Healing microstructures of experimental and natural fault gouge

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 113, Issue 6, 2008, Pages

  Keulen, Nynke ^a,b   Stünitz, Holger ^a,c   Heilbronner, Renée ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND   (Denmark)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FAULT GOUGE; FAULT ZONE; HYDROSTATICS; MASS TRANSFER; MICROSTRUCTURE; STRAIN RATE;

ALPS; ASIA; AWAJI; BADEN-WURTTEMBERG; BERGAMO ALPS; BLACK FOREST; CENTRAL EUROPE; EASTERN ALPS; EURASIA; EUROPE; FAR EAST; GERMANY; HONSHU; HYOGO; ITALY; JAPAN; KINKI; LOMBARDY; NOJIMA FAULT ZONE; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

EID: 50649123723     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007JB005039     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. An, L.-J., and C. Sarmis (1994), Particle size distribution of cataclastic fault materials from southern California: A 3-D study, Pure Appl. Geophys., 143, 203-227, doi:10.1007/BF00874329.
2. Beeler, N., T. Tullis, and J. Weeks (1996), Frictional behavior of large displacement experimental faults, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8697-8715, doi:10.1029/96JB00411.
3. Blanpied, M., D. Lockner, and J. Byerlee (1995), Frictional slip of granite at hydrothermal conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13,045-13,064, doi:10.1029/95JB00862.
4. Blanpied, M., T. Tullis, and J. Weeks (1998), Effects of slip, slip rate, and shear heating on the friction of granite, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 489-512, doi:10.1029/97JB02480.
5. Bos, B., and C. Spiers (2002), Fluid-assisted healing processes in gouge-bearing faults: Insights from experiments on a rock analogue system, Pure Appl. Geophys., 159, 2537-2566, doi:10.1007/ s00024-002-8747-2.
6. Bos, B., C. Peach, and C. Spiers (2000), Slip behavior of simulated gouge-bearing faults under conditions favoring pressure solution, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 16,699-16,717, doi:10.1029/2000JB900089.
7. Boullier, A.-M., T. Ohtani, K. Fujimoto, H. Ito, and M. Dubois (2001), Fluid inclusions in pseudotachylytes from the No jima fault, Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 21,965-21,977, doi:10.1029/2000JB000043.
8. Boullier, A.-M., K. Fujimoto, H. Ito, T. Ohtani, N. Keulen, O. Fabbri, D. Amitrano, M. Dubois, and P. Pezard (2004), Structural evolution of the No jima Fault (Awa ji Island, Japan) revisited from the GSJ drillhole at Hirabayashi, Earth Planets Space, 56, 1233-1240.
9. Carminati, E., and G. Siletto (2005), The Central Southern Alps (N. Italy) paleoseismic zone: A comparison between field observations and predictions of fault mechanisms, Tectonophysics, 401, 179-197, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.03.012.
10. De Ronde, A., H. Stünitz, J. Tullis, and R. Heilbronner (2005), Reaction-induced weakening of plagioclase-olivine composites, Tectonophysics, 409, 85-106, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.08.008.
11. De Sitter, L., and C. De Sitter-Koomans (1949), The geology of the Bergamase Alps, Lombardia, Italy, Leidse Geol. Meded, XIVB, 1-257.
12. Del Moro, A., G. Pardini, C. Quercioli, I. Villa, and E. Callegari (1983), Rb/Sr and K/Ar chronology of Adamello granitoids, southern Alps, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 26, 285-299.
13. Den Brok, S. B. (1992), An experimental investigation into the effect of water on the flow of quartzite, Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht Univ., Utrecht, Netherlands.
14. Dieterich, J. (1972), Time dependent friction in rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 3690-3697, doi:l0.1029/JB077i020p03690.
15. Dieterich, J. (1978), Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stik-slip, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 790-806, doi:10.1007/ BF00876539.
16. Dieterich, J. (1979), Modeling of rock friction: 1. Experimental results and constitutive equations, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2161-2168, doi:10.1029/JB084iB05p02161.
17. Dieterich, J., and B. Kilgore (1994), Direct observations of frictional contacts: New insights for state-dependent properties, in Faulting, Friction, and Earthquake Mechanics, vol. 2, edited by C. Marone and M. Blanpied, pp. 4196-4202, Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland.
18. Dove, P., and D. Crerar (1990), Kinetics of silica-water reactions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 955-969, doi:10.1016/ 0016-7037(90)90431-J.
19. Dresmann, H., N. Keulen, F. Gaidies, Z. Timar-Geng, B. Fügenschuh, A. Wetzel, and H. Stünitz (2008), A palaeo high-temperature event related to seismic activity at the upper rhine graben main border fault: Constrained by fission-track and microstructural analysis, Int. J. Earth Sci., in press.
20. Echtler, H., and A. Chauvet (1992), Carboniferous convergence and subsequent crustal extension in the Southern Schwarzwald (SW Germany), Geodin. Acta, 5(1-2), 37-49.
21. Fabbri, O., K. Iwamura, S. Matsunaga, G. Coromina, and Y. Kanaori (2004), Distributed strike-slip faulting, block rotation, and possible intracrustal vertical decoupling in the convergent zone, in Vertical Coupling and Decoupling in the Lithosphere, edited by J. Grocott et al., Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 227, 141-166.
22. Fujimoto, K., H. Tanaka, T. Higuchi, N. Tomida, T. Ohtani, and H. Ito (2001), Alteration and mass transfer inferred from the Hirabayashi GSJ drill core penetration the No jima Fault, Japan, Isl. Arc, 10, 401-410, doi:10.1046/j.1440-1738.2001.00338.x.
23. Fusseis, F., M. Handy, and C. Schrank (2006), Shear zone networks at the brittle- to-viscous transition (Cap de Creus, NE Spain), J. Struct. Geol., 28(7), 1228-1243, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.03.022.
24. Giger, S., E. Tenthorey, S. Cox, and J. FitzGerald (2006), Permeability and porosity evolution of quartz fault gouges during hot pressing under hydrothermal conditions, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract S41D-06.
25. Heilbronner, R. (2000), Automatic grain boundary detection and grain size analysis using polarization micrographs or orientation images, J. Struct. Geol., 22, 969-981, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00014-6.
26. Heilbronner, R., and N. Keulen (2006), Grain size and grain shape analysis of fault rocks, Tectonophysics, 427, 199-216, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.05.020.
27. Hinsken, S. (2003), Geologische Untersuchungen an Syn-riftsedimenten des südlichen Oberrheingrabens, Master thesis, Geologisch-Paläontologisches Inst., Univ. of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
28. Huber, M., and A. Huber-Aleffi (1990), Zur Tektonik des Südschwarzwaldes, in Nagra Technischer Bericht, vol. 90-03, pp. 7-8, Nagra, Baden, Switzerland.
29. Ito, H., K. Fujimoto, H. Tanaka, and D. Lockner (1999), Proceedings of the international workshop on the Nojima fault core and borehole data analysis, Vol. GSJ Interim Rep. EQ/00/1, USGS Open-File Rep. 000- 129, Geol. Surv. of Jpn., Tsukuba, Japan.
30. Kanagawa, K., S. Cox, and S. Zhang (2000), Effects of dissolution-precipitation processes on the strength and mechanical behavior of quartz gouge at high-temperature hydrothermal conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,115-11,126, doi:10.1029/2000JB900038.
31. Kamer, S., and C. Marone (1998), The effect of shear load on frictional healing in simulated fault gouge, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(24), 4561-4564, doi:10.1029/1998GL900182.
32. Karner, S., C. Marone, and B. Evans (1997), Laboratory study of fault healing and lithification in simulated fault gouge under hydrothermal conditions, Tectonophysics, 277, 41-55, doi:10.1016/ S0040-1951(97)00077-2.
33. Kay, M., I. Main, S. Elphick, and B. Ngwenya (2006), Fault gouge diagenesis at shallow burial depth: Solution-precipitation reactions in well-sorted and poorly sorted powders of crushed sandstone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 243, 607-614, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.017.
34. Keulen, N., R. Heilbronner, H. Stünitz, A.-M. Boullier, and H. Ito (2007), Grain size distributions of fault rocks: A comparison between experimentally and naturally deformed granitoids, J. Struct. Geol., 29(8), 1282-1300, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2007.04.003.
35. Kohlstedt, D., B. Evans, and S. Mackwell (1995), Strength of the lithorsphere: Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17,587-17,602, doi:10.1029/95JB01460.
36. 2O in the lower crust and upper mantle, Geochim. Cosmochim, Acta, 58, 4831-4839, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90214-3.
37. Marone, C. (1998), The effect of loading rate on static friction and the rate of fault healing during the earthquake cycle, Nature, 391, 69-72, doi:10.1038/34157.
38. Marone, C., J. Vidale, and W. Ellsworth (1995), Fault healing inferred from time dependent variations in source properties of repeating earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3095-3098, doi:10.1029/ 95GL03076.
39. Milano, P., G. Pennacchioni, and M. Spalla (1988), Alpine and pre-Alpine tectonics in the Central Orobic Alps (Southern Alps), Eclogae Geol. Helv., 81(2), 273-293.
40. Mitra, G. (1992), Deformation of granitic basement rocks along fault zones at shallow to intermediate crustal levels, in Structural Geology of Fold and Trust Belts, edited by S. Mitra and G. Fisher, pp. 123-144, John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, Md.
41. Monzawa, N., and K. Otsuki (2003), Comminution and fluidization of granular fault materials: Implications for fault slip behavior, Tectonophysics, 367, 127-143, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00133-1.
42. Muhuri, S., T. Dewers, E. J. Thurman, and Z. Reches (2003), Interseismic fault strengthening and earthquake-slip instability: Friction or cohesion?, Geology, 31(10), 881-884, doi:10.1130/G19601.1.
43. Murakami, M., and T. Tagami (2004), Dating pseudotachylyte of the Nojima fault using the zircon fission-track method, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12604, doi:10.1029/2004GL020211.
44. Nakamura, M., H. Yurimoto, and E. Watson (2005), Grain growth control of isotope exchange between rocks and fluids, Geology, 33(10), 829-832, doi:10.1130/G21659.1.
45. Nakatani, M., and C. Scholz (2004), Frictional healing of quartz gouge under hydrothermal conditions: 1. Experimental evidence for solution transfer healing mechanism, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B07201, doi:10.1029/2001JB001522.
46. Olgaard, D., and B. Evans (1988), Grain growth in synthetic marbles with added mica and water, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 100, 246-260, doi:10.1007/BF00373591.
47. Olsen, M., C. Scholz, and A. Lieger (1998), Healing and sealing of a simulated fault gouge under hydrothermal conditions: Implications for fault healing, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 7421-7430, doi:10.1029/ 97JB03402.
48. Otsuki, K., N. Monzawa, and T. Nagase (2003), Fluidization and melting of fault gouge during seismic slip: Identification in the No jima fault zone and implications for focal earthquake mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B4), 2192, doi:10.1029/2001JB001711.
49. Paterson, M. (1978), Experimental Rock Deformation - The Brittle Field, Minerals and Rocks, vol. 13, 254 pp., Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
50. Paterson, M. (1995), A theory for granular flow accommodated by material transfer via an intergranular fluid, Tectonophysics, 245, 135-151, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(94)00231-W.
51. Paterson, M. S., and T.-F. Wong (2005), Experimental Rock Deformation - The Brittle Field, 2nd ed., 358 pp., Springer, Berlin.
52. Pittarrello, L., G. Di Toro, A. Bizzarri, J. Hadizadeh, and G. Pennacchioni (2006), Seismic energy partitioning inferred from pseudotachylyte-bearing faults (Gole Larghe Fault, Adamello batholith, Italy), Geophys. Res. Abstr., 8, EGU06-A-01883.
53. Ramseyer, K., and J. Mullis (2000), Geological application of cathodolu-minescence of silicates, in Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences, edited by M. Pagel et al., pp. 177-191, Springer, Berlin.
54. Ramseyer, K., J. Fischer, A. Matter, P. Eberhardt, and J. Geiss (1989), A cathodoluminescence microscope for low intensity luminescence, J. Sediment. Petrol., 59, 619-622.
55. Rutter, E.H. (1986), On the nomenclature of mode of failure in rocks, Tectonophysics, 122, 381-387, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(86)90153-8.
56. Rutter, E.H., and R.H. Maddock (1992), On the mechanical properties of synthetic kaolinite/quartz fault gouge, Terra Nova, 4, 489-500, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1992.tb00585.x.
57. Sammis, C., G. King, and R. Biegel (1987), The kinematics of gouge deformation, Pure Appl. Geophys., 125, 777-812, doi:10.1007/ BF00878033.
58. Schoenborn, G. (1992), Alpine tectonics and kinematic model of the central Southern-Alps, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 44, 229-393.
59. Scholz, C., and T. Engelder (1976), Role of asperity indentation and ploughing in rock friction, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 13, 149-154, doi:10.1016/0148-9062(76)90819-6.
60. Shao, S.-M., and J.-C. Zou (1996), Fractal research of fault gouge, Acta Seismol. Sin., 9(3), 485-491, doi:10.1007/BF02650984.
61. Shimamoto, T., Y. Kanaori, and K.-I. Asai (1991), Cathodoluminescence observations on low-temperature mylonites: Potential for detection of solution-precipitation microstructures, J. Struct. Geol., 13(8), 967-973, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(91)90091-V.
62. Sleep, N. H. (1994), Grain size and chemical controls on the ductile properties of mostly frictional faults at low temperature hydrothermal conditions, Pure Appl. Geophys., 143, 41-60, doi:10.1007/ BF00874323.
63. Stünitz, H., J. Fitz-Gerald, and J. Tullis (2003), Dislocation generation, slip systems, and dynamic recrystallization in experimentally deformed plagioclase single crystals, Tectonophysics, 372, 215-233, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00241-5.
64. Tenthorey, E., and S. Cox (2006), Cohesive strengthening of fault zones during die interseismic period: An experimental, study, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B09202, doi:10.1029/2005JB004122.
65. Tenthorey, E., S. Cox, and H. Todd (2003), Evolution of strength recovery and permeability during fluid-rock reaction in experimental fault zones, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 206, 161-172, doi:10.1016/ S0012-821X(02)01082-8.
66. Tullis, T., and J. Tullis (1986), Experimental rock deformation techniques, in Mineral and rock deformation: Laboratory Studies - The Paterson Volume, Geophys. Monogr. Ser, vol. 36, edited by B. Hobbs and H. Heard, pp. 297-324, AGU, Washington, D. C.
67. Tullis, J., and R. Yund (1987), Transition from cataclastic flow to dislocation creep of feldspar: Mechanisms and microstructures, Geology, 15, 606-609, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1987)15<606:TFCFTD>2.0.CO;2.
68. van Daalen, M., R. Heilbronner, and K. Kunze (1999), Orientation analysis of localized shear deformation in quartz fibres at the brittle-ductile transition, Tectonophysics, 303, 83-107, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00264-9.
69. Vernooij, M., K. Kunze, and B. Den Brok (2006), "Brittle" shear zones in experimentally deformed quartz single crystals, J. Struct. Geol., 28, 1292-1306, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.03.018.
70. Voisin, C., F. Renard, and J. R. Grasso (2007), Long-term friction: From stick-slip to stable sliding, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13301, doi:10.1029/2007GL029715.
71. Xie, Z., and J. Walther (1993), Quartz solublities in NaCl solutions with and without wollastonite at elevated temperatures and pressures, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 1947-1955, doi:10.1016/ 0016-7037(93)90086-C.
72. Yasuhara, H., C. Marone, and D. Elsworth (2005), Fault zone restrengthening and frictional healing: The role of pressure solution, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B06310, doi:10.1029/2004JB003327.
73. Zen, E., and A. Thompson (1974), Low grade regional metamorphism: Mineral equilibrium relations, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 2, 179-212, doi:10.1146/annurev.ca.02.050174.001143.
74. Ziegler, P., and P. Dézes (2005), Evolution of the lithosphere in the area of the Rhine rift system, Int. J. Earth Sci., 94(4), 594-614, doi:10.1007/s00531-005-0474-3.