Telmisartan

Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology

Volumn 40, Issue , 2015, Pages 371-429

  Bakheit, Ahmed H H ^a   Abd Elgalil, Ahmed A ^a   Mustafa, Bakheit ^b   Haque, Anzarul ^c   Wani, Tanveer A ^a  

^a KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^b AL NEELAIN UNIVERSITY   (Sudan)

^c PRINCE SATTAM BIN ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Description; Method of analysis; Pharmacokinetics; Physical characteristics; Spectral properties; Stability; Synthesis; Telmisartan; Uses

Indexed keywords

DIGOXIN; LITHIUM; TELMISARTAN; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; BENZOIC ACID DERIVATIVE;

ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; COUGHING; DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG SOLUBILITY; DRUG STABILITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPECTROSCOPY; THERMOGRAVIMETRY; X RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION; ANIMAL; BLOOD PRESSURE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG INTERACTION; MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHARMACEUTICS; PROCEDURES;

ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS; ANIMALS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BENZIMIDAZOLES; BENZOATES; BLOOD PRESSURE; CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; DRUG INTERACTIONS; DRUG STABILITY; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL;

EID: 84940535684     PISSN: 18715125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2015.01.003     Document Type: Chapter

References (106)

1. Sweetman S.C. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference 2009, 1409. Pharmaceutical Press, London. thirty-sixth ed.
2. http://www.chemicalize.org/structure/#!mol=Pritor.
3. Halasz I., Dinnebier R.E. Structural and thermal characterization of zolpidem hemitartrate hemihydrate (form E) and its decomposition products by laboratory X-ray powder diffraction. J. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 99(2):871-878.
4. P. Allegrini, M. Rasparini, G. Razzetti, A. Bologna, G. Barreca, A process for the preparation of telmisartan, 2006, EP Patent 1,719,766.
5. T. Kalyankar, M. Khan, N. Rangari, R. Kakde, A rapid colorimetric method for the estimation of ammonia in telmisartan in bulk and solid dosage form, Inter. J. Pham. World Res. 1 (2) (2010) 1-9.
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmisartan.
7. Pharmacopeia, British Published by British Pharmacopoeia Commission 2009, 5872-5877. The Stationery Office, London, vol. 2.
8. Patil P.B., Pandey A., Chaudhari D.B.S.A.B.R. An improved, scalable and cost effective one-pot synthesis of telmisartan. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 2013, 4:293-295.
9. Drug Bank. http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00966.
10. Moffat A.C., Osselton M.D., Widdop B. Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons 2005, Pharmaceutical Press, London.
11. Ries U.J., Mihm G., Narr B., Hasselbach K.M., Wittneben H., Entzeroth M., van Meel J.C.A., Wienen W., Hauel N.H. 6-Substituted benzimidazoles as new nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: synthesis, biological activity, and structure-activity relationships. J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36(25):4040-4051.
12. Xia C., Ling F.G., Ming R.Y. Improved synthesis of telmisartan. Chin. J. Pharm. 2003, 6:001.
13. S. Venkataraman, V. Thippannachar, S.R. Kikkuru, S. Neti; R.R. Chinta, M. Arunagiri, L.K. Routhu, Process for preparing Telmisartan, 2007, US 2007/0287840 A1.
14. S. Chava, S. Gorantla, S. Ginjupalli, B. Prasanna, A process for the preparation of Telmisartan, 2007, WO Patent 2,007,010,558.
15. Goossen L.J., Knauber T. Concise synthesis of telmisartan via decarboxylative cross-coupling. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73(21):8631-8634.
16. Kumar A.S., Ghosh S., Soundararajan R., Mehta G. An improved synthesis of telmisartan: an antihypertensive drug. ARKIVOC 2009, 10:247-254.
17. Miyaura N., Suzuki A. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of organoboron compounds. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95(7):2457-2483.
18. Suzuki A. Recent advances in the cross-coupling reactions of organoboron derivatives with organic electrophiles, 1995-1998. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576(1):147-168.
19. The Stille reaction has also been widely applied in biaryl synthesis: S.P. Stanfort, Tetrahedron, 54 (1998) 263.
20. Genet J.P., Savignac M. Recent developments of palladium(0) catalyzed reactions in aqueous medium. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576(1):305-317.
21. Johnson M.G., Foglesong R. The preparation of hindered biphenyls via the Suzuki reaction. Tetrahedron letters 1997, 38(40):7001-7002.
22. Caron S., Hawkins J.M. Directed ortho metalation of neopentyl benzoates with LDA: preparation of arylboronic acids. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63(7):2054-2055.
23. Snieckus V. Directed ortho metalation. Tertiary amide and O-carbamate directors in synthetic strategies for polysubstituted aromatics. Chem. Rev. 1990, 90:879.
24. C. Dupuis, K. Adiey, L. Charruault, V. Michelet, M. Savignac, J.-P. Genet, Suzuki cross-coupling of arylboronic acids mediated by a hydrosoluble Pd (0)/TPPTS catalyst, Tetrahedron Lett. 42 (37) (2001) 6523-6526.
25. M. Feuerstein, H. Doucet, M. Santelli, Tetraphosphine/palladium-catalysed Suzuki cross-coupling with sterically hindered aryl bromides and arylboronic acids, Tetrahedron Lett. 42 (38) (2001) 6667-6670.
26. K.H. Shaughnessy, R.S. Booth, Sterically demanding, water-soluble alkylphosphines as ligands for high activity Suzuki coupling of aryl bromides in aqueous solvents, Org. Lett. 3 (17) (2001) 2757-2759.
27. G.Y. Li, The first phosphine oxide ligand precursors for transition metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions: C- C, C- N, and C- S bond formation on unactivated aryl chlorides, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (8) (2001) 1513-1516.
28. R.B. Bedford, C.S. Cazin, Highly active catalysts for the Suzuki coupling of aryl chlorides, Chem. Commun. 17 (2001) 1540-1541.
29. B. Vaz, R. Rosana, M. Nieto, A.I. Paniello, A.R. deLera, Suzuki cross-coupling of meso-dibromoporphyrins for the synthesis of functionalized A 2 B 2 porphyrins, Tetrahedron Lett. 42 (42) (2001) 7409-7412.
30. Wang, W., C. Xiong, J. Yang, V.J. Hruby, Practical, asymmetric synthesis of aromatic-substituted bulky and hydrophobic tryptophan derivatives, Tetrahedron Lett. 42 (44) (2001) 7717-7719.
31. M.A. Zhuravel, S.T. Nguyen, Preparation of 3-aryl-substituted salicylaldehydes via Suzuki coupling, Tetrahedron Lett. 42 (45) (2001) 7925-7928.
32. J.M. Schomaker, T.J. Delia, Arylation of halogenated pyrimidines via a Suzuki coupling reaction, J. Org. Chem. 66 (21) (2001) 7125-7128.
33. M.R. Netherton, G.C. Fu, Air-stable trialkylphosphonium salts: simple, practical, and versatile replacements for air-sensitive trialkylphosphines. Applications in stoichiometric and catalytic processes, Org. Lett. 3 (26) (2001) 4295-4298.
34. J. Yin, M.P. Rainka, X. Zhang, S.L. Buchwald, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 1162.
35. G.A. Molander, M.R. Rivero, Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of potassium alkenyltrifluoroborates, Org. Lett. 4 (1) (2002) 107-109.
36. S. Venkataraman, V.T. Mathad, S.R. Kikkuru, S. Neti, R.R. Chinta, M. Arunagiri, L.K. Routhu, KPCT WO 06/044754A2, 2006.
37. Venkataraman S., Mathad V.T., Kikkuru S.R., Neti S., Chinta R.R., Apuraba B., Anjaneyulu Y., Naveenkumar K. An efficient and impurity-free process for telmisartan: an antihypertensive drug. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2007, 11(1):81-85.
38. Marxer A., Rodriguez H.R., McKenna J.M., Tsai H.M. Spiro piperidines. I. Synthesis of Spiro [isobenzofuran-1 (3H), 4'-piperidines] and Spiro [isobenzofuran-1 (3H), 3'-piperidines]. J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40(10):1427-1433.
39. Kumar A.S., Ghosh S., Mehta G. Efficient and improved synthesis of telmisartan. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6(1):25.
40. Reuman M., Meyers A.I. The synthetic utility of oxazolines in aromatic substitution. Tetrahedron 1985, 41(5):837-860.
41. Kumar A.S., Ghosh S., Mehta G. Alternative synthesis of telmisartan via Suzuki coupling. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 2010, 2(5):135-141.
42. Wang P., Zheng G.J., Wang Y.P., Wang X.J., Wei H.G., Xiang W.S. Highly practical and cost-efficient synthesis of telmisartan: an antihypertensive drug. Tetrahedron 2012, 68(11):2509-2512.
43. Cagigal E., Gonzalez L., Alonso R., Jimenez R. pKa determination of angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA II) by spectrofluorimetry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2001, 26(3):477-486.
44. Wienen W., Entzeroth M., Meel J.C., Stangier J., Busch U., Ebner T., Schmid J., Lehmann H., Matzek K., Kempthorne-Rawson J. A review on telmisartan: a novel, long-acting angiotensin II-receptor antagonist. Cardiovasc. Drug Rev. 2000, 18(2):127-154.
45. J. Doney, Method to improve characteristics of spray dried powders and granulated materials, and the products thereby produced, 2007, WO Patent 2,007,016,435.
46. Patil A., Keny Ramchandra V., Saindane Dhananjay S., Khade Trushali S., Gavitre Bhaskar B., Kulkarni Vivek S., Bobe Kisan R., Gaikwad Dinanath T. Formulation and evaluation of solid dispersion of telmisartan with KOH as alkaliser by hot melt method. J. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 2010, 1:1-7.
47. G. Sedmak, S. Zupancic, Multilayer pharmaceutical composition comprising telmisartan and amlodipine, 2012, WO Patent 2,012,055,941.
48. http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_US_CB4266172.aspx.
49. http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00966.
50. Patil M., Keny R., Mandlik S., Saindane D., Gaikwad D., Khade T., Gavitre B., Kulkarni V., Bobe K., Gaikwad U. Characterization and formulation of solid dispersion of telmisartan using NaHCO3 by hot melt method. IJPI's J. Pharm. Cosmetol. 2011, 1(3):20-33.
51. J. Gaja, B.F. Sayyad, Enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of telmisartan by using water soluble polymers, Inventi Rapid: Pharm Tech (2) (2013) 676.
52. Adrjanowicz K., Grzybowska K., Kaminski K., Hawelek L., Paluch M., Zakowiecki D. Comprehensive studies on physical and chemical stability in liquid and glassy states of telmisartan (TEL): solubility advantages given by cryomilled and quenched material. Philos. Mag. 2011, 91(13-15):1926-1948.
53. H. Schneider, M. Schneider, Polymorphs of telmisartan, 2002, Google Patents.
54. http://www.lookchem.com/Telmisartan/.lookchem.
55. Kondawar M., Kamble K., Raut K., Maharshi K. UV spectrophotometric estimation of amlodipine besylate and telmisartan in bulk drug and dosage form by multiwavelength analysis. Int. J. ChemTech Res. 2011, 3:1274-1278.
56. Patil S.H., Janjale M.V. Novel and validated titrimetric method for determination of selected angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists in pharmaceutical preparations and its comparison with UV spectrophotometric determination. J. Pharm. Anal. 2012, 2(6):470-477.
57. Taşdemir I.H., Akay M.A., Erk N., Kiliç E. Voltammetric behavior of telmisartan and cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for its assay in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids. Electroanalysis 2010, 22(17-18):2101-2109.
58. Alarfaj N.A. Square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of antihypertensive agent telmisartan in tablets and its application to human plasma. J. Anal. Chem. 2013, 68(4):335-340.
59. Xu M.T., Song J.F., Li N. Rapid determination of telmisartan in pharmaceuticals and serum by the parallel catalytic hydrogen wave method. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003, 377(7-8):1184-1189.
60. Xu M., Song J., Liang Y. Rapid determination of telmisartan in pharmaceutical preparations and serum by linear sweep polarography. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2004, 34(3):681-687.
61. Bhat A., Palled M., Chatter M., Rajesh P.M.N. Difference spectrophotometric determination of telmisartan in tablet dosage forms. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2006, 68(5):685-686.
62. Tatane S. Development of UV spectrophotometric method of telmisartan in tablet formulation. J. Adv. Pharm. Healthcare Res. 2011, 1:23-26.
63. Pandey A., Sawarkar H., Singh M., Kashyap P., Ghosh P. UV-spectrophotometric method for estimation of telmisartan in bulk and tablet dosage form. Int. J. ChemTech Res. 2011, 3(2):657-660.
64. Rathod S.D., Patil P., Waghmare S.S., Chaudhari P. UV-spectrophotometric method for estimation of telmisartan in bulk and tablet dosage form. Int. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. Res. 2012, 3(10):3936-3939.
65. Sharma R.K., Chippa R.C., Singh R., Alam I. Quantitative estimation of telmisartan in bulk drug and tablets by uv spectroscopy. Int. J. Drug Res. Tech. 2012, 2(3):268-272.
66. Singh S., Yadav A.K., Gautam H. First order derivative spectrophotometric determination of telmisartan in pharmaceutical formulation. Bull. Pharm. Res. 2012, 2(2):83-86.
67. Kreny E.P., Mehta R.S. First order derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneous estimation of Telmisartan and chlorthalidone in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013, 4:224-228.
68. Bebawy L.I., Abbas S.S., Fattah L.A., Refaat H.H. Application of first-derivative, ratio derivative spectrophotometry, TLC-densitometry and spectrofluorimetry for the simultaneous determination of telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical dosage forms and plasma. Farmaco 2005, 60(10):859-867.
69. Lakshmi K., Lakshmi S. Design and optimization of a chemometric-assisted spectrophotometric determination of telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical dosage form. J. Young Pharm. 2010, 2(1):85-89.
70. Srihari G., Rami Reddy N., Chakravarthi I.E. Spectrophotometric determination of telmisartan sulfate in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Asian J. Pharm. Health Sci. 2011, 1(3):142-144.
71. Kumbhar S., Chougule G., Gajeli G., Tegeli V., Thorat Y., Shivsharan U. Visible spectrophotometric determination of telmisartan from urine. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2011, 2:1254-1258.
72. Qin Z., Niu W., Tan R. Spectrophotometric method for the determination of telmisartan with Congo red. J. Anal. Chem. 2009, 64(5):449-454.
73. Tulja R.G., Sankar D.G., Madhavi L., Satyanarayana B. Extractive visible spectrophotometric method for determination of telmisatan and irbesartan in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2012, 5(1):41-44.
74. Osbourn D.M., Weiss D.J., Lunte C.E. On-line preconcentration methods for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2000, 21(14):2768.
75. Breadmore M.C. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips. Electrophoresis 2007, 28(1-2):254-281.
76. González L., Akesolo U., Jiménez R.M., Alonso R.M. Application of capillary zone electrophoresis to the screening of some angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Electrophoresis 2002, 23(2):223-229.
77. Hillaert S., Van den Bossche W. Optimization and validation of a capillary zone electrophoretic method for the analysis of several angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 979(1-2):323-333.
78. Prabhu C., Subramanian G.S., Karthik A., Kini S., Rajan M.S., Udupa N. Determination of telmisartan by HPTLC-a stability indicating assay. JPC J. Plan. Chromatogr. Modern TLC 2007, 20(6):477-481.
79. Vekariya N., Patel G., Bhatt H., Patel M., Dholakiya R., Ramani G. Application of TLC-densitometry method for simultaneous estimation of telmisartan and amlodipine besylate in pharmaceutical dosage form. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res 2009, 1(4):1644-1649.
80. Chabukswar A.R., Jagdale S.C., Kumbhar S., Kadam V.J., Patil V.D., Kuchekar B.S., Lokhande P. Simultaneous HPTLC estimation of telmisartan and amlodipine besylate in tablet dosage form. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 2010, 2:94-100.
81. Sujana K., Gowri Sankar D., Bala Souri O., Swathi Rani G. Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of telmisartan in pure and pharmaceutical formulation. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 3(2):164-167.
82. Vijayamirtharaj R., Ramesh J., Jayalakshmi B., Hashim H.B. Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of telmisartan and atorvastatin calcium in tablet dosage forms. Int. J. Comprehens. Pharm. 2010, 1(4):1-4.
83. Kurade V., Pai M., Gude R. RP-HPLC estimation of ramipril and telmisartan in tablets. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 71(2):148.
84. Wankhede S.B., Tajne M., Gupta K., Wadodkar S.G. RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2007, 69(2):298.
85. Charde M.S., Gupta A., Chakole R. Determination of telmisartan and forced degradation behavior by RP-HPLC in tablet dosage form. Int. J. Adv. Pharm. Anal. 2012, 1(2):38-44.
86. Pengfei L., Wang Y., Wang Y., Tang Y., Fawcett J.P., Cui Y., Gu J. Determination of telmisartan in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B 2005, 828(1):126-129.
87. Zhang H., Jiang Y., Wen J., Zhou T., Fan G., Wu Y. Rapid determination of telmisartan in human plasma by HPLC using a monolithic column with fluorescence detection and its application to a bioequivalence study. J. Chromatogr. B 2009, 877(29):3729-3733.
88. Londhe S., Kaul N., Agrawal H., Mahadik K. Stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for analysis of telmisartan in the bulk drug and in formulations. Acta Chromatogr. 2010, 22(4):539-548.
89. Bhat L.R., Godge R.K., Vora A.T., Damle M.C. Validated RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical formulation. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2007, 30(20):3059-3067.
90. Ferreiros N., Iriarte G., Alonso R.M., Jimenez R.M., Ortiz E. Separation and quantitation of several angiotensin II receptor antagonist drugs in human urine by a SPE-HPLC-DAD method. J. Sep. Sci. 2008, 31(4):667-676.
91. Nageswara Rao R., Guru Prasad K., Gangu Naidu C., Maurya P.K. Development of a validated liquid chromatographic method for determination of related substances of telmisartan in bulk drugs and formulations. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2011, 56(3):471-478.
92. Nie J., Zhao Q., Huang J., Xiang B., Feng Y.Q. Determination of telmisartan in rat tissues by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 2006, 29(5):650-655.
93. Torrealday N., Gonzalez L., Alonso R., Jimenez R., Ortiz Lastra E. Experimental design approach for the optimisation of a HPLC-fluorimetric method for the quantitation of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist telmisartan in urine. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2003, 32(4):847-857.
94. Shen Y.L., Feng F., Wu J. Evaluation of HPLC-fluorescence and LC-ESI/MS for determination of telmisartan in human plasma. Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi 2006, 26(1):71-75.
95. del Rosario Brunetto M., Contreras Y., Clavijo S., Torres D., Delgado Y., Ovalles F., Ayala C., Gallignani M., Estela J.M., Martin V.C. Determination of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan by direct injection of human urine into a column-switching liquid chromatographic system with fluorescence detection. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2009, 50(2):194-199.
96. Nie J., Zhang M., Fan Y., Wen Y., Xiang B., Feng Y.-Q. Biocompatible in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to HPLC for the determination of angiotensin II receptor antagonists in human plasma and urine. J. Chromatogr. B 2005, 828(1):62-69.
97. n, LC-NMR and on-line H/D exchange mass studies. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2010, 53(3):755-761.
98. Yan T., Li H., Deng L., Guo Y., Yu W., Fawcett J.P., Zhang D., Cui Y., Gu J. Liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous quantitation of telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2008, 48(4):1225-1229.
99. Ebner T., Heinzel G., Prox A., Beschke K., Wachsmuth H. Disposition and chemical stability of telmisartan 1-O-acylglucuronide. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1999, 27(10):1143-1149.
100. Bhavani V., Rao T.S., Raju S., Madhusudan B., Begum J. Stability indicating UPLC method for the estimation of telmisartan related substances in tablets formulation. Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub. 2013, 3(2):2250-3153.
101. Patil K.R., Shinde D.B. Stability-indicating LC method for the simultaneous determination of telmisartan and hydrochlorothiazide in dosage form. J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 2012, 57(1):1017-1021.
102. Bruntoni L.L. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. JAMA 2011, 12:1732-1734.
103. Csajka C., Buclin T., Brunner H.R., Biollaz J. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1997, 32(1):1-29.
104. He H., Yang D., Ma L., Luo Z., Ma S., Feng X., Cao T., Yan Z., Liu D., Tepel M., Zhu Z. Telmisartan prevents weight gain and obesity through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta-dependent pathways. Hypertension 2010, 55(4):869-879.
105. Verdecchia P., Angeli F., Gentile G., Mazzotta G., Reboldi G. Telmisartan for the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2011, 4(2):151-161.
106. http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=3bb7bc69-7752-4c16-9c60-e61eb5355a4d.