Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Calmodulin-Regulated Phosphatase Calcineurin

Calmodulin and Signal Transduction

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 169-236

  Perrino, Brian A ^a   Soderling, Thomas R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84941124499     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-092636-0.50008-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (250)

1. Aitken A., Cohen P., Santikarn S., Williams D.H., Calder A.G., Klee C.B. Identification of the NH2-terminal blocking group of calcineurin as myristic acid. FEBS Lett. 1982, 150:314-318.
2. Aldape R.A., Futer O., DeCenzo M.T., Jarrett B.P., Murcko M.A., Livingston D.J. Charged surface residues of FKBP12 participate in formation of the FKBP12-FK506-calcineurin complex. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:16029-16032.
3. Antoni F.A., Barnard R.J.O., Shipston M.J., Smith S.M., Simpson J., Paterson J.M. Calcineurin feedback inhibition of agonist-evoked cAMP formation. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:28055-28061.
4. Aperia A., Meister B., Hokfelt T. "Contemporary Issues in Nephrology" 1991, 315-338. Churchill Livingstone, New York. S. Goldfarb, F.N. Ziyadeh (Eds.).
5. Aperia A., Ibarra F., Svensson L.B., Klee C.B., Greengard P. Calcineurin mediates α-adrenergic stimulation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in renal tubule cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992, 89:7394-7397.
6. Bashir Z.I., Bortolotto Z.A., Davies C.H., Beretta N., Irving A.J., Seal A.J., Henley J.M., Jane D.E., Watkins J.C., Collingridge G.L. Induction of LTP in the hippocampus needs synaptic activation of glutamate metabotropic receptors. Nature (London) 1993, 363:347-350.
7. Baukal A.J., Hunyady L., Catt K.J., Balla T. Evidence for participation of calcineurin in potentiation of agonist-stimulated cyclic AMP formation by the calcium-mobilizing hormone angiotensin II. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:24546-24549.
8. Bear M.F., Malenka R.C. Synaptic plasticity: LTP and LTD. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1994, 4:389-399.
9. Bierer B.E., Somers P.K., Wandless T.J., Burakoff S.J., Schreiber S.L. Probing immunoce:suppressant action with a nonnatural immunophilin ligand. Science 1990, 250:556-559.
10. Blitzer R.D., Wong T., Nouranifar R., Iyengar R., Landau E.M. Postsynaptic cAMP pathway gates early LTP in hippocampal CA1 region. Neuron 1995, 15:1403-1414.
11. Blumenthal D.K., Takio, Hansen R.S., Krebs E.G. Dephosphorylation of cAMPCa2+dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit (Type II) by calmodulindependent protein phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 1986, 261:8140-8145.
12. Boddeke H.W.G.M., Hoffman B.J., Palacios J.M., Hoyer D. Characterization of functional responses in A9 cells transfected with cloned rat 5-HT1C receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1993, 346:119-124.
13. Boddeke H.W.G.M., Hoffman B.J., Palacios J.M., Hoyer D. Calcineurin inhibits desensitization of cloned rat 5-HT1C receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1993, 348:221-224.
14. Boddeke H.W.G.M., Meigel I., Boeijinga P., Arbuckle J., Docherty R.J. Modulation by calcineurin of 5-HT3 receptor function in NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 118:1836-1840.
15. Bodor J., Spetz A., Strominger J.L., Habener J.F. cAMP inducibility of transcriptional repressor ICER indeveloping and mature human T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93:3536-3541.
16. Bosser R., Aligue R., Guerini D., Agell N., Carafoli E., Bachs O. Calmodulin can modulate protein phosphorylation in rat liver cells nuclei. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268:15477-15483.
17. Bredt D.S., Ferris C.D., Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide synthase regulatory sites. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:10976-10981.
18. Brickey D.A., Bann J.G., Fong Y.L., Perrino L., Brennan R.G., Soderling T.R. Mutational analysis of the autoinhibitory domain of calmodulin kinase II. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:29047-29054.
19. Brown D.A. M-currents. "Ion Channels" 1988, 55-94. Plenum, New York. T. Narahashi (Ed.).
20. Cameron A.M., Steiner J.P., Roskams A.J., Ali S.M., Ronnet G.V., Snyder S.H. Calcineurin associated with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-FKBP12 complex modulates Ca2+ flux. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 1995, 83:463-472.
21. Chad J.E., Ecker R. An enzymatic mechanism for calcium current inactivation in dialysed Helix neurones. J. Physiol. (London) 1986, 378:31-51.
22. Chang H.Y., Takei K., Sydor A.M., Born T.L., Rusnak F., Jay D.G. Asymmetric retraction of growth cone filopodia following focal inactivation of calcineurin. Nature (London) 1995, 376:686-690.
23. Chantler P.D. Calcium-dependent association of a protein complex with the lymphocyte plasma membrane: Probable indentity with calmodulin-calcineurin. J. Cell Biol. 1985, 101:207-216.
24. Chen Q.X., Wong R.K.S. Ce:Suppression of GABAA receptor responses by NMDA application in hippocampal neurones acutely isolated from the adult guinea pig. J. Physiol. (London) 1995, 482:353-362.
25. Chen Q.X., Stelzer A., Kay A.R., Wong R.K.S. GABAA receptor function is regulated by phosphorylation in acutely dissociated guinea-pig hippocampal neurons. J. Physiol. (London) 1990, 420:207-221.
26. Chen T., Law B., Kondratyuk T., Rossie S. Identification of soluble protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate voltage-sensitive sodium channels in rat brain. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:7750-7756.
27. Choi D.W. Bench to bedside: The glutamate connection. Science 1992, 258:241-243.
28. Clipstone N.A., Crabtree G.R. Identification of calcineurin as a key signalling enzyme in T-lymphocyte activation. Nature (London) 1992, 357:695-697.
29. Clipstone N.A., Fiorentino D.F., Crabtree G.R. Molecular analysis of the interaction of calcineurin with drug-immunophilin complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:26431-26437.
30. Coghlan V.M., Perrino B.A., Howard M., Langeberg L.K., Hicks J.B., Gallatin W.M., Scott J.D. Association of protein kinase A and protein phosphatase 2B with a common anchoring protein. Science 1995, 267:108-111.
31. Cohen P. Signal integration at the level of protein kinases, protein phosphatases and their substrates. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1992, 17:408-413.
32. Cohen P., Klumpp S., Schelling D.L. An improved procedure for identifying and quantitating protein phosphatases in mammalian tissues. FEBS Lett. 1989, 250:596-600.
33. Cooper D.M.F., Mons N., Karpen J.W. Adenylyl cyclases and the interaction between calcium and cAMP signalling. Nature (London) 1995, 374:421-424.
34. Crow J.P., Beckman J.S. Reactions between nitric oxide, ce:superoxide, and peroxynitrite: Footprints of peroxynitrite in vivo. Adv. Pharmacol. 1995, 34:17-43.
35. Cyert M.S., Kunisawa D., Kaim D., Thorner J. Yeast has homologs (CNA1 and CNA2 gene products) of mammalian calcineurin, a calmodulin-regulated phosphoprotein phosphatase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1991, 88:7376-7380.
36. Dawson T.M., Dawson V.L., Snyder S.H. A novel neuronal messenger molecule in brain: The free radical, nitric oxide. Ann. Neurol. 1992, 32:297-311.
37. Dawson T.M., Steiner J.P., Dawson V.L., Dinerman J.L., Uhl G.R., Snyder S.H. Immunoce:suppressant FK506 enhances phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthase and protects against glutamate neurotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993, 90:9808-9812.
38. De Camilli P., Takei K. Molecular mechanisms in synaptic vesicle endocytosis and recycling. Neuron 1996, 16:481-486.
39. Derijard B., Hibi M., Wu I.-H., Barret T., Su B., Deng T., Karin M., Davis R.J. JNK1: A protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-jun activation domain. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 1994, 76:1025-1037.
40. Dizhoor A.M., Chen C.K., Olshevskaya E., Sinelnikova V.V., Phillipov V., Hurley J.B. Role of the acylated amino terminus of recoverin in Ca2+-dependent membrane interaction. Science 1993, 259:829-832.
41. Dolphin A.C. Facilitation of Ca2+ current in excitable cells. Trends Neurosci. 1996, 19:35-43.
42. Drewes G., Mandelkow E.-M., Baumann K., Goris J., Merlevede W., Mandelkow E. Dephosphorylation of tau protein and Alzheimer paired helical filaments by calcineurin and phosphatase-2A. FEBS Lett. 1993, 336:425-432.
43. Dudek S.M., Bear M.F. Homosynaptic long-term depression in area CA1 of the hippocampus and effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992, 89:4363-4367.
44. Eckert B., Schwaninger M., Knepel W. Calcium-mobilizing insulin secretagogues stimulate transcription that is directed by the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate/calcium response element in a pancreatic β-cell line. Endocrinology (Baltimore) 1996, 137:225-233.
45. Eckert R., Chad J.E. Inactivation of Ca channels. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 1984, 44:215-267.
46. Emmel E.A., Verweij C.L., Durand D.B., Higgins K.M., Lacy E., Crabtree G.R. Cyclosporin A specifically inhibits function of nuclear proteins involved in T cell activation. Science 1989, 246:1617-1620.
47. Engele-Garrett P., Moilanen B., Cyert M.S. Calcineurin, the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, is essential in yeast mutants with cell integrity defects and in mutants that lack a functional vacuolar H+-ATPase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995, 15:4103-4114.
48. Enslen H., Soderling T.R. Roles of calmodulin-dependent protein kinases and phosphatases in calcium-dependent transcription of immediate early genes. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:20872-20877.
49. Evan G.I., Wyllie A.H., Gilbert C.S., Littlewood T.D., Land H., Brooks M., Waters C.M., Penn L.Z., Hancock D.C. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-Myc protein. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 1992, 68:119-128.
50. Farber L.H., Wilson F.J., Wolff D.J. Calmodulin-dependent phosphatases of PC12, GH3 and C6 cells: Physical, kinetic, and immunochemical properties. J. Neurochem. 1987, 49:404-414.
51. Faux M.C., Scott J.D. More on target with protein phosphorylation: Conferring specificity by location. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1996, 21:312-315.
52. Ferreira A., Kincaid R.L., Kosik K.S. Calcineurin is associated with the cytoskeleton of cultured neurons and has a role in the acquisition of polarity. Mol. Biol. Cell 1993, 4:1225-1238.
53. Fisher G., Wittman-Liebold B., Lang K., Kiefhaber T., Schmid F.X. Cyclophilin and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase are probably identical proteins. Nature (London) 1989, 337:476-478.
54. Flanagan M.W., Corthesy B., Bram R.J., Crabtree G.R. Nuclear association of a T-cell transcription factor blocked by FK-506 and cyclosporin A. Nature (London) 1991, 352:803-807.
55. Fong Y.L., Soderling T.R. Studies on the regulatory domain of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:11091-11097.
56. Fraser E.D., Walsh M.P. Dephosphorylation of calponin by Type 2B protein phosphatase. Biochemistry 1995, 34:9151-9158.
57. Fruman D.A., Klee C.B., Bierer B.E., Burakoff S.J. Calcineurin phosphatase activity in T lymphocytes is inhibited by FK 506 and cyclosporin A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992, 89:3686-3690.
58. Fruman D.A., Mather P.E., Burakoff S.J., Bierer B.E. Correlation of calcineurin phosphatase activity and programmed cell death in T cell hybridomas. Eur. J. Immunol. 1992, 22:2513-2517.
59. Fruman D.A., Pai S.Y., Burakoff S.J., Bierer B.E. Characterization of a mutant calcineurin Aα gene expressed by EL4 lymphoma cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995, 15:3857-3863.
60. Fukunaga K., Rich D.P., Soderling T.R. Generation of the Ca2+-independent form of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in cerebellar granule cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264:21830-21836.
61. Futer O., DeCenzo M.T., Aldape R.A., Livingston D.J. FK506 binding protein mutational analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:18935-18940.
62. Garver T.D., Oyler G.A., Harris K.A., Polavarapu R.G., Damuni Z., Lehman R.A.W., Billingsley M.L. Tau phosphorylation in brain slices: Pharmacological evidence for convergent effects of protein phosphatases on tau and mitogenactivated protein kinase. Mol. Pharmacol. 1995, 47:745-756.
63. Gilroy S., Read N.D., Trewavas A.J. Elevation of cytoplasmic calcium by caged calcium or carged inositol trisphosphate initiates stomatal closure. Nature (London) 1990, 346:769-771.
64. Goldberg J., Huang H., Kwon Y., Greengard P., Nairn A.C., Kuriyan J. Three-dimensional structure of the catalytic subunit of protein serine/threonine phosphatase-1. Nature (London) 1995, 376:745-753.
65. Gong C.-X., Singh T.S., Grundke-Iqbal K. Alzheimer's disease abnormally phosphorylated τ is dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase-2B (calcineurin). J. Neurochem. 1994, 62:803-806.
66. Goto S., Yamamoto H., Fukunaga K., Iwasa T., Matsukado Y., Miyamoto E. Dephosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2, τ factor, and tubulin by calcineurin. J. Neurochem. 1985, 45:276-283.
67. Goto S., Matsukado Y., Mihara Y., Inoue N., Miyamoto E. The distribution of calcineurin in rat brain by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry and enzyme-immunoassay. Brain Res. 1986, 397:161-172.
68. Goulet M.T., Rupprecht K.M., Sinclair P.J., Wyvratt M.J., Parsons W.H. The medicinal chemistry of FK-506. Perspect. Drug Discovery Design 1994, 2:145-162.
69. Griffith J.P., Kim J.L., Kim E.E., Sintchak M.D., Thomson J.A., Fitzgibbon M.J., Fleming M.A., Carson P.R., Hsiao K., Navia M.A. X-ray structure of calcineurin inhibited by the immunophilin-immunoce:suppressant FKBP12-FK506 complex. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 1995, 82:507-522.
70. Guerini D., Klee C.B. Cloning of human calcineurin A: Evidence for two isozymes and identification of a polyproline structural domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989, 86:9183-9187.
71. Guerini D., Klee C.B. Structural diversity of calcineurin, a Ca2+ and calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. Adv. Protein Phosphatases 1991, 6:391-410.
72. Guerini D., Montell C., Klee C.B. Molecular cloning and characterization of the genes encoding the two subunits of Drosophila melanogaster calcineurin. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:22542-22549.
73. Haddy A., Swanson S.K.H., Born T.L., Rusnak F. Inhibition of calcineurin by cyclosporin A-cyclophilin requires calcineurin B. FEBS Lett. 1992, 314:37-40.
74. Hadley R.W., Lederer W.J. Ca2+and voltage inactivate Ca2+channels in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes through independent mechanisms. J. Physiol. (London) 1991, 444:257-268.
75. Halpain S., Greengard P. Activation of NMDA receptors induces rapid dephosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein MAP2. Neuron 1990, 5:237-246.
76. Halpain S., Girault J.A., Greengard P. Activation of NMDA receptors induces dephosphorylation of DARPP-32 in rat striatal slices. Nature (London) 1990, 343:369-372.
77. Harding M.W., Galat A., Uehling D.E., Schreiber S.L. A receptor for the immunoce:suppressant FK506 is a cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. Nature (London) 1989, 341:758-760.
78. Harris K.A., Oyler G.A., Doolittle G.M., Vincent I., Lehman R.A.W., Kincaid R.L., Billingsley M.L. Okadaic acid induces hyperphosphorylated forms of tau protein in human brain slices. Ann. Neurol. 1993, 33:77-87.
79. Hashimoto Y., Perrino B.A., Soderling T.R. Identification of an autoinhibitory domain in calcineurin. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:1924-1927.
80. Heitman J., Movva N.R., Hiestand P.C., Hall M.N. FK506-binding protein proline rotamase is a target for the immunoce:suppressive agent FK506 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1991, 88:1948-1952.
81. Hemmings H.C.J., Nairn A.C., Elliot J.I., Greengard P. Synthetic peptide analogs of DARPP-32 (Mr 32,000 dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein), an inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:20369-20376.
82. Hemmings H.C.J., Girault J.A., Nairn A.C., Bertuzzi G., Greengard P. Distribution of protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 in brain and peripheral tissues of various species: Comparison with DARPP-32. J. Neurochem. 1992, 59:1053-1061.
83. Hendey B., Lawson M., Marcantonio E.E., Maxfield F.R. Intracellular calcium and calcineurin regulate neutrophil motility on vitronectin through a receptor identified by antibodies to integrins αv and β3. Blood 1996, 87:2038-2048.
84. Higuchi S., Tamura J., Rathna Giri P., Polli J.W., Kincaid R.L. Calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase from Neurospora crassa. Molecular cloning and expression of recombinant catalytic subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266:18104-18112.
85. Hille B. Modulation of ion-channel function by G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Neurosci. 1994, 17:531-536.
86. Hockenberry D.M., Oltvai Z.N., Yin X., Milliman C.L., Korsmeyer S.J. BcL-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 1993, 75:241-251.
87. Hubbard M.J., Cohen P. On target with a new mechanism for the regulation of protein phosphorylation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1993, 18:172-177.
88. Hubbard M.J., Klee C.B. Calmodulin binding by calcineurin. Ligand-induced renaturation of protein immobilized on nitrocellulose. J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262:15062-15070.
89. Husi H., Luyten M.A., Zurini M.G.M. Mapping of the immunophilin-immunoce:suppressant site of interaction on calcineurin. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:14199-14204.
90. Hutchinson L.E., McCloskey M.E. Fcε RI-mediated induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:16333-16338.
91. Ingebritsen T.S., Cohen P. Protein phosphatases: Properties and role in cellular regulation. Science 1983, 221:331-338.
92. Ito A., Hashimoto T., Hirai M., Takeda T., Shuntoh H., Kuno T., Tanaka C. The complete primary structure of calcineurin A, a calmodulin-binding protein homologous with protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989, 163:1492-1497.
93. Izquierdo M., Ruiz-Ruiz M.C., Lopez-Rivas A. Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover is a key event for Fas-dependent, activation-induced apoptosis in human T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 1996, 157:21-28.
94. Jain J., McCaffrey P.G., Valge-Arthur V.E., Rao A. Nuclear factor of activated T cells contains fos and jun. Nature (London) 1992, 356:801-804.
95. Jain J., Loh C., Rao A. Transcriptional regulation of the IL-2 gene. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1995, 7:333-342.
96. Jameson L., Frey T., Zeeberg B., Dalldorf F., Caplow W. Inhibition of microtubule assembly by phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins. Biochemistry 1980, 19:2472-2479.
97. Jin Y.J., Albers M.W., Lane W.S., Bierer B.E., Schreiber S.L., Burakoff S.J. Molecular cloning of a membrane-associated human FK506- and rapamycinbinding protein, FKBP13. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1991, 88:6677-6681.
98. June C.H. Signal transduction in T cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1991, 3:287-293.
99. Kabelitz D., Pohl T., Pechhold K. Activation-induced cell death (apoptosis) of mature peripheral T lymphocytes. Immunol. Today 1993, 14:338-339.
100. Kallen J., Spitzfaden C., Zurini M.G.M., Wider G., Widmer H., Wuthrich K., Walkinshaw M.D. Structure of human cyclophilin and its binding site for cyclosporin A determined by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Nature (London) 1991, 353:276-279.
101. Kawamura A., Su M.S.-S. Interaction of FKBP12-FK506 with calcineurin A at the B subunit-binding domain. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:15463-15466.
102. Kay J.E., Doe S.E., Benzie C.R. The mechanism of action of the immunoce:suppressive drug FK506. Cell Immunol. 1989, 124:175-181.
103. Kayyali U.S., Zhang W., Yee A.G., Seidman J.G., Potter H. Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in knock-out mice lacking calcineurin. Soc. Neurosci. 1995, 21:742.
104. Kennedy M.T., Brockman H., Rusnak F. Contributions of myristoylation to calcineurin structure/function. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:26517-26521.
105. Kieffer L.J., Thalhammer T., Handschumacher R.E. Isolation and characterization of a 40-kDa cyclophilin-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:5503-5507.
106. Kincaid R.L., Vaughan M., Osborne J.C., Tkachuk V.A. Ca2+-dependent interaction of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl-calmodulin with cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, calcineurin, and troponin I. J. Biol. Chem. 1982, 257:10638-10643.
107. Kincaid R.L., Nightingale M.S., Martin B.M. Characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the calmodulin binding domain of mouse brain calcineurin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988, 85:8983-8987.
108. Kincaid R.L., Rathna Giri P., Higuchi S., Tamura J., Dixon S.C., Marietta C.A., Amorese D.A., Martin B.M. Cloning and characterization of molecular isoforms of the catalytic subunit of calcineurin using nonisotopic methods. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:11312-11319.
109. King M.M., Huang C.Y. Calmodulin-dependent activation and deactivation of the protein phosphatase, calcineurin, and the effects of nucleotides, pyrophosphate, and divalent metal ions. J. Biol. Chem. 1984, 259:8847-8856.
110. King M.M., Huang C.Y., Boon Chock P., Nairn A.C., Hemmings H.C.J., Jesse-Chan K.F., Greengard P. Mammalian brain phosphoproteins as substrates for calcineurin. J. Biol. Chem. 1984, 259:8080-8083.
111. Kissinger C.R., Parge H.E., Knighton D.R., Lewis C.T., Pelletier L.A., Tempczyk A., Kalish V.J., Tucker K.D., Showalter R.E., Moomaw E.W., Gastinel L.N., Habuka N., Chen X., Maldonado F., Barker J.E., Bacquet R., Villafranca J.E. Crystal structures of human calcineurin and the human FKBP12-FK506 complex. Nature (London) 1995, 378:641-644.
112. Klauck T.M., Faux M.C., Labudda K., Langeberg L.K., Jaken S., Scott J.D. Coordination of three signaling enzymes by AKAP79, a mammalian scaffold protein. Science 1996, 271:1589-1592.
113. "Calmodulin," 1988, 225-248. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase. C.B. Klee, P. Cohen (Eds.).
114. Klee C.B., Krinks M.H. Purification of cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitory protein by affinity chromatography on activator protein coupled to Sepharose. Biochemistry 1978, 17:120-126.
115. Klee C.B., Krinks M.H., Manalan A.S., Draetta G.F., Newton D.L. "Advances in Protein Phosphatases 1" 1985, 135-146. Leuven Univ. Press, Belgium. W. Merleverde, J. Di Salvo (Eds.).
116. Klee C.B., Draetta G.F., Hubbard M.J. Calcineurin. Adv. Enzymol. 1988, 61:149-200.
117. Koltin Y., Faucette L., Bergsma D.J., Levy M.A., Cafferkey R., Koser P.L., Johnson R.K., Livi G.P. Rapamycin sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase related to human FK506-binding protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1991, 11:1718-1723.
118. Kopp U.C., DiBona G.F. "The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology" 1992, 1157-1204. Raven, New York. D.W. Seldin, G. Giebisch (Eds.).
119. Krammer P.H., Dhein J., Walczack H., Behrmann I., Mariani S., Matiba B., Fath M., Daniel P.T., Knipping E., Westendorp M.O., Stricker K., Baumler C., Hellbardt S., Germer M., Peter M., Debatin K.-M. The role of Apo 1-mediated apoptosis in the immune system. Immunol. Rev. 1994, 142:175-181.
120. Krinks M.H., Manalan A.S., Klee C.B. Calcineurin: A brain-specific isozyme of protein phosphatase-2 B. Fed. Proc. 1985, 44:707a.
121. Kuno T., Takeda T., Hirai M., Ito A., Mukai H., Tanaka C. Evidence for a second isoform of the catalytic subunit of calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase (calcineurin A). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989, 165:1352-1358.
122. Kuno T., Tanaka H., Mukai H., Chang C.D., Hiraga K., Miyakawa T., Tanaka C. cDNA cloning of a calcineurin B homolog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996, 180:1159-1163.
123. Lam M., Dubyak G., Chen L., Nunez G., Miesfeld R.L., Distelhorst C.W. Evidence that BcL-2 represses apoptosis by regulating endoplasmic-reticulumassociated Ca2+ fluxes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994, 91:6569-6573.
124. Li M., West J.W., Lai Y., Scheuer T., Catterwall W.A. Functional modulation of brain sodium channels by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. Neuron 1992, 8:1151-1159.
125. Li M., Handschumacher R.E. Specific interaction of the cyclophilincyclosporin complex with the B subunit of calcineurin. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268:14040-14044.
126. Liao L., Hyatt S.L., Chapline C., Jaken S. Protein kinase C domains involved in interactions with other proteins. Biochemistry 1994, 33:1229-1233.
127. Lieberman D.N., Mody I. Regulation of NMDA channel function by endogenous Ca2+-dependent phosphatase. Nature (London) 1994, 369:235-239.
128. Lisman J. A mechanism for the Hebb and the anti-Hebb processes underlying learning and memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989, 86:9574-9578.
129. Liu J., Farmer J.D., Lane W.S., Friedman J., Weissman I., Schreiber S.L. Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBPFK506 complexes. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 1991, 66:807-815.
130. Liu J., Albers M.W., Wandless T.J., Luan S., Alberg D.G., Belshaw P.J., Cohen P., MacKintosh C., Klee C.B., Schreiber S.L. Inhibition of T-cell signaling by immunophilin-ligand complexes correlates with loss of calcineurin phosphatase activity. Biochemistry 1992, 31:3896-3901.
131. Liu J.P., Powell K.A., Sudhof T.C., Robinson P.J. Calcineurin inhibition of dynamin 1 GTPase activity coupled to nerve terminal depolarization. Science 1994, 265:970-973.
132. Liu J.P., Powell K.A., Sudhof T.C., Robinson P.J. Dynamin 1 is a Ca2+sensitive phospholipid-binding protein with very high affinity for protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:21043-21050.
133. Liu Y.S., Ishii M., Tokai H., Tsutsumi O., Ohki R., Akada K., Tanaka E., Tsuchiya S., Fuku L, Miyakawa T. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes (CMP1 and CMP2) encoding calmodulin-binding proteins homologous to the catalytic subunit of mammalian brain protein phosphatase 2B. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1991, 227:52-59.
134. Loh C., Shaw K.T.Y., Carew J., Viola J.P.B., Luo C., Perrino B.A., Rao A. Calcineurin binds the transcription factor NFAT1 and reversibly regulates its activity. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:10884-10891.
135. Loh C., Carew J.A., Kim J., Hogan P.G., Rao A. T-cell receptor stimulation elicits an early phase of activation and a later phase of deactivation of the transcription factor NFAT1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996, 16:3945-3954.
136. Lohse D.L., Denu J.M., Dixon J.E. Insights derived from the structures of the Ser/Thr phosphatases calcineurin and protein phosphatase 1. Structure 1995, 15:987-990.
137. Luan S., Li W., Rusnak F., Assman S.M., Schreiber S.L. Immunoce:suppressants implicate protein phosphatase regulation of K+ channels in guard cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993, 90:2202-2206.
138. Luo C., Shaw K.T.Y., Raghavan A., Aramburu J., Garcia-Cozar F., Perrino B.A., Hogan P.G., Rao A. Interaction of calcineurin with a domain of the transcription factor NFAT1 that controls nuclear import. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93:8907-8912.
139. McCaffrey P.G., Perrino B.A., Soderling T.R., Rao A. NF-ATp, a T lymphocyte DNA-binding protein that is a target for calcineurin and immunoce:suppressive drugs. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268:3747-3752.
140. McGlade-McCulloh E., Yamamoto H., Tan S.-E., Brickey D.A., Soderling T.R. Phosphorylation and regulation of glutamate receptors by calcium/calmodulindependent protein kinase II. Nature (London) 1993, 362:640-642.
141. McLaughlin S., Aderem A. The myristoyl-electrostatic switch: A modulator of reversible protein-membrane interactions. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1995, 20:272-276.
142. Malenka R.C. Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus: LTP and LTD. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 1994, 78:535-538.
143. Manalan A.S., Klee C.B. Activation of calcineurin by limited proteolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1983, 80:4291-4295.
144. Mansfield T.A., Hetherington A.M., Atkinson C.J. Some current aspects of stomatal physiology. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 1990, 41:55-75.
145. Marcaida G., Kosenko E., Minana M., Grisolia S., Felipo V. Glutamate induces a calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of Na+, K+-ATPase that results in its activation in cerebellar neurons in culture. J. Neurochem. 1996, 66:99-104.
146. Marrion N.V. Calcineurin regulates M channel modal gating in sympathetic neurons. Neuron 1996, 16:163-173.
147. Marsen T.A., Simonson M.S., Dunn M.J. Thrombin-mediated ET-1 gene regulation involves CaM kinases and calcineurin in human endothelial cells. J. Cardivasc. Pharmacol. 1995, 26(Ce:Suppl. 3):S1-S4.
148. Mattila P.S., Ullman K.S., Fiering S., Emmel E.A., McCutcheon M., Crabtree G.R., Herzenberg L.A. The actions of cyclosporin A and FK506 suggest a novel step in the activation of T lymphocytes. EMBO J. 1990, 9:4425-4433.
149. Matus A., Bernhardt R., Hugh-Jones T. High molecular weight microtubuleassociated proteins are preferentially associated with dendritic microtubules in brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1981, 78:3010-3014.
150. Meador W.E., Means A.R., Quiocho F.A. Target enzyme recognition by calmodulin: 2.4 Å structure of a calmodulin-peptide complex. Science 1992, 257:1251-1255.
151. Mendoza I., Rubio F., Rodriguez-Navarro A., Pardo J.M. The protein phosphatase calcineurin is essential for NaCl tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:8792-8796.
152. Merat D.L., Hu Z.Y., Carter T.C., Cheung W.Y. Bovine brain calmodulindependent protein phosphatase regulation of subunit A activity by calmodulin and subunit B. J. Biol. Chem. 1985, 260:11053-11059.
153. Michel M.C., Brodde O.-E., Insel P.A. Peripheral adrenergic receptors in hypertension. Hypertension 1990, 16:107-120.
154. Milan D., Griffith J., Su M., Price E.R., McKeon F.D. The latch region of calcineurin B is involved in both immunoce:suppressant-immunophilin complex docking and phosphatase activation. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 1994, 79:437-447.
155. Minneman K.P. al-Adrenergic receptor subtypes, inositol phosphates, and sources of cell Ca2+. Pharmacol. Rev. 1988, 40:87-119.
156. Mochly-Rosen D., Khaner H., Lopez J. Identification of intracellular receptor proteins for activated protein kinase C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1991, 88:3997-4000.
157. Moia L.J.M.P., Matsui H., deBarros G.A.M., Tomizawa K., Miyamoto K., Kuwata Y., Tokuda M., Itano T., Hatase O. Immunoce:suppressants and calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporin A and FK506, reversibly inhibit epileptogenesis in amygdaloid kindled rat. Brain Res. 1994, 648:337-341.
158. Molina C.A., Foulkes N.S., Lalli E., Sassone-Corsi P. Inducibility and negative autoregulation of CREM: An alternative promoter directs the expression of ICER, an early response repressor. Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 1993, 75:875-886.
159. Moriya M., Fujinaga K., Yazawa M., Katagiri C. Immunohistochemical localization of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin, in the mouse testis: Its unique accumulation in spermatid nuclei. Cell Tissue Res. 1995, 201:273-281.
160. Morris S.M.J., Kepka-Lenhart D., Curthoys N.P., McGill R.L., Marcus R.J., Adler S. Disruption of renal function and gene expression by FK506 and cyclosporin. Transplant Proc. 1991, 23:3116-3118.
161. Morris S.M.J., Kepka-Lenhart D., McGill R.L., Curthoys N.P., Adler S. Specific disruption of renal function and gene transcription by cyclosporin A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:13768-13771.
162. Mouginot D., Feltz P., Schlichter R. Modulation of GABA-gated chloride currents by intracellular Ca2+ in cultured porcine melanotrophs. J. Physiol. (London) 1991, 437:109-132.
163. Muegge K., Durum S.K. Cytokines and transcription factors. Cytokine 1990, 2:1-8.
164. Mulkey R.M., Herron C.E., Malenka R.C. An essential role for protein phosphatases in hippocampal long-term depression. Science 1993, 261:1051-1055.
165. Mulkey R.M., Endo S., Shenolikar S., Malenka R.C. Involvement of a calcineurin/inhibitor-1 phosphatase cascade in long-term depression. Nature (London) 1994, 369:486-488.
166. Mulle C., Choquet D., Korn H., Changeux J.P. Calcium influx through nicotinic receptors in rat central neurons: Its relevance to cellular regulation. Neuron 1992, 8:135-143.
167. Mumby M.C., Walter G. Protein serine/threonine phosphatases: Structure, regulation, and functions in cell growth. Physiol. Rev. 1993, 73:673-699.
168. Muramatsu T., Kincaid R.L. Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human gene for the testis-specific catalytic subunit of calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase (calcineurin A). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1992, 188:265-271.
169. Muramatsu T., Rathna Giri P., Higuchi S., Kincaid R.L. Molecular cloning of a calmodulin-dependent phosphatase from murine testis: Identification of a developmentally expressed nonneuronal isoenzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992, 89:529-533.
170. Murphy B.J., Rossie S., De Jongh K.S., Catterwall W.A. Identification of the sites of selective phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the rat brain Na+ channel α subunit by cAMP-dependent protein kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268:27355-27362.
171. Murthy A.S.N., Flavin M. Microtubule assembly using the microtubuleassociated protein MAP-2 prepared in defined states of phosphorylation with protein kinase and phosphatase. Eur. J. Biochem. 1983, 137:37-46.
172. Nakamura T., Liu Y., Hirata D., Namba H., Harada S.-L, Hirokawa T., Miyakawa T. Protein phosphatase type 2B (calcineurin)-mediated, FK506-sensitive regulation of intracellular ions in yeast is an important determinant for adaptation to high salt stress conditions. EMBO J. 1993, 12:4063-4071.
173. Nast C.C., Adler S., Artishevsky A., Kresser C.T., Ahmed K., Anderson P.S. Cyclosporine induces elevated procollagen alpha 1 (I) mRNA levels in the rat renal cortex. Kidney Int. 1991, 39:631-638.
174. Nghiem P., Ollick T., Gardner P., Schulman H. Interleukin-2 transcriptional block by multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin kinase. Nature (London) 1996, 371:347-350.
175. Nichols R.A.,Suplick G.R., Brown J.M. Calcineurin-mediated protein dephosphorylation in brain nerve terminals regulates the release of glutamate. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:23817-23823.
176. Numann R., Catterwall W.A., Scheuer T. Functional modulation of brain sodium channels by protein kinase C phosphorylation. Science 1991, 254:115-118.
177. O'Keefe S.J., Tamura J., Kincaid R.L., Tocci M.J., O'Neill E.A. FK-506- and CsA-sensitive activation of the interleukin-2 promoter by calcineurin. Nature (London) 1992, 357:692-694.
178. Paliogianni F., Kincaid R.L., Boumpas D.T. Prostaglandin E2 and other cyclic AMP elevating agents inhibit interleukin 2 gene transcription by counteracting calcineurin-dependent pathways. J. Exp. Med. 1993, 178:1813-1817.
179. Pallen C.J., Wang J.H. Regulation of calcineurin by metal ions. J. Biol. Chem. 1984, 259:6134-6141.
180. Pallen C.J., Valentine K.A., Wang J.H., Hollenberg M.D. Calcineurinmediated dephosphorylation of the human placental membrane receptor for epidermal growth factor urogastrone. Biochemistry 1985, 24:4727-4730.
181. Parsons J.N., Wiederrecht G.J., Salowe S., Burbaum J.J., Rokosz L.L., Kincaid R.L., O'Keefe S.J. Regulation of calcineurin phosphatase activity and interaction with the FKBP12-FK506 binding protein complex. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:19610-19616.
182. Perrino B.A., Hashimoto Y., Soderling T.R. Analysis of the autoinhibitory domain of calcineurin. FASEB J. 1990, 4:A2237.
183. Perrino B.A., Fong Y.L., Brickey D.A., Saitoh Y., Ushio Y., Fukunaga K., Miyamoto E., Soderling T.R. Characterization of the phosphatase activity of a baculovirus-expressed calcineurin A isoform. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:15965-15969.
184. Perrino B.A., Ng L.Y., Soderling T.R. Calcium regulation of calcineurin phosphatase activity by its B subunit and calmodulin: Role of the autoinhibitory domain. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:340-346.
185. Pinna L.A., Donella-Deana A. Phosphorylated synthetic peptides as tools for studying protein phosphatases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1994, 1222:415-431.
186. Politino M., King M.M. Calcium- and calmodulin-sensitive interactions of calcineurin with phospholipids. J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262:10109-10113.
187. Politino M., King M.M. Calcineurin-phospholipid interactions. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:7619-7622.
188. Polli J.W., Billingsley M.L., Kincaid R.L. Expression of the calmodulindependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin, in the rat brain: Developmental patterns and the role of nigrostriatal innervation. Dev. Brain Res. 1991, 63:105-119.
189. Price E.R., Zydowski L.D., Jin M., Baker C.H., McKeon F.D., Walsh C.T. Human cyclophilin B: A second cyclophilin gene encodes a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase with a signal sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1991, 88:1903-1907.
190. Pujol M.J., Bosser R., Vendrell M., Serratosa J., Bachs O. Nuclear calmodulin-binding proteins in rat neurons. J. Neurochem. 1993, 60:1422-1428.
191. Rao A. NFATp, a cyclosporin-sensitive transcription factor implicated in cytokine gene induction. J. Leukocyte Biol. 1995, 57:536-542.
192. Rao A., Luo C., Hogan P.G. Transcription factors of the NFAT family: Regulation and function. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1997, 15:707-747.
193. Rasmussen C., Garen C. Activation of calmodulin-dependent enzymes can be selectively inhibited by Histone H1. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268:23788-23791.
194. Rathna Giri P., Marietta C.A., Higuchi S., Kincaid R.L. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase (calcineurin) catalytic subunit genes. DNA Cell Biol. 1992, 11:415-424.
195. Renoir J., Mercier-Bodard C., Hoffmann K., Le Bihan S., Ning Y., Sanchez E.R., Handschumacher R.E., Baulieu E. Cyclosporin A potentiates the dexamethasone-induced mouse mammary tumor virus-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in LMCAT cells: A possible role for different heat shock protein-binding immunophilins in glucocorticosteroid receptor-mediated gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995, 92:4977-4981.
196. Ringe D. Immunoce:suppression. Binding by design. Nature (London) 1991, 351:185-186.
197. Robinson P.J., Liu J.P., Powell K.A., Fyske E.M., Sudhof T.C. Phosphorylation of dynamin 1 and synaptic-vesicle recycling. Trends Neurosci. 1994, 17:348-353.
198. Rosenmund C., Carr D.W., Bergeson S.E., Nilaver G., Scott J.D., Westbrook G.L. Anchoring of protein kinase A is required for modulation of AMPA/kainate receptors on hippocampal neurons. Nature (London) 1994, 368:853-856.
199. Rubin C.S. A kinase anchor proteins and the intracellular targeting of signals carried by cyclic AMP. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1994, 1224:467-479.
200. Ruff V.A., Leach K.L. Direct demonstration of NFATp dephosphorylation and nuclear localization in activated HT-2 cells using a specific NFATp polyclonal antibody. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:22602-22607.
201. Schaefer A., Magocsi M., Stocker U., Fandrich A., Marquardt H. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent and -independent down-regulation of c-myb mRNA levels in erythropoietin-responsive murine erythroleukemia cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:13484-13490.
202. Schreiber S.L. Chemistry and biology of the immunophilins and their immunoce:suppressive ligands. Science 1991, 251:283-287.
203. Schroeder J.I., Hagiwara S. Cytosolic calcium regulates ion channels in the plasma membrane of Vicia faba guard cells. Nature (London) 1989, 338:427-430.
204. Schwaninger M., Blume R., Oetjen E., Lux G., Knepel W. Inhibition of cAMP-responsive element-mediated gene transcription by cyclosporin A and FK506 after membrane depolarization. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 26:23111-23115.
205. Schwaninger M., Blume R., Kruger M., Lux G., Oetjen E., Knepel W. Involvement of the Ca2+-dependent phosphatase calcineurin in gene transcription that is stimulated by cAMP through cAMP response elements. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:8860-8866.
206. Shaw K.T.Y., Ho A.M., Raghavan A., Kim J., Jain J., Park J., Sharma S., Rao A., Hogan P.G. Immunoce:suppressive drugs prevent a rapid dephosphorylation of the transcription factor NFAT1 in stimulated immune cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995, 92:11205-11209.
207. Sheldon P.W., Aghajanian G.K. Excitatory responses to serotonin 5-HT in neurons of the rat piriform cortex: evidence for mediation by 5-HT1C receptors in pyramidal cells and 5-HT2 receptors in interneurons. Synapse 1991, 9:208-218.
208. Shi Y., Sahai B.M., Green D.R. Cyclosporin A inhibits activation-induced cell death in T-cell hybridomas and thymocytes. Nature (London) 1989, 339:625-626.
209. Shibasaki F., McKeon F.D. Calcineurin functions in Ca2+-activated cell death in mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 1995, 131:735-743.
210. Shibasaki F., Price E.R., Milan D., McKeon F.D. Role of kinases and the phosphatase calcineurin in the nuclear shuttling of transcription factor NF-AT4. Nature (London) 1996, 382:370-373.
211. Shipston M.J., Hernando F., Barnard R.J.O., Antoni F.A. Glucocorticoid negative feedback in pituitary corticotropes. Pivotal role for calcineurin inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1994, 746:453-456.
212. Siekierka J.J., Hung S.H.Y., Poe M., Lin C.S., Sigal N.H. A cytosolic binding protein for the immunoce:suppressant FK506 has peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity but is distinct from cyclophilin. Nature (London) 1989, 341:755-757.
213. Sigal N.H., Dumont F., Durette P., Siekierka J.J., Peterson L., Rich D.H., Dunlap B.E., Staruch M.J., Melino M.R., Koprak S.L., Williams D., Witzel B., Pisano J.M. Is cyclophilin involved in the immunoce:suppressive and nephrotoxic mechanism of action of cyclosporin A?. J. Exp. Med. 1991, 173:619-628.
214. Sikkink R., Haddy A., MacKelvie S., Mertz P., Litwiller R., Rusnak F. Calcineurin subunit interactions: Mapping the calcineurin B binding domain on calcineurin A. Biochemistry 1995, 34:8348-8356.
215. Singer G.G., Abbas A.K. The Fas antigen is involved in peripheral but not thymic deletion of T lymphocytes in T-cell receptor transgenic mice. Immunity 1994, 1:365-371.
216. Smith C.A., Williams G.T., Kingston R.E., Jenkinson J., Owen J.J.T. Antibodies to CD3/T-cell receptor complex induce cell death by apoptosis in immature T cells in thymic culture. Nature (London) 1989, 337:181-184.
217. Soderling T.R. Protein kinases. Regulation by autoinhibitory domains. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:1823-1826.
218. Stemmer P.M., Klee C.B. Serine/threonine phosphatases in the nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1991, 1:53-64.
219. Stemmer P.M., Klee C.B. Dual calcium regulation of calcineurin by calmodulin and calcineurin B. Biochemistry 1994, 33:6859-6866.
220. Stemmer P.M., Wang S., Krinks M.H., Klee C.B. Factors responsible for the Ca2+-dependent inactivation of calcineurin in brain. FEBS Lett. 1995, 374:237-240.
221. Stewart A.A., Ingebritsen T.S., Manalan A., Klee C.B., Cohen P. Discovery of a Ca2+-and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase. FEBS Lett. 1982, 137:80-84.
222. Takahashi N., Hayano T., Suzuki M. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase is the cyclosporin A-binding protein cyclophilin. Nature 1989, 337:473-475.
223. Takaishi T., Saito N., Kuno T., Tanaka C. Differential distribution of the mRNA encoding two isoforms of the catalytic subunit of calcineurin in the rat brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1991, 174:393-398.
224. Tanaka T., Ames J.B., Harvey T.S., Stryer L., Ikura M. Sequestration of the membrane-targeting myristoyl group of recoverin in the calcium-free state. Nature (London) 1995, 376:444-447.
225. Tash J.S., Krinks M.H., Patel J., Means R.L., Klee C.B., Means A.R. Identification, characterization, and functional correlation of calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase in sperm. J. Cell Biol. 1988, 106:1625-1633.
226. Tocci M.J., Matkovich D.A., Collier K.A., Kwok P., Dumont F., Lin S., Degudicubus S., Siekierka J.J., Chin J., Hutchinson N.I. The immunoce:suppressant FK506 selectively inhibits expression of early T-cell activation genes. J. Immunol. 1989, 143:718-726.
227. Tong G., Shepherd D., Jahr C.E. Synaptic desensitization of NMDA receptors by calcineurin. Science 1995, 267:1510-1512.
228. Ucker D.S., Ashwell J.D., Nichas G. Activation-driven T cell death: Requirements for de novo transactivation and translation and association with genome fragmentation. J. Immunol. 1989, 143:3461-3469.
229. Ueki K., Muramatsu T., Kincaid R.L. Structure and expression of two isoforms of the murine calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase regulatory subunit (calcineurin B). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1992, 187:537-543.
230. Usuda N., Arai H., Sasaki H., Hanai T., Nagata T., Kincaid R.L., Higuchi S. Differential subcellular localization of neural isoforms of the catalytic subunit of calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase (calcineurin) in central nervous system neurons: Immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin sections employing antigen retrieval by microwave irradiation. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1996, 44:13-18.
231. Victor R.G., Thomas G.D., Marban E., O'Rourke B. Presynaptic modulation of cortical synaptic activity by calcineurin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995, 92:6269-6273.
232. Villafranca J.E., Kissinger C.R., Parge H.E. Protein serine/threonine phosphatases. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 1996, 7:397-402.
233. Walaas S.I., Greengard P. Protein phosphorylation and neuronal function. Pharmacol. Rev. 1991, 43:299-349.
234. Walsh M.P., Busaan J.L., Fraser E.D., Fu S.Y., Pato M.D., Michalak M. Characterization of the recombinant C-terminal domain of dystrophin: Phosphorylation by calmodulin-dependent kinase II and dephosphorylation by Type 2B protein phosphatase. Biochemistry 1995, 34:5561-5568.
235. Wang J.H., Desai R. Modulator binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 1977, 252:4175-4184.
236. Wang X., Culotta V.C., Klee C.B. Ce:Superoxide dismutase protects calcineurin from inactivation. Nature (London) 1996, 383:434-437.
237. Watanabe Y., Perrino B.A., Chang B.H., Soderling T.R. Identification in the calcineurin A subunit of the domain that binds the regulatory B subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:456-460.
238. Watanabe Y., Perrino B.A., Soderling T.R. Activation of calcineurin A subunit phosphatase activity by its calcium-binding B subunit. Biochemistry 1996, 35:562-566.
239. Wesselborg S., Fruman D.A., Sagoo J.K., Bierer B.E., Burakoff S.J. Identification of a physical interaction between calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATp). J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:1274-1277.
240. Williams K.R., Hemmings H.C.J., LoPresti M.B., Konigsber W.H., Greengard P. DARPP-32, a dopamine-and cyclic AMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 1986, 261:1890-1903.
241. Wolff D.J., Sved D.W. The divalent cation dependence of bovine brain calmodulin-dependent phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 1985, 260:4195-4202.
242. Wood J.G., Wallace R.W., Whitaker J.N., Cheung W.Y. Immunocytochemical localization of calmodulin and a heat-labile calmodulin-binding protein (CaMBP80) in basal ganglia of mouse brain. J. Cell Biol. 1980, 84:66-76.
243. Yamamoto H., Fukunaga K., Tanaka E., Miyamoto E. Ca2+- and calmodulindependent phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 and t factor, and inhibition of microtubule assembly. J. Neurochem. 1983, 41:1119-1125.
244. Yamauchi T., Fujisawa H. Disassembly of microtubules by the actions of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (kinaseII) which occurs only in the brain tissues. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1983, 110:287-291.
245. Yang S.D., Tallant E.A., Cheung W.Y. Calcineurin is a calmodulindependent phosphatase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1982, 106:1419-1425.
246. Yang S.D., Rosen M.K., Schreiber S.L. A composite FKBP12-FK506 surface that contacts calcineurin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115:819-820.
247. Yu S.P., O'Malley D.M., Adams P.R. Regulation of M current by intracellular calcium in bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:3487-3499.
248. Zhang W., Zimmer G., Chen J., Ladd D., Li E., Alt F.W., Wiederrecht G.J., Cryan J., O'Neill E.A., Seidman C.E., Abbas A.F., Seidman J.G. T cell responses in calcineurin Aa-deficient mice. J. Exp. Med. 1996, 183:413-420.
249. Zhu D., Cardenas M.E., Heitman J. Myristoylation of calcineurin B is not required for function or interaction with immunophilin-immunoce:suppressant complexes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:24831-24838.
250. Zhu Y., Yakel J.L. Calcineurin modulates G-protein-mediated inhibition of N-type calcium currents in rat sympathetic neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 1997, 78:1161-1165.