Factors of PTSD: Differential specificity and external correlates

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 993-1003

  Gootzeit, Joshua ^a   Markon, Kristian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

Meta analysis; Model; Posttraumatic stress; Validity

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL ABUSE; ALERTNESS; ANXIETY DISORDER; AROUSAL; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; COMORBIDITY; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; DEPENDENT VARIABLE; DEPRESSION; DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSPHORIA; EXTERNAL VALIDITY; HUMAN; HYPERVIGILANCE; INJURY; INJURY SEVERITY; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PANIC; PARESTHESIA; PATH ANALYSIS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREDICTION; REVIEW; SAMPLE SIZE; SAMPLING ERROR; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SYMPTOM;

ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 79959997300     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. *Asmundson G.J.G., Stapleton J.A., Taylor S. Are avoidance and numbing distinct PTSD symptom clusters?. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2004, 17:467-475.
2. *Baschnagel J.S., O'Connor R.M., Colder C.R., Hawk L.W. Factor structure of posttraumatic stress among western New York undergraduates following the September 11th terrorist attack on the world trade center. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 18:677-684.
3. *Beck J.G., Grant D.M., Clapp J.D., Palyo S.A. Understanding the interpersonal impact of trauma: Contributions of PTSD and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009, 23:443-450.
4. *Boelen P.A., van d.H., van d.B. The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among bereaved individuals: A confirmatory factor analysis study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2008, 22:1377-1383.
5. *Carragher N., Mills K., Slade T., Teesson M., Silove D. Factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in the Australian general population. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2010, 24:520-527.
6. *Cook J., Jakupcak M., Rosenheck R., Fontana A., McFall M. Influence of PTSD symptom clusters on smoking status among help-seeking Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009, 11:1189-1195.
7. *Cox B.J., Mota N., Clara I., Asmundson G.J.G. The symptom structure of posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity replication survey. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2008, 22:1523-1528.
8. *Declercq F., Vanheule S., Deheegher J. Alexithymia and posttraumatic stress: Subscales and symptom clusters. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2010, 66:1-14.
9. *DuHamel K.N., Ostrof J., Ashman T., Winkel G., Mundy E.A., Keane T.M., et al. Construct validity of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist in cancer survivors: Analyses based on two samples. Psychological Assessment 2004, 16:255-266.
10. *Elhai J.D., Gray M.J., Docherty A.R., Kashdan T.B., Kose S. Structural validity of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist among college students with a trauma history. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2007, 22:1471-1478.
11. *Elklit A., Shevlin M. The structure of PTSD symptoms: A test of alternative models using confirmatory factor analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2007, 46:299-313.
12. *Elklit A., Armour C., Shevlin M. Testing alternative factor models of PTSD and the robustness of the dysphoria factor. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2010, 24:147-154.
13. *Feuer C.A., Nishith P., Resick P. Prediction of numbing and effortful avoidance in female rape survivors with chronic PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 18:165-170.
14. *Flack W.F., Milanak M.E., Kimble M.O. Emotional numbing in relation to stressful civilian experiences among college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 18:569-573.
15. *Forbes D., Haslam N., Williams B.J., Creamer M. Testing the latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A taxometric study of combat veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 18:647-656.
16. Gootzeit, J. H. (2010). Measuring Dimensions of PTSD: The Iowa Traumatic Response Inventory. Unpublished Raw Data.
17. *Hetzel-Riggin M.D. A test of structural invariance of posttraumatic stress symptoms in female survivors of sexual and/or physical abuse or assault. Traumatology 2009, 15:46-59.
18. *Hoyt T., Yeater E.A. Comparison of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom structure models in Hispanic and white college students. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2010, 2:19-30.
19. *Johnson D.M., Palmieri P.A., Jackson A.P., Hobfoll S.E. Emotional numbing weakens abused inner-city women's resiliency resources. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20:197-206.
20. *King D.W., Leskin G.A., King L.A., Weathers F.W. Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD scale: Evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment 1998, 10:90-96.
21. *Mansfield A.J., Williams J., Hourani L.L., Babeu L.A. Measurement invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among U.S. military personnel. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2010, 23:91-99.
22. *Marshall G.N., Schell T.L., Miles J.N.V. All PTSD symptoms are highly associated with general distress: Ramifications for the dysphoria symptom cluster. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2010, 119:126-135.
23. *McDevitt-Murphy M., Weathers F.W., Adkins J.W., Daniels J.B. Use of the personality assessment inventory in assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2005, 27:57-65.
24. *McDonald S.D., Beckham J.C., Morey R., Marx C., Tupler L.A., Calhoun P.S. Factorial invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms across three veteran samples. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2008, 21:309-317.
25. *Miller M.W., Wolf E.J., Martin E., Kaloupek D.G., Keane T.M. Structural equation modeling of associations among combat exposure, PTSD symptom factors, and global assessment of functioning. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2008, 45:359-370.
26. *Naifeh J.A., Elhai J.D., Kashdan T.B., Grubaugh A.L. The PTSD symptom scale's latent structure: An examination of trauma-exposed medical patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2008, 22:1355-1368.
27. *Newton T.L., Parker B.C., Ho I.K. Ambulatory cardiovascular functioning in healthy postmenopausal women with victimization histories. Biological Psychology 2005, 70:121-130.
28. *Palmieri P.A., Fitzgerald L.F. Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in sexually harassed women. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 18:657-666.
29. *Palmieri P.A., Weathers F.W., Difede J., King D.W. Confirmatory factor analysis of the PTSD checklist and the clinician-administered PTSD scale in disaster workers exposed to the world trade center ground zero. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2007, 116:329-341.
30. *Palmieri P.A., Marshall G.N., Schell T.L. Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in Cambodian refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20:207-216.
31. *Pietrzak R.H., Goldstein M.C., Malley J.C., Rivers A.J., Southwick S.M. Structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychosocial functioning in veterans of operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom. Psychiatry Research 2010, 178:323-329.
32. *Pruneau G. Distinctiveness of avoidance and numbing in PTSD 2008, Auburn University.
33. *Pruneau G. Relationships among adult attachment, social support, and PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed college students 2009, Auburn University.
34. *Schell T.L., Marshall G.N., Jaycox L.H. All symptoms are not created equal: The prominent role of hyperarousal in the natural course of posttraumatic psychological distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2004, 113:189-197.
35. *Shelby R.A., Golden-Kreutz D., Andersen B.L. Mismatch of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and DSM-IV symptom clusters in a cancer sample: Exploratory factor analysis of the PTSD checklist-civilian version. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 18:347-357.
36. *Shevlin M., McBride O., Armour C., Adamson G. Reconciling the differences between the King et al. (1998) and Simms et al. (2002) factor models of PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009, 23:995-1001.
37. *Simms L.J., Watson D., Doebbelling B.N. Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the gulf war. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:637-647.
38. *Taft C.T., Kaloupek D.G., Schumm J.A., Marshall A.D., Panuzio J., King D.W., et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, physiological reactivity, alcohol problems, and aggression among military veterans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2007, 116:498-507.
39. *Witteveen A.B., Van, d.P., Bramsen I., Huizink A.C., Slottje P., Smid T., et al. Dimensionality of the posttraumatic stress response among police officers and fire fighters: An evaluation of two self-report scales. Psychiatry Research 2006, 141:213-228.
40. *Wright C.V., Johnson D.M. Correlates for legal help-seeking: Contextual factors for battered women in shelter. Violence and Victims 2009, 24:771.
41. *Zahradnik M., Stewart S.H., Marshall G.N., Schell T.L., Jaycox L.H. Anxiety sensitivity and aspects of alexithymia are independently and uniquely associated with posttraumatic distress. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2009, 22:131-138.
42. Bloch M.H., Landeros-Weisenberger A., Rosario M.C., Pittenger C., Leckman J.F. Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:1532-1542.
43. Brady K.T., Back S.E., Coffey S.F. Substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2004, 13:206-209.
44. Brett E.A., Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B. DSM-III-R criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1988, 145:1232-1236.
45. Buckley T.C., Blanchard E.B., Hickling E.J. A confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998, 36:1091-1099.
46. Cordova M.J., Studts J.L., Hann D.M., Jacobsen P.B., Andrykowski M.A. Symptom structure of PTSD following breast cancer. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2000, 13:301-319.
47. Cox B.J., Clara I.P., Enns M.W. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the structure of common mental disorders. Depression and Anxiety 2002, 15:168-171.
48. Elhai J.D., Grubaugh A.L., Kashdan T.B., Frue B.C. Empirical examination of a proposed refinement to DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder symptom criteria using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication data. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008, 69:597-602.
49. Elhai J.D., Engdahl R.M., Palmieri P.A., Naifeh J.A., Schweinle A., Jacobs G.A. Assessing posttraumatic stress disorder with or without reference to a single, worst traumatic event: Examining differences in factor structure. Psychological Assessment 2009, 21:629-634.
50. Enders C.K., Peugh J.L. Using an EM covariance matrix to estimate structural equation models with missing data: Choosing an adjusted sample size to improve the accuracy of inferences. Structural Equation Modeling 2004, 11:1-19.
51. Foa E.B., Riggs D.S., Gershuny B.S. Arousal, numbing, and intrusion: Symptom structure of PTSD following assault. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 152:116-120.
52. Foa E.B., Hembree E.A., Rothbaum B.O. Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences 2007, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
53. Frueh B.C., Elhai J.D., Acierno R. The future of posttraumatic stress disorder in the DSM. Psychological Injury and Law 2010, 3:260-270.
54. Grant D.M., Beck J.G., Marques S.A., Palyo S.A., Clapp J.D. The structure of distress following trauma: Posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2008, 117:662-672.
55. Gros D.F., Simms L.J., Acierno R. Specificity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: An investigation of comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and depression in treatment-seeking veterans. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2010, 198:885-890.
56. Grubaugh A.L., Long M.E., Elhai J.D., Frueh B.C., Magruder K.M. An examination of the construct validity of posttraumatic stress disorder with veterans using a revised criterion set. Behavior Research and Therapy 2010, 48:909-914.
57. Hunter J.E., Schmidt F.L. Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings 2004, Sage Publications Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA. 2nd Edition.
58. Keane T.M. Symptomatology of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM-IV and beyond 1993, 99-111. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC. J.R.T. Davidson, E.B. Foa (Eds.).
59. Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demler O., Merikangas K.R., Walters E.E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:617-627.
60. Krueger R.F. The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999, 56:921-926.
61. McNally R.J. Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology 2003, 54:229-252.
62. Mineka S., Watson D., Clark L.A. Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology 1998, 49. 377-339.
63. Rosen G.M., Lilienfeld S.O. Posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical evaluation of core assumptions. Clinical Psychology Review 2008, 28:837-868.
64. Schmidt F.L., Le H. Software for the Hunter-Schmidt meta-analysis methods 2004, 52242. University of Iowa, Department of Management & Organizations, Iowa City, IA.
65. Schnurr P.P., Lunney C.A., Bovin M.J., Marx B.P. Posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life: Extension of findings to veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Clinical Psychology Review 2009, 29:727-735.
66. Shafer A.B. Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2006, 62:123-146.
67. Smith M.Y., Redd W., DuHamel K., Vickberg S.J., Ricketts P. Validation of the PTSD checklist - Civilian version in survivors of bone marrow transplantation. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1999, 12:485-499.
68. Smith R.C., Ryan M.A.K., Wingard D.L., Slyman D.J., Sallis J.F., Kritz-Silverstein D. New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: Prospective population based US military cohort study. British Medical Journal 2008, 336:366-371.
69. Spitzer R.L., First M.B., Wakefield J.C. Saving PTSD from itself in DSM-V. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2007, 21:233-241.
70. Taylor S., Kuch K., Koch W.J., Crockett D.J., Passey G. The structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1998, 107:154-160.
71. Watson D. Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders: A quadripartite model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2009, 5:221-247.
72. Yufik T., Simms L.J. A meta-analytic investigation of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2010, 119:764-776.