Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist and DSM-5 PTSD Symptom Set in a Long-Term Postearthquake Cohort in Armenia

Assessment

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 594-606

  Demirchyan, Anahit ^a   Goenjian, Armen K ^b,c   Khachadourian, Vahe ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF ARMENIA   (Armenia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Collaborative Neuroscience Network ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

DSM 5; factor structure; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); psychometric properties; PTSD Checklist Civilian version (PCL C)

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARMENIA; CHECKLIST; CLASSIFICATION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EARTHQUAKE; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMETRY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TIME FACTOR; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARMENIA; CHECKLIST; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EARTHQUAKES; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOMETRICS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TIME FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84940943500     PISSN: 10731911     EISSN: 15523489     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1073191114555523     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. J.W.AdkinsF.W.WeathersM.McDevitt-MurphyJ.B.Daniels (2008). Psychometric properties of seven self-report measures of posttraumatic stress disorder in college students with mixed civilian trauma exposure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1393-1402. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.02.002
2. H.Akaike (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317-332. doi:10.1007/BF02294359
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text revision). Washington DC: Author.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. H.K.ArmenianA.MelkonianE.K.NojiA.P.Hovanesian (1997). Deaths and injuries due to the earthquake in Armenia: A cohort approach. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26, 806-813. doi:10.1093/ije/26.4.806
6. H.K.ArmenianM.MorikawaA.K.MelkonianA.HovanesianK.AkiskalH.S.Akiskal (2002). Risk factors for depression in the survivors of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. Journal of Urban Health, 79, 373-382. doi:10.1093/jurban/79.3.373
7. H.K.ArmenianM.MorikawaA.K.MelkonianA.P.HovanesianN.HaroutunianP.A.SaighH.S.. Akiskal (2000). Loss as a determinant of PTSD in a cohort of adult survivors of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia: Implications for policy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 58-64. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102001058.x
8. C.ArmourJ.D.ElhaiD.RichardsonK.RactliffeL.WangA.Elklit (2012). Assessing a five factor model of PTSD: Is dysphoric arousal a unique PTSD construct showing differential relationships with anxiety and depression?Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 368-376. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.002
9. G.J.AsmundsonJ.A.StapletonS.Taylor (2004). Are avoidance and numbing distinct PTSD symptom clusters?Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 467-475. doi:10.1007/Sl0960-004-5795
10. T.L.BiehnJ.D.ElhaiL.D.SeligmanM.TamburrinoC.ArmourD.Forbes (2013). Underlying dimensions of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder symptoms. Psychological Injury and Law, 6, 290-298. doi:10.1007/s12207-013-9177-4
11. T.A.Brown (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
12. E.B.CarlsonS.R.SmithP.A.PalmieriC.DalenbergJ.I.RuzekR.KimerlingD.A..Spain (2011). Development and validation of a brief self-report measure of trauma exposure: The Trauma History Screen. Psychological Assessment, 23, 463-477. doi:10.1037/a0022294
13. S.ChiuM.P.WebberR.Zeig-OwensJ.GustaveR.LeeK.J.KellyD.J..Prezant (2011). Performance characteristics of the PTSD Checklist in retired firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center disaster. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 23, 95-104.
14. A.A.ContractorT.A.DurhamJ.A.BrennanC.ArmourH.R.WutrickB.C.FruehJ.D.Elhai (2014). DSM-5 PTSD’s symptom dimensions and relations with major depression’s symptom dimensions in a primary care sample. Psychiatry Research, 215, 146-153. doi:10.1037/a0029730
15. A.B.CostelloJ.W.Osborne (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7). Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=10&n=17
16. B.J.CoxI.P.ClaraM.W.Enns (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the structure of common mental disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 15, 168-171. doi:10.1002/da.10052
17. P.J.CurranS.G.WestJ.F.Finch (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16-29. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16
18. A.DemirchyanV.PetrosyanM.E.Thompson (2011). Psychometric value of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale for screening of depressive symptoms in Armenian population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133, 489-498. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.042
19. L.R.Derogatis (1994). SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson.
20. J.D.ElhaiT.L.BiehnC.ArmourJ.J.KlopperB.C.FruehP.A.Palmieri (2011). Evidence for a unique PTSD construct represented by PTSD’s D1-D3 symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 340-345.
21. J.D.ElhaiR.M.EngdahlP.A.PalmieriJ.A.NaifehA.SchweinleG.A.Jacobs (2009). Assessing posttraumatic stress disorder with or without reference to a single, worst traumatic event: Examining differences in factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 21, 629-634. doi:10.1037/a0016677
22. J.D.ElhaiM.E.MillerJ.D.FordT.L.BiehnP.A.PalmieriB.C.Frueh (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5: Estimates of prevalence and symptom structure in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 58-64. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.013
23. J.D.ElhaiP.A.Palmieri (2011). The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A literature update, critique of methodology, and agenda for future research. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 849-854. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.04.007
24. L.R.FabrigarD.T.WegenerR.C.MacCallumE.J.Strahan (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272-299. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
25. M.A.GauciD.A.MacDonald (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21, 321-330. doi:10.1080/10926771.2012.665429
26. G.E.Gignac (2007). Multi-factor modeling in individual differences research: Some recommendations and sugges-tions. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 37-48. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.019
27. A.Goenjian (1993). A mental health relief programme in Armenia after the 1988 earthquake. Implementation and clinical observations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 230-239. doi:10.1192/bjp.163.2.230
28. A.K.GoenjianL.M.NajarianR.S.PynoosA.M.SteinbergG.ManoukianA.TavosianL.A.Fairbanks (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder in elderly and younger adults after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(6), 895-901.
29. A.K.GoenjianR.S.PynoosA.M.SteinbergL.M.NajarianJ.R.AsarnowI.KarayanL.A.. Fairbanks (1995). Psychiatric comorbidity in children after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1174-1184. doi:10.1097/00004-583-199509000-00015
30. J.GootzeitK.Markon (2011). Factors of PTSD: Differential specificity and external correlates. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 993-1003. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.005
31. C.HemA.HussainT.Wentzel-LarsenT.Heir (2012). The Norwegian version of the PTSD Checklist (PCL): Construct validity in a community sample of 2004 tsunami survivors. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 66, 355-359. doi:10.3109/08039488.2012.655308
32. L.HuP.M.Bentler (1998). Fit indices in covariance structural modeling: Sensitivity to underparametrized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453. doi:10.1037//1082-989X.3.4.424
33. L.HuP.M.Bentler (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/107055-19909540118
34. A.E.HurleyT.A.ScanduraC.A.SchriesheimM.T.BrannickA.SeersR.J.VandenbergL.J.Williams (1997). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Guidelines, issues, and alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 667-683. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199711)18:6 667
35. S.M.KeenC.J.KutterB.L.NilesK.E.Krinsley (2008). Psychometric properties of PTSD Checklist in sample of male veterans. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 45, 465-474. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2007.09.0138
36. D.W.KingG.A.LeskinL.A.KingF.W.Weathers (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale: Evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10, 90-96. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.90
37. H.LiL.WangZ.ShiY.ZhangK.WuP.Liu (2010). Diagnostic utility of the PTSD Checklist in detecting PTSD in Chinese earthquake victims. Psychological Reports, 107, 733-739. doi:10.2466/03.15.20.PR0.107.6.733-739
38. R.C.MacCallumM.RoznowskiC.M.MarJ.V.Reith (1994). Alternative strategies for cross-validation of covariance structure models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 29, 1-32. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2901_1
39. G.N.Marshall (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist: Factor structure and English-Spanish measurement invariance. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 223-230. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000029265.56982.86
40. M.Matsunaga (2010). How to factor-analyze your data right: Do’s, don’ts, and how-to’s. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3, 97-110.
41. S.D.McDonaldP.S.Calhoun (2010). The diagnostic accuracy of the PTSD checklist: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 976-987. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.012
42. M.W.MillerE.J.WolfK.M.HarringtonT.A.BrownD.G.KaloupekT.M.Keane (2010). An evaluation of competing models for the structure of PTSD symptoms using external measures of comorbidity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 631-638. doi:10.1002/jts.20559
43. M.W.MillerE.J.WolfD.KilpatrickH.ResnickB.P.MarxD.W.HolowkaM.J..Friedman (2013). The prevalence and latent structure of proposed DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in U.S. national and veteran samples. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5, 501-512. doi:10.1037/a0029730
44. Y.NeriaA.NandiS.Galea (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38, 467-480. doi:10.1017/S003329-1707001353
45. P.A.PalmieriF.W.WeathersJ.DifedeD.W.King (2007). Confirmatory factor analysis of the PTSD Checklist and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale in disaster workers exposed to the World Trade Center Ground Zero. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 329-341. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.2.329
46. R.B.F.PassosI.FigueiraM.V.MendlowiczC.L.MoraesE.S.F.Coutinho (2012). Exploratory factor analysis of the Brazilian version of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian version (PCL-C). Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 34, 155-161. doi:10.1590/S1516-4446201200-0200007
47. R.S.PynoosA.GoenjianM.TashjianM.KarakashianR.ManjikianG.ManoukianL.A.. Fairbanks (1993). Post-traumatic stress reactions in children after the 1988 Armenian earthquake. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 239-247. doi:10.1192/bjp.163.2.239
48. L.S.Radloff (1977). The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
49. K.J.RuggieroK.Del BenJ.R.ScottiA.E.Rabalais (2003). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian version. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 495-502. doi:10.1023/A:1025714729117
50. J.A.SchinkaL.M.BrownA.R.BorensteinJ.A.Mortimer (2007). Confirmatory factor analysis of the PTSD Checklist in the Elderly. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 281-289. doi:10.1002/jts.20202
51. L.J.SimmsD.WatsonB.N.Doebbeling (2002). Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf War. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 637-647. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.637
52. T.SladeD.Watson (2006). The structure of common DSM-IV and ICD-10 mental disorders in the Australian general population. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1593-1600. doi:10.1017/S0033291706008452
53. J.H.Steiger (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245-251. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245
54. S.TaylorK.KuchW.J.KochD.J.CrockettG.Passey (1998). The structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 154-160. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.154
55. A.TerhakopianN.SinaiiC.C.EngelP.P.SchnurrC.W.Hoge (2008). Estimating population prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder: An example using the PTSD checklist. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 290-300. doi:10.1002/jts.20341
56. L.WangJ.ZhangZ.ShiM.ZhouZ.LiK.ZhangZ.LiuJ.D.Elhai (2011). Comparing alternative factor models of PTSD symptoms across earthquake victims and violent riot witnesses in China: Evidence for a five-factor model proposed by Elhai et al. (2011). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 771-776. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.011
57. R.B.Warner (2008). Applied statistics: From bivariate through multivariate techniques. London, England: Sage.
58. D.Watson (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 522-536. doi:apa.org/psycinfo/2005-15138-004
59. D.Watson (2009). Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders: A quadripartite model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 221-247. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153510
60. F.WeathersB.LitzD.HermanJ.HuskaT.Keane (1993). The PTSD Checklist: Reliability, validity, & diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. San Antonio, TX.
61. K.C.WilkinsA.J.LangS.B.Norman (2011). Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 596-606. doi:10.1002/da.20837
62. H.U.WittchenM.HoflerK.Merikangas (1999). Toward the identification of core psychopathological processes?Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 929-931. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.929
63. K.WuS.ChanV.Yiu (2008). Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Chinese survivors of road traffic accidents. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 18, 144-151. Retrieved from http://easap.asia/journal_file/0804_V18N4-p144-51.pdf
64. T.YufikL.J.Simms (2010). A meta-analytic investigation of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 764-776. doi:10.1037/a0020981