Engine by Fueling with Water- Containing Butanol Diesel Blends. Environ. Sci. Technol.48: 6010–6018.
8. Chen, C.Y., Yeh, K.L., Aisyah, R., Lee, D.J. and Chang, J.S. (2011). Cultivation, Photobioreactor Design and Harvesting of Microalgae for Biodiesel Production: A Critical Review. Bioresour. Technol.102: 71–81.
9. Chen, C.Y., Chang, J.S., Chang, H.Y., Chen, T.Y., Wu, J.H. and Lee, W.L. (2013). Enhancing Microalgal Oil/Lipid Production from Chlorella sorokiniana CY1 Using Deep-Sea Water Supplemented Cultivation Medium. Biochem. Eng. J.77: 74–81.
10. Chen, W.H., Lu, K.M. and Tsai, C.M. (2012). An Experimental Analysis on Property and Structure Variations of Agricultural Wastes Undergoing Torrefaction. Appl. Energy100: 318–325.
11. Chen, W.H., Huang, M.Y., Chang, J.S. and Chen, C.Y. (2014a). Thermal Decomposition Dynamics and Severity of Microalgae Residues in Torrefaction. Bioresour. Technol.169: 258–264.
12. Chen, W.H., Wu, Z.Y. and Chang, J.S. (2014b). Isothermal and Non-Isothermal Torrefaction Characteristics and Kinetics of Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N. Bioresour. Technol.155: 245–251.
13. Chen, Y.H., Huang, B.Y., Chiang, T.H. and Tang, T.C. (2012). Fuel Properties of Microalgae (Chlorella protothecoides) Oil Biodiesel and Its Blends with Petroleum Diesel. Fuel94: 270–273.
14. Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from Microalgae. Biotechnol. Adv.25: 294–306.
15. Christenson, L. and Sims, R. (2011). Production and Harvesting of Microalgae for Wastewater Treatment, Biofuels, and Bioproducts. Biotechnol. Adv.29: 686–702.
16. Claassen, P.A., Budde, M.A. and Lopez-Contreras, A.M. (2000). Acetone, Butanol and Ethanol Production from Domestic Organic Waste by Solventogenic Clostridia. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.2: 39–44.
17. Costa, J.A.V., and de Morais, M.G. (2014). Chapter 1 - An Open Pond System for Microalgal Cultivation. In Biofuels from Algae (Edited Soccol, A.P.-J.L.C.R.), Biofuels from Algae (p. 1–22). Elsevier, City.
18. Doğan, O. (2011). The Influence of n-Butanol/Diesel Fuel Blends Utilization on a Small Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions. Fuel90: 2467–2472.
19. Dong, T., Wang, J., Miao, C., Zheng, Y. and Chen, S. (2013). Two-Step In Situ Biodiesel Production from Microalgae with High Free Fatty Acid Content. Bioresour. Technol.136: 8–15.
20. Halim, R., Danquah, M.K. and Webley, P.A. (2012). Extraction of Oil from Microalgae for Biodiesel Production: A review. Biotechnol. Adv.30: 709–732.
21. Ho, S.H., Ye, X., Hasunuma, T., Chang, J.S. and Kondo, A. (2014). Perspectives on Engineering Strategies for Improving Biofuel Production from Microalgae — A Critical Review. Biotechnol. Adv.32: 1448–1459.
22. Hoffmann, J.P. (1998). Wastewater Treatment with Suspended and Nonsuspended Algae. J. Phycol.34: 757–763.
23. Ithnin, A.M., Noge, H., Abdul Kadir, H. and Jazair, W. (2015). An Overview of Utilizing Water-In-Diesel Emulsion Fuel in Diesel Engine and Its Potential Research Study. J. Energy Inst.87: 273–288
24. 2 Emissions. Bioresour. Technol.143: 298–307.
25. Kwon, E.E., Yi, H. and Kwon, H.H. (2014). Energy Recovery from Microalgal Biomass via Enhanced Thermo-Chemical Process. Biomass Bioenergy63: 46–53.
26. Lam, M.K. and Lee, K.T. (2014). Chapter 12 - Scale-Up and Commercialization of Algal Cultivation and Biofuel Production. In Biofuels from Algae (Edited Soccol, A.P.- J.L.C.R.), Biofuels from Algae(p. 261–286). Elsevier, City.
27. Lee, W.J., Liu, Y.C., Mwangi, J.K., Chen, W.H., Lin, S.L., Fukushima, Y., Liao, C.N. and Wang, L.C. (2011). Assessment Of Energy Performance and Air Pollutant Emissions in a Diesel Engine Generator Fueled with Water-Containing Ethanol–Biodiesel–Diesel Blend of Fuels. Energy36: 5591–5599.
28. Leite, G.B., Abdelaziz, A.E.M. and Hallenbeck, P.C. (2013). Algal Biofuels: Challenges and Opportunities. Bioresour. Technol.145: 134–141.
29. Lin, S.L., Lee, W.J., Lee, C.F. and Wu, Y.P. (2012). Reduction in Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon by Adding Water-Containing Butanol into a Diesel-Fueled Engine Generator. Fuel93: 364–372.
30. Lin, Y.C., Yang, P.M. and Chen, C.B. (2013). Reducing Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Greenhouse Gases from Engines Using a Novel Plasma- Enhanced Combustion System. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 13: 1107–1115.
31. Liu, S.H., Lin, Y.C. and Hsu, K.H. (2012). Emissions of Regulated Pollutants and PAHs from Waste-cooking-oil Biodieselfuelled Heavy-duty Diesel Engine with Catalyzer. Aerosol Air Qual. Res.12: 218–227.
32. Maddox, I.S., Qureshi, N. and Roberts-Thomson, K. (1995). Production of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol from Concentrated Substrate Using Clostridium Acetobutylicum in an Integrated Fermentation-Product Removal Process. Process Biochem. 30: 209–215.
33. Magara-Gomez, T.K., Olson, M.R., McGinnis, J.E., Zhang, M. and Schauer, J.J. (2014). Effect of Ambient Temperature and Fuel on Particle Number Emissions on Light-Duty Spark-Ignition Vehicles. Aerosol Air Qual. Res14: 1360–1371.
34. Makarevičienė, V., Lebedevas, S., Rapalis, P., Gumbyte, M., Skorupskaite, V. and Žaglinskis, J. (2014). Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Fuel Containing Microalgae Oil Methyl Esters. Fuel120: 233–239.
35. Murphy, C.F. and Allen, D.T. (2011). Energy-Water Nexus for Mass Cultivation of Algae. Environ. Sci. Technol.45: 5861–5868.
36. Ni, Y. and Sun, Z. (2009). Recent Progress on Industrial Fermentative Production of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol by Clostridium Acetobutylicum in China. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.83: 415–423.
37. Nocquet, T., Dupont, C., Commandre, J.M., Grateau, M., Thiery, S. and Salvador, S. (2014). Volatile Species Release during Torrefaction of Wood and its Macromolecular Constituents: Part 1 – Experimental Study. Energy72: 180–187.
38. Öztürk, E. (2015). Performance, Emissions, Combustion and Injection Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Canola Oil–Hazelnut Soapstock Biodiesel Mixture. Fuel Process. Technol.129: 183–191.
39. Parmar, A., Singh, N.K., Pandey, A., Gnansounou, E. and Madamwar, D. (2011). Cyanobacteria and Microalgae: A Positive Prospect for Biofuels. Bioresour. Technol.102: 10163–10172.
40. Pilusa, T.J., Mollagee, M.M. and Muzenda, E. (2012). Reduction of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions from Diesel Engines Using the Whale Concept Filter. Aerosol Air Qual. Res.12: 994–1006.
41. Ponthein, W. and Cheirsilp, B. (2011). Development of Acetone Butanol Ethanol (ABE) Production from Palm Pressed Fiber by Mixed Culture of Clostridium sp. and Bacillus sp. Energy Procedia9: 459–467.
42. Popovicheva, O.B., Kireeva, E.D., Steiner, S., Rothen- Rutishauser, B., Persiantseva, N.M., Timofeev, M.A., Shoija, N.K., Compte, P. and Czerwinski, J. (2013). Microstructure and Chemical Composition of Diesel and Biodiesel Particle Exhaust. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 13: 1392–1401.
43. Rakopoulos, D.C., Rakopoulos, C.D., Giakoumis, E.G., Dimaratos, A.M. and Kyritsis, D.C. (2010). Effects of Butanol–Diesel Fuel Blends on the Performance and Emissions of a High-Speed DI Diesel Engine. Energy Convers. Manage.51: 1989–1997.
44. Rakopoulos, D.C., Rakopoulos, C.D., Papagiannakis, R.G. and Kyritsis, D.C. (2011). Combustion Heat Release Analysis of Ethanol or N-Butanol Diesel Fuel Blends in Heavy-Duty DI Diesel Engine. Fuel90: 1855–1867.
45. Rawat, I., Ranjith Kumar, R., Mutanda, T. and Bux, F. (2013). Biodiesel from Microalgae: A Critical Evaluation from Laboratory to Large Scale Production. Appl. Energy103: 444–467.
46. 2 Capture, Wastewater Treatment and Biofuel Production by Microalgae Culturing —A Review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 27: 622–653.
47. Rhead, M.M. and Hardy, S.A. (2003). The Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Diesel Engine Emissions. Fuel82: 385–393.
48. Rizzo, A.M., Prussi, M., Bettucci, L., Libelli, I.M. and Chiaramonti, D. (2013). Characterization of Microalga Chlorella as a Fuel and its Thermogravimetric Behavior. Appl. Energy102: 24–31.
49. Rodolfi, L., Chini Zittelli, G., Bassi, N., Padovani, G., Biondi, N., Bonini, G. and Tredici, M.R. (2009). Microalgae for Oil: Strain Selection, Induction of Lipid Synthesis and Outdoor Mass Cultivation in a Low-cost Photobioreactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng.102: 100–112.
50. Sadeghinezhad, E., Kazi, S.N., Badarudin, A., Oon, C.S., Zubir, M.N.M. and Mehrali, M. (2013). A Comprehensive Review of Bio-Diesel as Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 28: 410–424.
51. Sang, X.F., Chan, C.Y., Engling, G., Chan, L.Y., Wang, X.M., Zhang, Y.N., Shi, S., Zhang, Z.S., Zhang, T. and Hu, M. (2011). Levoglucosan Enhancement in Ambient Aerosol during Springtime Transport Events of Biomass Burning Smoke to Southeast China. Tellus Ser. B63: 129–139.
52. Show, K.Y. and Lee, D.J. (2014). Chapter 5 - Algal Biomass Harvesting. In Biofuels from Algae (Edited Soccol, A.P.- J.L.C.R.), Biofuels from Algae(p. 85–110). Elsevier, City.
53. Shuping, Z., Yulong, W., Mingde, Y., Kaleem, I., Chun, L. and Tong, J. (2010). Production and Characterization of Bio-Oil from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta Cake. Energy35: 5406–5411.
54. Suali, E. and Sarbatly, R. (2012). Conversion of Microalgae to Biofuel. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 16: 4316–4342.
55. Tran, H.T.M., Cheirsilp, B., Hodgson, B. and Umsakul, K. (2010). Potential Use of Bacillus Subtilis in a Co- Culture with Clostridium butylicum for Acetone–Butanol– Ethanol Production from Cassava Starch. Biochem. Eng. J.48: 260–267.
56. Tsai, J.H., Chen, S.J., Huang, K.L., Lin, W.Y., Lee, W.J., Lin, C.C., Hsieh, L.T., Chiu, J.Y. and Kuo, W.C. (2014). Emissions from a Generator Fueled by Blends of Diesel, Biodiesel, Acetone, and Isopropyl Alcohol: Analyses of Emitted PM, Particulate Carbon, And PAHs. Sci. Total Environ.466–467: 195–202.
57. Tüccar, G. and Aydın, K. (2013). Evaluation of Methyl Ester of Microalgae Oil as Fuel in a Diesel Engine. Fuel112: 203–207.
58. Tüccar, G., Özgür, T. and Aydın, K. (2014). Effect of Diesel– Microalgae Biodiesel–Butanol Blends on Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine. Fuel132: 47–52.
59. Tumuluru, J.S., Sokhansanj, S., Wright, C.T. and Kremer, T. (2012). GC Analysis of Volatiles and Other Product from Biomass Torrefaction Process. In Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications (Edited Editor), Book GC Analysis of Volatiles and Other Product from Biomass Torrefaction Process, City.
60. Uemura, Y., Omar, W.N., Tsutsui, T. and Yusup, S.B. (2011). Torrefaction of Oil Palm Wastes. Fuel90: 2585–2591.
61. Verhoeff, F., Arnuelos, A.A., Boersma, A.R., Pels, J.R., Lensselink, J., Kiel, J.H.A. and Schukken, H. (2011). Torrefaction Technology for the production of solid bioenergy carriers from biomass and waste. In ECN-E-- 11-039 (Edited Editor), Book Torrefaction Technology for the Production of Solid Bioenergy Carriers from Biomass and Waste (Vol. ECN Report), City.
62. 2 Photoreduction Systems: A Review. Aerosol Air Qual. Res.13: 533–549.
63. Wang, P., Zhang, Q.H., Wang, T., Chen, W.H., Ren, D.W., Li, Y.M. and Jiang, G.B. (2012). PCBs and PBDEs In Environmental Samples from King George Island and Ardley Island, Antarctica. RSC Adv. 2: 1350–1355.
64. Wen, Z., Liu, J. and Chen, F. (2011). 3.12 - Biofuel from Microalgae. In Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Edition) (Edited Moo-Young, M.), Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Edition)(p. 127–133). Academic Press, City.
65. Wen, Z., Wu, M., Lin, Y., Yang, L., Lin, J. and Cen, P. (2014). Artificial Symbiosis for Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) Fermentation from Alkali Extracted Deshelled Corn Cobs by Co-Culture Of. Microb. Cell Fact.13: 92.
66. Wu, K.T., Tsai, C.J., Chen, C.S. and Chen, H.W. (2012). The Characteristics of Torrefied Microalgae. Appl. Energy100: 52–57.
67. Yahaya Khan, M., Abdul Karim, Z.A., Hagos, F.Y., Aziz, A.R.A. and Tan, I.M. (2014). Current Trends in Waterin- Diesel Emulsion as a Fuel. ScientificWorldJournal2014: 527472.
68. Yao, Y.C. and Tsai, J.H. (2013). Influence of Gasoline Aromatic Content on Air Pollutant Emissions from Four- Stroke Motorcycles. Aerosol Air Qual. Res.13: 739–747.
69. Yeh, K.L., Chen, C.Y. and Chang, J. S. (2012). pH-stat Photoheterotrophic Cultivation of Indigenous Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 For Biomass and Lipid Production Using Acetic Acid as the Carbon Source. Biochem. Eng. J.64: 1–7.
70. Yilmaz, N., Vigil, F.M., Benalil, K., Davis, S.M. and Calva, A. (2014). Effect of Biodiesel–Butanol Fuel Blends on Emissions and Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine. Fuel135: 46–50.
71. Zheng, A., Zhao, Z., Chang, S., Huang, Z., Wang, X., He, F. and Li, H. (2013). Effect of Torrefaction on Structure and Fast Pyrolysis Behavior of Corncobs. Bioresour. Technol.128: 370–377.