An evaluation of competing models for the structure of PTSD symptoms using external measures of comorbidity

Journal of Traumatic Stress

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 631-638

  Miller, Mark W ^a   Wolf, Erika J ^a   Harrington, Kelly M ^a   Brown, Timothy A ^a   Kaloupek, Danny G ^a   Keane, Terence M ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; THEORETICAL MODEL; VALIDATION STUDY; VETERAN; WAR;

ADULT; COMORBIDITY; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL STATUS SCHEDULE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, THEORETICAL; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; VETERANS; VIETNAM CONFLICT;

EID: 77958549028     PISSN: 08949867     EISSN: 15736598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jts.20559     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Arbisi, P. A., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1995). An MMPI-2 infrequent response scale for use with psychopathological populations: The Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale, F(p). Psychological Assessment, 7, 424-431.
4. Baschnagel, J. S., O'Connor, R. M., Colder, C. R., & Hawk, L. W., Jr. (2005). Factor structure of posttraumatic stress among Western New York undergraduates following the September 11th terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 677-684.
5. Bodkin, J. A., Pope, H. G., Detke, M. J., & Hudson, J. I. (2007). Is PTSD caused by traumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 176-182.
6. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press.
7. Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2009). A proposal for a dimensional classification system based on the shared features of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for assessment and treatment. Psychological Assessment, 21, 256-271.
8. Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., & Mancill, R. B. (2001). Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 585-599.
9. Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A. M., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). MMPI-2: Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
10. Clark, L. A. (2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 505-521.
11. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2006). Distress and fear disorders: An alternative empirically based taxonomy of the "mood" and "anxiety" disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 481-483.
12. Elhai, J. D., Ford, J. D., Ruggiero, K. J., & Frueh, B. C. (2009). Diagnostic alterations for posttraumatic stress disorder: Examining data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication and National Survey of Adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1957-1966.
13. Elklit, A., & Shevlin, M. (2007). The structure of PTSD symptoms: A test of alternative models using confirmatory factor analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 299-313.
14. Engelhard, I. M., Arntz, A., & van den Hout, M. A. (2007). Low specificity of symptoms on the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom scale: A comparison of individuals with PTSD, individuals with other anxiety disorders and individuals without psychopathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 449-456.
15. Forbes, D., Creamer, M., & Biddle, D. (2001). The validity of the PTSD Checklist as a measure of symptomatic change in combat-related PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 977-986.
16. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
17. Keane, T. M., Kolb, L. C., Kaloupek, D. G., Orr, S. P., Blanchard, E. B., Thomas, R. G., et al. (1998). Utility of psychophysiological measurement in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 914-923.
18. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
19. King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., & Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD Scale: Evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10, 90-96.
20. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
21. Krause, E. D., Kaltman, S., Goodman, L. A., & Dutton, M. A. (2007). Longitudinal factor structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms related to intimate partner violence. Psychological Assessment, 19, 165-175.
22. Krueger, R. F. (1999). The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 921-926.
23. Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., et al. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report on the findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
24. Litz, B. T., & Gray, M. J. (2002). Emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder: Current and future research directions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 198-204.
25. Marshall, G. N., Schell, T. L., & Miles, J. N. V. (2010). All PTSD symptoms are highly associated with general distress: Ramifications for the dysphoria symptom cluster. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 126-135.
26. McNally, R. J. (1992). Psychopathology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Boundaries of the syndrome. In M. Basoglu (Ed.), Torture and its consequences: Current treatment approaches (pp. 229-252). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27. McWilliams, L. A., Cox, B. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2005). Symptom structure of posttraumatic stress disorder in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 626-641.
28. Miller, M. W. (2003). Personality and the etiology and expression of PTSD: A three-factor model perspective. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 373-393.
29. Miller, M. W., Kaloupek, D. G., Dillon, A. L., & Keane, T. M. (2004). Externalizing and internalizing subtypes of combat-related PTSD: A replication and extension using the PSY-5 scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 636-645.
30. Miller, M. W., Vogt, D. S., Mozley, S. L., Kaloupek, D. G., & Keane, T. M. (2006). PTSD and substance-related problems: The mediating roles of disconstraint and negative emotionality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 369-379.
31. Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 377-412.
32. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2007). Mplus user's guide (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Author.
33. Palmieri, P. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2005). Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in sexually harassed women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 657-666.
34. Palmieri, P. A., Marshall, G. N., & Schell, T. L. (2007). Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in Cambodian refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 207-216.
35. Palmieri, P. A., Weathers, F. W., Difede, J., & King, D. W. (2007). Confirmatory factor analysis of the PTSD Checklist and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale in disaster workers exposed to the World Trade Center ground zero. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 329-341.
36. Rosen, G. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical evaluation of core assumptions. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 837-868.
37. Sellbom, M., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2005). Mapping the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical Scales onto normal personality traits: Evidence of construct validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 179-187.
38. Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Graham, J. R. (2006). Correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales in a college counseling setting. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86, 88-99.
39. Sellbom, M., Graham, J. R., & Schenk, P. W. (2006). Incremental validity of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales in a private practice sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86, 196-205.
40. Simms, L. J., Casillas, A., Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Doebbeling, B. N. (2005). Psychometric evaluation of the Restructured Clinical Scales of the MMPI-2. Psychological Assessment, 17, 345-358.
41. Simms, L. J., Watson, D., & Doebbeling, B. N. (2002). Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf War. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 637-647.
42. Spitzer, R. L., First, M. B., & Wakefield, J. C. (2007). Saving PTSD from itself in DSM-V. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 233-241.
43. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. D. (1989). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Patient Version (SCID-P). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
44. Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681-706). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
45. Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., McNulty, J. L., Arbisi, P. A., Graham, J. R., & Kaemmer, B. (2003). The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Development, validation, and interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
46. Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Sellbom, M., Arbisi, P. A., McNulty, J. L., & Graham, J. R. (2006). Further evidence on the validity of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales: Addressing questions raised by Rogers, Sewell, Harrison, and Jordan and Nichols. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 148-171.
47. Watson, D. (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 522-536.
48. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
49. Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Orazem, R. O., Weierich, M. R., Castillo, D. T., Milford, J., et al. (2008). The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical Scales in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid disorders. Psychological Assessment, 20, 327-340.
50. Zinbarg, R. E., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Structure of anxiety and the anxiety disorders: A hierarchical model. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 181-193.