Unfazed or Dazed and Confused: Does Early Adolescent Marijuana Use Cause Sustained Impairments in Attention and Academic Functioning?

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology

Volumn 43, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 1203-1217

  Pardini, Dustin ^a   White, Helene R ^b   Xiong, Shuangyan ^c   Bechtold, Jordan ^a   Chung, Tammy ^a   Loeber, Rolf ^a,d   Hipwell, Alison ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Abstinence; Academic problems; Adolescence; Attention problems; Cognition; Marijuana

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ATTENTION; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; CHILD; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DRUG EFFECTS; EDUCATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; SCHOOL; SEX DIFFERENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ATTENTION; CANNABIS; CHILD; COGNITION DISORDERS; EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; SCHOOLS; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 84941168716     PISSN: 00910627     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0012-0     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Achenbach, T. (1997). Young adult self report. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
3. Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003). DSM-oriented and empirically based approaches to constructing scales from the same item pools. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 328–340.
4. Allison, P. D. (2009). Fixed effects regression models. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
5. Andrews, J. A., & Duncan, S. C. (1997). Examining the reciprocal relation between academic motivation and substance use: effects of family relationships, self-esteem, and general deviance. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 523–549.
6. Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., Freedman-Doan, P., & Messersmith, E. E. (2008). The education-drug use connection: How successes and failures in school relate to adolescent smoking, drinking, drug use, and delinquency. Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
7. Brook, J. S., Balka, E. B., & Whiteman, M. (1999). The risks for late adolescence of early adolescent marijuana use. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1549–1554.
8. Brook, J. S., Stimmel, M. A., Zhang, C. S., & Brook, D. W. (2008). The association between earlier marijuana use and subsequent academic achievement and health problems: a longitudinal study. American Journal on Addictions, 17, 155–160.
9. Cerdá, M., Bordelois, P. M., Keyes, K. M., Galea, S., Koenen, K. C., & Pardini, D. (2013). Cumulative and recent psychiatric symptoms as predictors of substance use onset: does timing matter? Addiction, 108, 2119–2128.
10. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396.
11. Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2011). The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 583.
12. Disney, E. R., Elkins, I. J., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (1999). Effects of ADHD, conduct disorder, and gender on substance use and abuse in adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1515–1521.
13. Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. (2006). Self-discipline gives girls the edge: gender in self-discipline, grades, and achievement test scores. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 198.
14. Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., Biglan, A., & Ary, D. (1998). Contributions of the social context to the development of adolescent substance use: a multivariate latent growth modeling approach. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50, 57–71.
15. ElSohly, M. A. (2009). Quarterly report potency monitoring project, Report 104 December 16, 2008 Thru March 15, 2009. Oxford, Mississippi: National Center for Natural Products Research. Retrieved on 8/18/2014 from http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/sourcefiles/UMPMC-quarterly-monitoring-report.pdf.
16. Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, С. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003). Relations between continuous performance test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 543–554.
17. Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2008). Cannabis use and later life outcomes. Addiction, 103, 969–976.
18. Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1997). Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction, 92, 279–296.
19. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Beautrais, A. L. (2003). Cannabis and educational achievement. Addiction, 98, 1681–1692.
20. Flory, K., Milich, R., Lynam, D. R., Leukefeld, C., & Clayton, R. (2003). Relation between childhood disruptive behavior disorders and substance use and dependence symptoms in young adulthood: individuals with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder are uniquely at risk. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 151–158.
21. Fried, P., Watkinson, B., & Gray, R. (2005). Neurocognitive consequences of marihuana—a comparison with pre-drug performance. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 231–239.
22. Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (1997). Adolescent symptom inventory-4 (ASI-4). Checkmate Plus.
23. Gilger, J. W. (1992). Using self-report and parental-report survey data to assess past and present academic achievement of adults and children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 13, 235–256.
24. Gonzalez, R. (2007). Acute and non-acute effects of cannabis on brain functioning and neuropsychological performance. Neuropsychology Review, 17, 347–361.
25. Gonzalez, R., & Swanson, J. M. (2012). Long-term effects of adolescent-onset and persistent use of cannabis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 15970–15971.
26. Gonzalez, R., Carey, C., & Grant, I. (2002). Nonacute (residual) neuropsychological effects of cannabis use: a qualitative analysis and systematic review. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42, 48S–57S.
27. Grant, I., Gonzalez, R., Carey, C. L., Natarajan, L., & Wolfson, T. (2003). Non-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of cannabis use: a meta-analytic study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 679–689.
28. Henry, K. L., Smith, E. A., & Caldwell, L. L. (2007). Deterioration of academic achievement and marijuana use onset among rural adolescents. Health Education Research, 22, 372–384.
29. Hipwell, A. E., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Keenan, K., White, H. R., & Kroneman, L. (2002). Characteristics of girls with early onset disruptive and antisocial behaviour. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 12, 99–118.
30. Hollingshead, A. A. (1975). Four-factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
31. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2013). Monitoring the future national results on drug use: 2012 overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
32. Keenan, K., Hipwell, A., Chung, T., Stepp, S., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Loeber, R., & McTigue, K. (2010). The Pittsburgh Girls Study: overview and initial findings. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 506–521.
33. Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., & Perez, C. M. (1997). The interrelationship between substance use and precocious transitions to adult statuses. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 87–103.
34. Lisdahl, K. M., & Price, J. S. (2012). Increased marijuana use and gender predict poorer cognitive functioning in adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 678–688.
35. Lisdahl, K., & Tapert, S. (2012). Chronic effects of heavy alcohol and marijuana use on the brain and cognition in adolescents and young adults. In H. White & D. Rabiner (Eds.), College student drinking and drug use: Multiple perspectives on a complex problem (pp. 63–82). Durham: The Guilford Press.
36. Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Van Kammen, W. B. (1998). Antisocial behavior and mental health problems: Explanatory factors in childhood and adolescence. New York: Routledge.
37. Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & White, H. R. (1999). Developmental aspects of delinquency and internalizing problems and their association with persistent juvenile substance use between ages 7 and 18. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 322–332.
38. Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & White, H. R. (2008). Violence and serious theft: Development and prediction from childhood to adulthood. New York: Routledge.
39. Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2000). The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: a review. Addiction, 95, 1621–1630.
40. Macleod, J., Oakes, R., Copello, A., Crome, I., Egger, M., Hickman, M. (2004). Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies. Lancet, 363, 1579–1588.
41. McCaffrey, D. F., Liccardo Pacula, R., Han, B., & Ellickson, P. (2010). Marijuana use and high school dropout: the influence of unobservables. Health Economics, 19, 1281–1299.
42. Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S., McDonald, K., Ward, A., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, E2657–E2664.
43. Molina, B. S. G., Smith, B. H., & Pelham, W. E. (1999). Interactive effects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder on early adolescent substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13, 348–358.
44. Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1986). Drug use, educational aspirations, and work force involvement: the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 303–321.
45. Osgood, D. W. (2010). Statistical models of life events and criminal behavior. In A. R. Piquero & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Handbook of quantitative criminology (pp. 375–396). New York: Springer.
46. Pandina, R. J., Labouvie, E. W., & White, H. R. (1984). Potential contributions of the life span developmental approach to the study of adolescent alcohol and drug use: the Rutgers health and human development project, a working model. Journal of Drug Issues, 2, 253–268.
47. Pardini, D., Obradovic, J., & Loeber, R. (2006). Interpersonal callousness, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, and conduct problems as precursors to delinquency persistence in boys: a comparison of three grade-based cohorts. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 46–59.
48. Pliszka, S. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 894–921.
49. Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Huestis, M. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2001). Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 909-915.
50. Sibley, M. H., Kuriyan, A. B., Evans, S. W., Waxmonsky, J. G., & Smith, B. H. (2014). Pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for adolescents with ADHD: an updated systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 218–232.
51. StataCorp. (2011). Stata statistical software: Release 12. College Station: StataCorp LP.
52. Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Practitioner review: do performance‐based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 131–143.
53. Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., & Spencer, T. J. (1996). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the psychoactive substance use disorders. Adolescent Substance Abuse and Dual Disorders, 5, 73–91.
54. Wilkinson, G. S. (1993). The wide range achievement test: Manual (3rd ed.). Wilmington: Wide Range.
55. Willcutt, E. G., Nigg, J. T., Pennington, B. F., Solanto, M. V., Rohde, L. A., Tannock, R., Loo, S. K., Carlson, C. L., McBurnett, K., & Lahey, B. B. (2012). Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 991–1010.