A validated method for simultaneous determination of codeine, codeine-6-glucuronide, norcodeine, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in post-mortem blood, vitreous fluid, muscle, fat and brain tissue by LC-MS

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 203-212

  Frost, Joachim ^a,b   Løkken, Trine N ^a   Brede, Wenche R ^b   Hegstad, Solfrid ^b   Nordrum, Ivar S ^a,b   Slørdal, Lars ^a,b  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^b TRONDHEIM UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CODEINE; CODEINE 6 GLUCURONIDE; MORPHINE; MORPHINE 3 GLUCURONIDE; MORPHINE 6 GLUCURONIDE; NORCODEINE; CODEINE-6-GLUCURONIDE; MORPHINE DERIVATIVE; MORPHINE-3-GLUCURONIDE; MORPHINE-6-GLUCURONIDE;

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; AUTOPSY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG BRAIN LEVEL; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG MUSCLE LEVEL; FREEZE THAWING; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; LETHAL CONCENTRATION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; VITREOUS BODY; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; BLOOD; BRAIN; CALIBRATION; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHEMISTRY; FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MORTALITY; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS; PROCEDURES; REPRODUCIBILITY; SKELETAL MUSCLE; STANDARD; STANDARDS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; VALIDATION STUDY;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AUTOPSY; BRAIN; CALIBRATION; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; CODEINE; FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY; HUMANS; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MORPHINE DERIVATIVES; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS; REFERENCE STANDARDS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION; VITREOUS BODY;

EID: 84941638923     PISSN: 01464760     EISSN: 19452403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku145     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Chen, Z.R., Irvine, R.J., Somogyi, A.A., Bochner, F. (1991) Mu receptor binding of some commonly used opioids and their metabolites. Life Sciences, 48, 2165-2171.
2. Mignat, C., Wille, U., Ziegler, A. (1995) Affinity profiles of morphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine and their glucuronides at opioid receptor subtypes. Life Sciences, 56, 793-799.
3. Volpe, D.A., Tobin, G.A.,Mellon, R.D., Katki, A.G., Parker, R.J., Colatsky, T. et al. (2011) Uniform assessment and ranking of opioid Mu receptor binding constants for selected opioid drugs. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 59, 385-390.
4. Desmeules, J., Gascon, M.P., Dayer, P., Magistris, M. (1991) Impact of environmental and genetic factors on codeine analgesia. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 41, 23-26.
5. Poulsen, L., Brosen, K., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Gram, L.F., Elbaek, K., Sindrup, S.H. (1996) Codeine and morphine in extensive and poor metabolizers of sparteine: pharmacokinetics, analgesic effect and side effects. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 51, 289-295.
6. Sindrup, S.H., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Brosen, K., Bjerring, P., Angelo, H.R., Eriksen, B. et al. (1992) The effect of quinidine on the analgesic effect of codeine. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42, 587-591.
7. Sindrup, S.H., Brosen, K., Bjerring, P., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Larsen, U., Angelo, H.R. et al. (1990) Codeine increases pain thresholds to copper vapor laser stimuli in extensive but not poor metabolizers of sparteine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 48, 686-693.
8. Caraco, Y., Sheller, J., Wood, A.J. (1996) Pharmacogenetic determination of the effects of codeine and prediction of drug interactions. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 278, 1165-1174.
9. The International Association of Forensic Toxicologists. (2004) Therapeutic and Toxic Drug Concentrations List. http://www.tiaft. org (16 June 2014, date last accessed).
10. Druid, H., Holmgren, P. (1997) A compilation of fatal and control concentrations of drugs in postmortem femoral blood. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42, 79-87.
11. Schulz, M., Schmoldt, A. (2003) Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of more than 800 drugs and other xenobiotics. Die Pharmazie, 58, 447-474.
12. Winek, C.L., Wahba, W.W., Winek, C.L., Jr, Balzer, T.W. (2001) Drug and chemical blood-level data 2001. Forensic Science International, 122, 107-123.
13. Thorn, C.F., Klein, T.E., Altman, R.B. (2009) Codeine and morphine pathway. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 19, 556-558.
14. Yue, Q.Y., Sawe, J. (1997) Different effects of inhibitors on the O- and N-demethylation of codeine in human liver microsomes. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 52, 41-47.
15. Yue, Q.Y., Svensson, J.O., Alm, C., Sjoqvist, F., Sawe, J. (1989) Interindividual and interethnic differences in the demethylation and glucuronidation of codeine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 28, 629-637.
16. Bachs, L., Skurtveit, S., Morland, J. (2003) Codeine and clinical impairment in samples in which morphine is not detected. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58, 785-789.
17. Lötsch, J., Skarke, C., Schmidt, H., Rohrbacher, M., Hofmann, U., Schwab, M. et al. (2006) Evidence for morphine-independent central nervous opioid effects after administration of codeine: Contribution of other codeine metabolites. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 79, 35-48.
18. Srinivasan, V., Wielbo, D., Tebbett, I.R. (1997) Analgesic effects of codeine-6-glucuronide after intravenous administration. European Journal of Pain, 1, 185-190.
19. Gerostamoulos, J., Drummer, O.H. (2000) Postmortem redistribution of morphine and its metabolites. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45, 843-845.
20. Tolliver, S.S., Hearn, W.L., Furton, K.G. (2010) Evaluating the relationship between postmortem and antemortem morphine and codeine concentrations in whole blood. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 34, 491-497.
21. Baselt, R.C. (2008) Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man, 8th ed. Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA.
22. Logan, B.K., Smirnow, D. (1996) Postmortem distribution and redistribution of morphine in man. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41, 221-229.
23. Hilberg, T., Ripel, A., Slordal, L., Bjorneboe, A., Morland, J. (1999) The extent of postmortem drug redistribution in a rat model. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44, 956-962.
24. Crandall, C.S., Kerrigan, S., Blau, R.L., Lavalley, J., Zumwalt, R., McKinney, P.E. (2006) The influence of site of collection on postmortem morphine concentrations in heroin overdose victims. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51, 413-420.
25. Koren, G., Klein, J. (1992) Postmortem redistribution of morphine in rats. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 14, 461-463.
26. Nakamura, G.R., Way, E.L. (1975) Determination of morphine and codeine in post-mortem specimens. Analytical Chemistry, 47, 775-778.
27. Bogusz, M.J., Maier, R.D., Erkens, M., Driessen, S. (1997) Determination of morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronides, codeine, codeineglucuronide and 6-monoacetylmorphine in body fluids by liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionizationmass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, 703, 115-127.
28. Bogusz, M.J., Maier, R.D., Kruger, K.D., Kohls, U. (1998) Determination of common drugs of abuse in body fluids using one isolation procedure and liquid chromatography-atmosphericpressure chemical-ionization mass spectromery. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 22, 549-558.
29. Al-Asmari, A.I., Anderson, R.A. (2007) Method for quantification of opioids and their metabolites in autopsy blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 31, 394-408.
30. Dienes-Nagy, A., Rivier, L., Giroud, C., Augsburger, M.,Mangin, P. (1999) Method for quantification of morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronides, codeine, codeine glucuronide and 6-monoacetylmorphine in human blood by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry for routine analysis in forensic toxicology. Journal of Chromatography A, 854, 109-118.
31. Lewis, R.J., Johnson, R.D., Hattrup, R.A. (2005) Simultaneous analysis of thebaine, 6-MAM and six abused opiates in postmortem fluids and tissues using Zymark automated solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, 822, 137-145.
32. Gergov, M., Nokua, P., Vuori, E., Ojanpera, I. (2009) Simultaneous screening and quantification of 25 opioid drugs in post-mortem blood and urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Science International, 186, 36-43.
33. Crump, K.L., McIntyre, I.M., Drummer, O.H. (1994) Simultaneous determination of morphine and codeine in blood and bile using dual ultraviolet and fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 18, 208-212.
34. Sanches, L.R., Seulin, S.C., Leyton, V., Paranhos, B.A., Pasqualucci, C.A., Munoz, D.R. et al. (2012) Determination of opiates in whole blood and vitreous humor: a study of the matrix effect and an experimental design to optimize conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronides. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 36, 162-170.
35. Matuszewski, B.K., Constanzer, M.L., Chavez-Eng, C.M. (2003) Strategies for the assessment of matrix effect in quantitative bioanalytical methods based on HPLC-MS/MS. Analytical Chemistry, 75, 3019-3030.
36. The Regional Biobank of Central Norway. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. http://www.ntnu.edu/lbk/biobank (16 June 2014, date last accessed).
37. Hoiseth, G., Fjeld, B., Burns, M.L., Strand, D.H., Vindenes, V. (2014) Long-term stability of morphine, codeine, and 6-acetylmorphine in real-life whole blood samples, stored at -20 degrees C. Forensic Science International, 239, 6-10.