메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 295-310

Addressing Limitations in Observational Studies of the Association Between Glucose-Lowering Medications and All-Cause Mortality: A Review

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

EID: 84939996069     PISSN: 01145916     EISSN: 11791942     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40264-015-0280-1     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (25)

References (123)
  • 1
    • 18044374934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What do we show and who does so? An analysis of the abstracts presented at the 19th ICPE
    • Arana A, Rivero E, Egberts TCG. What do we show and who does so? An analysis of the abstracts presented at the 19th ICPE. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2004;13:S330–1.
    • (2004) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. , vol.13 , pp. 330-331
    • Arana, A.1    Rivero, E.2    Egberts, T.C.G.3
  • 2
    • 18044398603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of uses of health care utilization databases for epidemiologic research on therapeutics
    • PID: 15862718
    • Schneeweiss S, Avorn J. A review of uses of health care utilization databases for epidemiologic research on therapeutics. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58:323–37.
    • (2005) J Clin Epidemiol. , vol.58 , pp. 323-337
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Avorn, J.2
  • 3
    • 84919950480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational studies of the association between glucose-lowering medications and cardiovascular outcomes: addressing methodological limitations
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFeksLvJ, PID: 25212258
    • Patorno E, Patrick AR, Garry EM, Schneeweiss S, Gillet VG, Bartels DB, et al. Observational studies of the association between glucose-lowering medications and cardiovascular outcomes: addressing methodological limitations. Diabetologia. 2014;57:2237–50.
    • (2014) Diabetologia. , vol.57 , pp. 2237-2250
    • Patorno, E.1    Patrick, A.R.2    Garry, E.M.3    Schneeweiss, S.4    Gillet, V.G.5    Bartels, D.B.6
  • 4
    • 28244502087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational studies of drugs and mortality
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1OmsbrM, PID: 16319379
    • Ray W. Observational studies of drugs and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2319–21.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med. , vol.353 , pp. 2319-2321
    • Ray, W.1
  • 6
    • 78651451726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes increases and metformin reduces total, colorectal, liver and pancreatic cancer incidences in Taiwanese: a representative population prospective cohort study of 800,000 individuals
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtFOhurs%3D, PID: 21241523
    • Lee MS, Hsu CC, Wahlqvist ML, Tsai HN, Chang YH, Huang YC. Type 2 diabetes increases and metformin reduces total, colorectal, liver and pancreatic cancer incidences in Taiwanese: a representative population prospective cohort study of 800,000 individuals. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:20.
    • (2011) BMC Cancer , vol.11 , pp. 20
    • Lee, M.S.1    Hsu, C.C.2    Wahlqvist, M.L.3    Tsai, H.N.4    Chang, Y.H.5    Huang, Y.C.6
  • 7
    • 84855560230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of diabetes mellitus and insulin use on survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis: the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort
    • PID: 22124092
    • Dehal AN, Newton CC, Jacobs EJ, Patel AV, Gapstur SM, Campbell PT. Impact of diabetes mellitus and insulin use on survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis: the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:53–9.
    • (2012) J Clin Oncol. , vol.30 , pp. 53-59
    • Dehal, A.N.1    Newton, C.C.2    Jacobs, E.J.3    Patel, A.V.4    Gapstur, S.M.5    Campbell, P.T.6
  • 8
    • 1542532754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk
    • Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 1999;94:496–509.
    • (1999) J Am Stat Assoc. , vol.94 , pp. 496-509
    • Fine, J.P.1    Gray, R.J.2
  • 9
    • 83655161344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer mortality reduction and metformin: a retrospective cohort study in type 2 diabetic patients
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvFOmsLo%3D, PID: 21812892
    • Bo S, Ciccone G, Rosato R, Villois P, Appendino G, Ghigo E, et al. Cancer mortality reduction and metformin: a retrospective cohort study in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:23–9.
    • (2012) Diabetes Obes Metab. , vol.14 , pp. 23-29
    • Bo, S.1    Ciccone, G.2    Rosato, R.3    Villois, P.4    Appendino, G.5    Ghigo, E.6
  • 10
    • 77956625112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A basic study design for expedited safety signal evaluation based on electronic healthcare data
    • PID: 20681003
    • Schneeweiss S. A basic study design for expedited safety signal evaluation based on electronic healthcare data. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19:858–68.
    • (2010) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. , vol.19 , pp. 858-868
    • Schneeweiss, S.1
  • 11
    • 2642580716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in type 2 diabetic subjects prescribed metformin and sulphonylurea drugs in combination: cohort study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltFOlu7k%3D, PID: 15133756
    • Gulliford M, Latinovic R. Mortality in type 2 diabetic subjects prescribed metformin and sulphonylurea drugs in combination: cohort study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004;20:239–45.
    • (2004) Diabetes Metab Res Rev. , vol.20 , pp. 239-245
    • Gulliford, M.1    Latinovic, R.2
  • 12
    • 77954988618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and death in elderly Medicare patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpslKqsbo%3D, PID: 20584880
    • Graham DJ, Ouellet-Hellstrom R, MaCurdy TE, Ali F, Sholley C, Worrall C, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and death in elderly Medicare patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone. JAMA. 2010;304:411–8.
    • (2010) JAMA. , vol.304 , pp. 411-418
    • Graham, D.J.1    Ouellet-Hellstrom, R.2    MaCurdy, T.E.3    Ali, F.4    Sholley, C.5    Worrall, C.6
  • 13
    • 69949096990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse cardiovascular events during treatment with pioglitazone and rosiglitazone: population based cohort study
    • PID: 19690342
    • Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Lipscombe LL, Austin PC, Hux JE, Mamdani MM. Adverse cardiovascular events during treatment with pioglitazone and rosiglitazone: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2009;339:b2942.
    • (2009) BMJ. , vol.339 , pp. 2942
    • Juurlink, D.N.1    Gomes, T.2    Lipscombe, L.L.3    Austin, P.C.4    Hux, J.E.5    Mamdani, M.M.6
  • 14
    • 38349094008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of glucose lowering treatment on long-term prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction: a report from the DIGAMI 2 trial
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXivVOqu7o%3D, PID: 18156614
    • Mellbin LG, Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Wedel H, Ryden L. The impact of glucose lowering treatment on long-term prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction: a report from the DIGAMI 2 trial. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:166–76.
    • (2008) Eur Heart J. , vol.29 , pp. 166-176
    • Mellbin, L.G.1    Malmberg, K.2    Norhammar, A.3    Wedel, H.4    Ryden, L.5
  • 15
    • 84868652782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness of sulfonylurea and metformin monotherapy on cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study
    • PID: 23128859
    • Roumie CL, Hung AM, Greevy RA, Grijalva CG, Liu X, Murff HJ, et al. Comparative effectiveness of sulfonylurea and metformin monotherapy on cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:601–10.
    • (2012) Ann Intern Med. , vol.157 , pp. 601-610
    • Roumie, C.L.1    Hung, A.M.2    Greevy, R.A.3    Grijalva, C.G.4    Liu, X.5    Murff, H.J.6
  • 16
    • 84860117993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database
    • PID: 19959591
    • Tzoulaki I, Molokhia M, Curcin V, Little MP, Millett CJ, Ng A, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database. BMJ. 2009;339:b4731.
    • (2009) BMJ. , vol.339 , pp. 4731
    • Tzoulaki, I.1    Molokhia, M.2    Curcin, V.3    Little, M.P.4    Millett, C.J.5    Ng, A.6
  • 17
    • 56749178443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of cardiovascular outcomes in elderly patients with diabetes who initiated rosiglitazone vs pioglitazone therapy
    • PID: 19029503
    • Winkelmayer WC, Setoguchi S, Levin R, Solomon DH. Comparison of cardiovascular outcomes in elderly patients with diabetes who initiated rosiglitazone vs pioglitazone therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2368–75.
    • (2008) Arch Intern Med. , vol.168 , pp. 2368-2375
    • Winkelmayer, W.C.1    Setoguchi, S.2    Levin, R.3    Solomon, D.H.4
  • 18
    • 39349101029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology
    • PID: 18056625
    • Suissa S. Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:492–9.
    • (2008) Am J Epidemiol. , vol.167 , pp. 492-499
    • Suissa, S.1
  • 19
    • 77956643121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between cumulative dose of thiazolidinediones and clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients with history of heart failure: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFGntbbE, PID: 20607752
    • Hsiao FY, Tsai YW, Wen YW, Chen PF, Chou HY, Chen CH, et al. Relationship between cumulative dose of thiazolidinediones and clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients with history of heart failure: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19:786–91.
    • (2010) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. , vol.19 , pp. 786-791
    • Hsiao, F.Y.1    Tsai, Y.W.2    Wen, Y.W.3    Chen, P.F.4    Chou, H.Y.5    Chen, C.H.6
  • 20
    • 25644459350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFGqtr3P, PID: 16186261
    • Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA, Tsuyuki RT, Johnson JA. Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2345–51.
    • (2005) Diabetes Care. , vol.28 , pp. 2345-2351
    • Eurich, D.T.1    Majumdar, S.R.2    McAlister, F.A.3    Tsuyuki, R.T.4    Johnson, J.A.5
  • 21
    • 34250752353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of thiazolidinedione use on outcomes in ambulatory patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntFyhsrk%3D, PID: 17601542
    • Aguilar D, Bozkurt B, Pritchett A, Petersen NJ, Deswal A. The impact of thiazolidinedione use on outcomes in ambulatory patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:32–6.
    • (2007) J Am Coll Cardiol. , vol.50 , pp. 32-36
    • Aguilar, D.1    Bozkurt, B.2    Pritchett, A.3    Petersen, N.J.4    Deswal, A.5
  • 22
    • 38349133437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose lowering treatment in patients with coronary artery disease is prognostically important not only in established but also in newly detected diabetes mellitus: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Diabetes and the Heart
    • PID: 18156611
    • Anselmino M, Ohrvik J, Malmberg K, Standl E, Ryden L. Glucose lowering treatment in patients with coronary artery disease is prognostically important not only in established but also in newly detected diabetes mellitus: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Diabetes and the Heart. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:177–84.
    • (2008) Eur Heart J. , vol.29 , pp. 177-184
    • Anselmino, M.1    Ohrvik, J.2    Malmberg, K.3    Standl, E.4    Ryden, L.5
  • 23
    • 70350622310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glibenclamide-related excess in total and cardiovascular mortality risks: data from large Ukrainian observational cohort study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlylsLvJ, PID: 19796836
    • Khalangot M, Tronko M, Kravchenko V, Kovtun V. Glibenclamide-related excess in total and cardiovascular mortality risks: data from large Ukrainian observational cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;86:247–53.
    • (2009) Diabetes Res Clin Pract. , vol.86 , pp. 247-253
    • Khalangot, M.1    Tronko, M.2    Kravchenko, V.3    Kovtun, V.4
  • 24
    • 79954450059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple outcomes associated with the use of metformin and sulphonylureas in type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study in Italy
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXitlaqt7Y%3D, PID: 21088829
    • Corrao G, Romio SA, Zambon A, Merlino L, Bosi E, Scavini M. Multiple outcomes associated with the use of metformin and sulphonylureas in type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study in Italy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67:289–99.
    • (2011) Eur J Clin Pharmacol. , vol.67 , pp. 289-299
    • Corrao, G.1    Romio, S.A.2    Zambon, A.3    Merlino, L.4    Bosi, E.5    Scavini, M.6
  • 25
    • 79954478103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin associated with lower mortality in diabetic patients with early stage hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation
    • PID: 21251068
    • Chen TM, Lin CC, Huang PT, Wen CF. Metformin associated with lower mortality in diabetic patients with early stage hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26:858–65.
    • (2011) J Gastroenterol Hepatol. , vol.26 , pp. 858-865
    • Chen, T.M.1    Lin, C.C.2    Huang, P.T.3    Wen, C.F.4
  • 26
    • 84857372409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metformin on survival outcomes in diabetic patients with triple receptor-negative breast cancer
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XisVyhsrg%3D, PID: 21800293
    • Bayraktar S, Hernadez-Aya LF, Lei X, Meric-Bernstam F, Litton JK, Hsu L, et al. Effect of metformin on survival outcomes in diabetic patients with triple receptor-negative breast cancer. Cancer. 2012;118:1202–11.
    • (2012) Cancer. , vol.118 , pp. 1202-1211
    • Bayraktar, S.1    Hernadez-Aya, L.F.2    Lei, X.3    Meric-Bernstam, F.4    Litton, J.K.5    Hsu, L.6
  • 27
    • 84859588797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after drug-eluting stent implantation: a retrospective cohort study using the national health insurance database in Taiwan
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XlvFGitLc%3D, PID: 22440193
    • Yeh HT, Hsieh CF, Tsai YW, Huang WF. Effects of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after drug-eluting stent implantation: a retrospective cohort study using the national health insurance database in Taiwan. Clin Ther. 2012;34:885–93.
    • (2012) Clin Ther. , vol.34 , pp. 885-893
    • Yeh, H.T.1    Hsieh, C.F.2    Tsai, Y.W.3    Huang, W.F.4
  • 28
    • 84861576077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of metformin on the survival of colorectal cancer patients with diabetes mellitus
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XnsFOqt7o%3D, PID: 21913184
    • Lee JH, Kim TI, Jeon SM, Hong SP, Cheon JH, Kim WH. The effects of metformin on the survival of colorectal cancer patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Cancer. 2012;131:752–9.
    • (2012) Int J Cancer. , vol.131 , pp. 752-759
    • Lee, J.H.1    Kim, T.I.2    Jeon, S.M.3    Hong, S.P.4    Cheon, J.H.5    Kim, W.H.6
  • 29
    • 84861127026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin use is associated with better survival of diabetic patients with pancreatic cancer
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xnt1Cjsbw%3D, PID: 22465831
    • Sadeghi N, Abbruzzese JL, Yeung SC, Hassan M, Li D. Metformin use is associated with better survival of diabetic patients with pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:2905–12.
    • (2012) Clin Cancer Res. , vol.18 , pp. 2905-2912
    • Sadeghi, N.1    Abbruzzese, J.L.2    Yeung, S.C.3    Hassan, M.4    Li, D.5
  • 30
    • 79551718145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Database evaluation of the effects of long-term rosiglitazone treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXit1emtLc%3D, PID: 20484611
    • Loebstein R, Dushinat M, Vesterman-Landes J, Silverman B, Friedman N, Katzir I, et al. Database evaluation of the effects of long-term rosiglitazone treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;51:173–80.
    • (2011) J Clin Pharmacol. , vol.51 , pp. 173-180
    • Loebstein, R.1    Dushinat, M.2    Vesterman-Landes, J.3    Silverman, B.4    Friedman, N.5    Katzir, I.6
  • 31
    • 0034109564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased mortality in type II diabetic patients using sulphonylurea and metformin in combination: a population-based observational study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXivV2ksbs%3D, PID: 10855529
    • Olsson J, Lindberg G, Gottsäter M, Lindwall K, Sjöstrand A, Tisell A, et al. Increased mortality in type II diabetic patients using sulphonylurea and metformin in combination: a population-based observational study. Diabetologia. 2000;43:558–60.
    • (2000) Diabetologia. , vol.43 , pp. 558-560
    • Olsson, J.1    Lindberg, G.2    Gottsäter, M.3    Lindwall, K.4    Sjöstrand, A.5    Tisell, A.6
  • 32
    • 0038279359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased mortality associated with the use of metformin compared with sulfonylurea monotherapy in type 2 diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xps1Kks7s%3D, PID: 12453968
    • Johnson JA, Majumdar SR, Simpson SH, Toth EL. Decreased mortality associated with the use of metformin compared with sulfonylurea monotherapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:2244–8.
    • (2002) Diabetes Care. , vol.25 , pp. 2244-2248
    • Johnson, J.A.1    Majumdar, S.R.2    Simpson, S.H.3    Toth, E.L.4
  • 33
    • 77956971910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metformin on mortality in patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFOntbjO, PID: 20854965
    • Evans JM, Doney AS, AlZadjali MA, Ogston SA, Petrie JR, Morris AD, et al. Effect of metformin on mortality in patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:1006–10.
    • (2010) Am J Cardiol. , vol.106 , pp. 1006-1010
    • Evans, J.M.1    Doney, A.S.2    AlZadjali, M.A.3    Ogston, S.A.4    Petrie, J.R.5    Morris, A.D.6
  • 34
    • 31544482787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-response relation between sulfonylurea drugs and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study
    • PID: 16415461
    • Simpson SH, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Eurich DT, Johnson JA. Dose-response relation between sulfonylurea drugs and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ. 2006;174:169–74.
    • (2006) CMAJ. , vol.174 , pp. 169-174
    • Simpson, S.H.1    Majumdar, S.R.2    Tsuyuki, R.T.3    Eurich, D.T.4    Johnson, J.A.5
  • 35
    • 73349095732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin use and increased risk of mortality in type 2 diabetes: a cohort study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhvFajtLY%3D, PID: 19788429
    • Gamble JM, Simpson SH, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, Johnson JA. Insulin use and increased risk of mortality in type 2 diabetes: a cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12:47–53.
    • (2010) Diabetes Obes Metab. , vol.12 , pp. 47-53
    • Gamble, J.M.1    Simpson, S.H.2    Eurich, D.T.3    Majumdar, S.R.4    Johnson, J.A.5
  • 36
    • 69549097703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New users of metformin are at low risk of incident cancer: a cohort study among people with type 2 diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1agtrzE, PID: 19564453
    • Libby G, Donnelly LA, Donnan PT, Alessi DR, Morris AD, Evans JM. New users of metformin are at low risk of incident cancer: a cohort study among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1620–5.
    • (2009) Diabetes Care. , vol.32 , pp. 1620-1625
    • Libby, G.1    Donnelly, L.A.2    Donnan, P.T.3    Alessi, D.R.4    Morris, A.D.5    Evans, J.M.6
  • 37
    • 84863654605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of rosiglitazone on survival in patients with diabetes mellitus treated for coronary artery disease
    • PID: 22750913
    • Choy-Shan A, Zinn A, Shah B, Danoff A, Donnino R, Schwartzbard AZ, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on survival in patients with diabetes mellitus treated for coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis. 2012;23:354–8.
    • (2012) Coron Artery Dis. , vol.23 , pp. 354-358
    • Choy-Shan, A.1    Zinn, A.2    Shah, B.3    Danoff, A.4    Donnino, R.5    Schwartzbard, A.Z.6
  • 38
    • 80053504259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidinediones and metformin associated with improved survival of diabetic prostate cancer patients
    • PID: 21415239
    • He XX, Tu SM, Lee MH, Yeung SC. Thiazolidinediones and metformin associated with improved survival of diabetic prostate cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2011;22:2640–5.
    • (2011) Ann Oncol. , vol.22 , pp. 2640-2645
    • He, X.X.1    Tu, S.M.2    Lee, M.H.3    Yeung, S.C.4
  • 39
    • 84870753442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What next after metformin? A retrospective evaluation of the outcome of second-line, glucose-lowering therapies in people with type 2 diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVCgt7fP, PID: 23076348
    • Morgan CL, Poole CD, Evans M, Barnett AH, Jenkins-Jones S, Currie CJ. What next after metformin? A retrospective evaluation of the outcome of second-line, glucose-lowering therapies in people with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:4605–12.
    • (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab. , vol.97 , pp. 4605-4612
    • Morgan, C.L.1    Poole, C.D.2    Evans, M.3    Barnett, A.H.4    Jenkins-Jones, S.5    Currie, C.J.6
  • 40
    • 77958189793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients treated with thiazolidinediones in a managed-care population
    • PID: 20736441
    • Wertz DA, Chang CL, Sarawate CA, Willey VJ, Cziraky MJ, Bohn RL. Risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients treated with thiazolidinediones in a managed-care population. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:538–45.
    • (2010) Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. , vol.3 , pp. 538-545
    • Wertz, D.A.1    Chang, C.L.2    Sarawate, C.A.3    Willey, V.J.4    Cziraky, M.J.5    Bohn, R.L.6
  • 41
    • 68449104156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with human insulin or insulin analogues: a cohort study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpsFyrsL0%3D, PID: 19565214
    • Hemkens LG, Grouven U, Bender R, Günster C, Gutschmidt S, Selke GW, et al. Risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with human insulin or insulin analogues: a cohort study. Diabetologia. 2009;52:1732–44.
    • (2009) Diabetologia. , vol.52 , pp. 1732-1744
    • Hemkens, L.G.1    Grouven, U.2    Bender, R.3    Günster, C.4    Gutschmidt, S.5    Selke, G.W.6
  • 43
    • 67651021231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies
    • PID: 19525685
    • Schisterman EF, Cole SR, Platt RW. Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology. 2009;20:488–95.
    • (2009) Epidemiology. , vol.20 , pp. 488-495
    • Schisterman, E.F.1    Cole, S.R.2    Platt, R.W.3
  • 44
    • 0038334174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying biases in causal models: classical confounding vs collider-stratification bias
    • PID: 12859030
    • Greenland S. Quantifying biases in causal models: classical confounding vs collider-stratification bias. Epidemiology. 2003;14:300–6.
    • (2003) Epidemiology. , vol.14 , pp. 300-306
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 45
    • 77950874655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy with sulfonylureas and metformin and the prevention of death in type 2 diabetes: a nested case–control study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtlGgs74%3D, PID: 20052677
    • Azoulay L, Schneider-Lindner V, Dell’aniello S, Schiffrin A, Suissa S. Combination therapy with sulfonylureas and metformin and the prevention of death in type 2 diabetes: a nested case–control study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19:335–42.
    • (2010) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. , vol.19 , pp. 335-342
    • Azoulay, L.1    Schneider-Lindner, V.2    Dell’aniello, S.3    Schiffrin, A.4    Suissa, S.5
  • 46
    • 77956074249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of type 2 diabetes and outcomes in patients with heart failure: a nested case–control study from the UK General Practice Research Database
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXotFKhsr4%3D, PID: 20299488
    • MacDonald MR, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, Lewsey JD, Bhagra S, Jhund PS, et al. Treatment of type 2 diabetes and outcomes in patients with heart failure: a nested case–control study from the UK General Practice Research Database. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1213–8.
    • (2010) Diabetes Care. , vol.33 , pp. 1213-1218
    • MacDonald, M.R.1    Eurich, D.T.2    Majumdar, S.R.3    Lewsey, J.D.4    Bhagra, S.5    Jhund, P.S.6
  • 47
    • 37149034178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidinediones and cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVeqs77M, PID: 18073359
    • Lipscombe LL, Gomes T, Levesque LE, Hux JE, Juurlink DN, Alter DA. Thiazolidinediones and cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2007;298:2634–43.
    • (2007) JAMA. , vol.298 , pp. 2634-2643
    • Lipscombe, L.L.1    Gomes, T.2    Levesque, L.E.3    Hux, J.E.4    Juurlink, D.N.5    Alter, D.A.6
  • 48
    • 84864349212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase in overall mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving glipizide, glyburide or glimepiride monotherapy versus metformin: a retrospective analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFOmsLfN, PID: 22486923
    • Pantalone KM, Kattan MW, Yu C, Wells BJ, Arrigain S, Jain A, et al. Increase in overall mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving glipizide, glyburide or glimepiride monotherapy versus metformin: a retrospective analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:803–9.
    • (2012) Diabetes Obes Metab. , vol.14 , pp. 803-809
    • Pantalone, K.M.1    Kattan, M.W.2    Yu, C.3    Wells, B.J.4    Arrigain, S.5    Jain, A.6
  • 49
    • 84863992026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk of overall mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving different combinations of sulfonylureas and metformin: a retrospective analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1KmsL3P, PID: 22248043
    • Pantalone KM, Kattan MW, Yu C, Wells BJ, Arrigain S, Nutter B, et al. The risk of overall mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving different combinations of sulfonylureas and metformin: a retrospective analysis. Diabet Med. 2012;29:1029–35.
    • (2012) Diabet Med. , vol.29 , pp. 1029-1035
    • Pantalone, K.M.1    Kattan, M.W.2    Yu, C.3    Wells, B.J.4    Arrigain, S.5    Nutter, B.6
  • 50
    • 67349203256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk of developing coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure, and overall mortality, in type 2 diabetic patients receiving rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, metformin, or sulfonylureas: a retrospective analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsFKlu7c%3D, PID: 19194648
    • Pantalone KM, Kattan MW, Yu C, Wells BJ, Arrigain S, Jain A, et al. The risk of developing coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure, and overall mortality, in type 2 diabetic patients receiving rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, metformin, or sulfonylureas: a retrospective analysis. Acta Diabetol. 2009;46:145–54.
    • (2009) Acta Diabetol. , vol.46 , pp. 145-154
    • Pantalone, K.M.1    Kattan, M.W.2    Yu, C.3    Wells, B.J.4    Arrigain, S.5    Jain, A.6
  • 51
    • 77956073896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk of overall mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving glipizide, glyburide, or glimepiride monotherapy: a retrospective analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXotFKhsrw%3D, PID: 20215447
    • Pantalone KM, Kattan MW, Yu C, Wells BJ, Arrigain S, Jain A, et al. The risk of overall mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving glipizide, glyburide, or glimepiride monotherapy: a retrospective analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1224–9.
    • (2010) Diabetes Care. , vol.33 , pp. 1224-1229
    • Pantalone, K.M.1    Kattan, M.W.2    Yu, C.3    Wells, B.J.4    Arrigain, S.5    Jain, A.6
  • 52
    • 33646422782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of patients treated with sulfonylureas and metformin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjvFWrt7o%3D, PID: 16525843
    • Evans J, Ogston S, Emslie-Smith A, Morris A. Risk of mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of patients treated with sulfonylureas and metformin. Diabetologia. 2006;49:930–6.
    • (2006) Diabetologia. , vol.49 , pp. 930-936
    • Evans, J.1    Ogston, S.2    Emslie-Smith, A.3    Morris, A.4
  • 53
    • 77950889169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidinediones and the risk of incident strokes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nested case–control study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtlGgs7w%3D, PID: 19998318
    • Azoulay L, Schneider-Lindner V, Dell’aniello S, Filion KB, Suissa S. Thiazolidinediones and the risk of incident strokes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nested case–control study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19:343–50.
    • (2010) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. , vol.19 , pp. 343-350
    • Azoulay, L.1    Schneider-Lindner, V.2    Dell’aniello, S.3    Filion, K.B.4    Suissa, S.5
  • 54
    • 0346888536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer incidence in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study in Sweden
    • PID: 14652242
    • Zendehdel K, Nyren O, Ostenson CG, Adami HO, Ekbom A, Ye W. Cancer incidence in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1797–800.
    • (2003) J Natl Cancer Inst. , vol.95 , pp. 1797-1800
    • Zendehdel, K.1    Nyren, O.2    Ostenson, C.G.3    Adami, H.O.4    Ekbom, A.5    Ye, W.6
  • 57
    • 0142157169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating medication effects outside of clinical trials: new-user designs
    • PID: 14585769
    • Ray W. Evaluating medication effects outside of clinical trials: new-user designs. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:915–20.
    • (2003) Am J Epidemiol. , vol.158 , pp. 915-920
    • Ray, W.1
  • 58
    • 84862908093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the impact of drug exposure misclassification due to restrictive drug coverage in administrative databases: a simulation cohort study
    • PID: 22264988
    • Gamble JM, McAlister FA, Johnson JA, Eurich DT. Quantifying the impact of drug exposure misclassification due to restrictive drug coverage in administrative databases: a simulation cohort study. Value Health. 2012;15:191–7.
    • (2012) Value Health. , vol.15 , pp. 191-197
    • Gamble, J.M.1    McAlister, F.A.2    Johnson, J.A.3    Eurich, D.T.4
  • 59
    • 49549086620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subgroup analyses to determine cardiovascular risk associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and coxibs in specific patient groups
    • PID: 18668605
    • Solomon DH, Glynn RJ, Rothman KJ, Schneeweiss S, Setoguchi S, Mogun H, et al. Subgroup analyses to determine cardiovascular risk associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and coxibs in specific patient groups. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:1097–104.
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum. , vol.59 , pp. 1097-1104
    • Solomon, D.H.1    Glynn, R.J.2    Rothman, K.J.3    Schneeweiss, S.4    Setoguchi, S.5    Mogun, H.6
  • 60
    • 0001377483 scopus 로고
    • Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol. II—the design and analysis of cohort studies
    • Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol. II—the design and analysis of cohort studies. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1987.
    • (1987) Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer
    • Breslow, N.E.1
  • 61
  • 62
    • 68149170891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between thiazolidinedione use and cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes: a time-updated propensity analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXosFCks70%3D, PID: 19235778
    • Habib ZA, Tzogias L, Havstad SL, Wells K, Divine G, Lanfear DE, et al. Relationship between thiazolidinedione use and cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes: a time-updated propensity analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18:437–47.
    • (2009) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. , vol.18 , pp. 437-447
    • Habib, Z.A.1    Tzogias, L.2    Havstad, S.L.3    Wells, K.4    Divine, G.5    Lanfear, D.E.6
  • 63
    • 34447117471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of oral antihyperglycemic therapy on all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes in the Veterans Health Administration
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXotlWhsLY%3D, PID: 17440170
    • Kahler KH, Rajan M, Rhoads GG, Safford MM, Demissie K, Lu SE, et al. Impact of oral antihyperglycemic therapy on all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes in the Veterans Health Administration. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1689–93.
    • (2007) Diabetes Care. , vol.30 , pp. 1689-1693
    • Kahler, K.H.1    Rajan, M.2    Rhoads, G.G.3    Safford, M.M.4    Demissie, K.5    Lu, S.E.6
  • 64
    • 68449104625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin glargine use and short-term incidence of malignancies—a population-based follow-up study in Sweden
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MrktlygtQ%3D%3D, PID: 19588120
    • Jonasson JM, Ljung R, Talback M, Haglund B, Gudbjornsdottir S, Steineck G. Insulin glargine use and short-term incidence of malignancies—a population-based follow-up study in Sweden. Diabetologia. 2009;52:1745–54.
    • (2009) Diabetologia. , vol.52 , pp. 1745-1754
    • Jonasson, J.M.1    Ljung, R.2    Talback, M.3    Haglund, B.4    Gudbjornsdottir, S.5    Steineck, G.6
  • 65
    • 78649315767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin treatment is associated with a low risk of mortality in diabetic patients with heart failure: a retrospective nationwide cohort study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtl2isLbI, PID: 20838985
    • Andersson C, Olesen JB, Hansen PR, Weeke P, Norgaard ML, Jørgensen CH, et al. Metformin treatment is associated with a low risk of mortality in diabetic patients with heart failure: a retrospective nationwide cohort study. Diabetologia. 2010;53:2546–53.
    • (2010) Diabetologia. , vol.53 , pp. 2546-2553
    • Andersson, C.1    Olesen, J.B.2    Hansen, P.R.3    Weeke, P.4    Norgaard, M.L.5    Jørgensen, C.H.6
  • 66
    • 80054945652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparable long-term mortality risk associated with individual sulfonylureas in diabetes patients with heart failure
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlOnsL7P, PID: 21831467
    • Andersson C, Gislason GH, Jørgensen CH, Hansen PR, Vaag A, Sørensen R, et al. Comparable long-term mortality risk associated with individual sulfonylureas in diabetes patients with heart failure. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94:119–25.
    • (2011) Diabetes Res Clin Pract. , vol.94 , pp. 119-125
    • Andersson, C.1    Gislason, G.H.2    Jørgensen, C.H.3    Hansen, P.R.4    Vaag, A.5    Sørensen, R.6
  • 67
    • 84885664083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trials analyzed as observational studies
    • PID: 24018844
    • Hernan MA, Hernandez-Diaz S, Robins JM. Randomized trials analyzed as observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:560–2.
    • (2013) Ann Intern Med. , vol.159 , pp. 560-562
    • Hernan, M.A.1    Hernandez-Diaz, S.2    Robins, J.M.3
  • 68
    • 84857088950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond the intention-to-treat in comparative effectiveness research
    • PID: 21948059
    • Hernan M, Hernandez-Diaz S. Beyond the intention-to-treat in comparative effectiveness research. Clin Trials. 2012;9:48–55.
    • (2012) Clin Trials. , vol.9 , pp. 48-55
    • Hernan, M.1    Hernandez-Diaz, S.2
  • 69
    • 0004292914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia:
    • Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
    • (2008) Modern epidemiology
    • Rothman, K.J.1    Greenland, S.2    Lash, T.L.3
  • 70
    • 77956570029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of oral glucose-lowering drugs on long term outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus following myocardial infarction not treated with emergent percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective nationwide cohort study
    • PID: 20843380
    • Jørgensen CH, Gislason GH, Andersson C, Ahlehoff O, Charlot M, Schramm TK, et al. Effects of oral glucose-lowering drugs on long term outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus following myocardial infarction not treated with emergent percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010;9:54.
    • (2010) Cardiovasc Diabetol. , vol.9 , pp. 54
    • Jørgensen, C.H.1    Gislason, G.H.2    Andersson, C.3    Ahlehoff, O.4    Charlot, M.5    Schramm, T.K.6
  • 71
    • 0000608132 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the time-dependent accelerated failure time model in the presence of confounding factors
    • Robins J. Estimation of the time-dependent accelerated failure time model in the presence of confounding factors. Biometrika. 1992;79:321–34.
    • (1992) Biometrika. , vol.79 , pp. 321-334
    • Robins, J.1
  • 72
    • 0033839024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FntlSnsA%3D%3D, PID: 10955409
    • Hernan M, Brumback B, Robins J. Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men. Epidemiology. 2000;11:561–70.
    • (2000) Epidemiology. , vol.11 , pp. 561-570
    • Hernan, M.1    Brumback, B.2    Robins, J.3
  • 73
    • 0033847784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FntlSnsw%3D%3D, PID: 10955408
    • Robins J, Hernan M, Brumback B. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology. 2000;11:550–60.
    • (2000) Epidemiology. , vol.11 , pp. 550-560
    • Robins, J.1    Hernan, M.2    Brumback, B.3
  • 74
    • 46149139403 scopus 로고
    • A new approach to causal inference in mortality studies with sustained exposure periods: application to control of the healthy worker survivor effect
    • Robins J. A new approach to causal inference in mortality studies with sustained exposure periods: application to control of the healthy worker survivor effect. Math Model. 1986;7:1393–512.
    • (1986) Math Model. , vol.7 , pp. 1393-1512
    • Robins, J.1
  • 75
    • 84901844484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of marginal structural models in pharmacoepidemiologic studies: a systematic review
    • PID: 24458364
    • Yang S, Eaton CB, Lu J, Lapane KL. Application of marginal structural models in pharmacoepidemiologic studies: a systematic review. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014;23:560–71.
    • (2014) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. , vol.23 , pp. 560-571
    • Yang, S.1    Eaton, C.B.2    Lu, J.3    Lapane, K.L.4
  • 76
    • 0030187757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confounding by indication
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK28zosFGisw%3D%3D, PID: 8793355
    • Walker AM. Confounding by indication. Epidemiology. 1996;7:335–6.
    • (1996) Epidemiology. , vol.7 , pp. 335-336
    • Walker, A.M.1
  • 77
    • 0025805153 scopus 로고
    • Channeling bias in the interpretation of drug effects
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3otVWksA%3D%3D, PID: 2057656
    • Petri H, Urquhart J. Channeling bias in the interpretation of drug effects. Stat Med. 1991;10:577–81.
    • (1991) Stat Med. , vol.10 , pp. 577-581
    • Petri, H.1    Urquhart, J.2
  • 79
    • 0031848378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of diabetes and level of glycemia on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The San Antonio Heart Study
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK1czhslCqtA%3D%3D, PID: 9653614
    • Wei M, Gaskill S, Haffner S, Stern M. Effects of diabetes and level of glycemia on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1167–72.
    • (1998) Diabetes Care. , vol.21 , pp. 1167-1172
    • Wei, M.1    Gaskill, S.2    Haffner, S.3    Stern, M.4
  • 80
    • 34447309619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab)
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntlWqurg%3D, PID: 17576864
    • Barr EL, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, Jolley D, Magliano DJ, Dunstan DW, et al. Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Circulation. 2007;116:151–7.
    • (2007) Circulation. , vol.116 , pp. 151-157
    • Barr, E.L.1    Zimmet, P.Z.2    Welborn, T.A.3    Jolley, D.4    Magliano, D.J.5    Dunstan, D.W.6
  • 81
    • 0031018988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes, asymptomatic hyperglycemia, and 22-year mortality in black and white men. The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Study
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7ntVyrsA%3D%3D, PID: 9118765
    • Lowe LP, Liu K, Greenland P, Metzger B, Dyer A, Stamler J. Diabetes, asymptomatic hyperglycemia, and 22-year mortality in black and white men. The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:163–9.
    • (1997) Diabetes Care. , vol.20 , pp. 163-169
    • Lowe, L.P.1    Liu, K.2    Greenland, P.3    Metzger, B.4    Dyer, A.5    Stamler, J.6
  • 82
    • 0031817898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the US population, 1971–1993
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK1czhslCqsw%3D%3D, PID: 9653609
    • Gu K, Cowie C, Harris M. Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the US population, 1971–1993. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1138–45.
    • (1998) Diabetes Care. , vol.21 , pp. 1138-1145
    • Gu, K.1    Cowie, C.2    Harris, M.3
  • 84
    • 58049192725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term all-cause mortality in cancer patients with preexisting diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFalur%2FP, PID: 19088353
    • Barone BB, Yeh HC, Snyder CF, Peairs KS, Stein KB, Derr RL, Wolff AC, Brancati FL. Long-term all-cause mortality in cancer patients with preexisting diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300:2754–64.
    • (2008) JAMA. , vol.300 , pp. 2754-2764
    • Barone, B.B.1    Yeh, H.C.2    Snyder, C.F.3    Peairs, K.S.4    Stein, K.B.5    Derr, R.L.6    Wolff, A.C.7    Brancati, F.L.8
  • 85
    • 12344272776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin-treated diabetes is associated with a marked increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1ykt74%3D, PID: 15660049
    • Smooke S, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. Insulin-treated diabetes is associated with a marked increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Am Heart J. 2005;149:168–74.
    • (2005) Am Heart J. , vol.149 , pp. 168-174
    • Smooke, S.1    Horwich, T.B.2    Fonarow, G.C.3
  • 86
    • 84859029647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality after incident cancer in people with and without type 2 diabetes: impact of metformin on survival
    • PID: 22266734
    • Currie CJ, Poole CD, Jenkins-Jones S, Gale EA, Johnson JA, Morgan CL. Mortality after incident cancer in people with and without type 2 diabetes: impact of metformin on survival. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:299–304.
    • (2012) Diabetes Care. , vol.35 , pp. 299-304
    • Currie, C.J.1    Poole, C.D.2    Jenkins-Jones, S.3    Gale, E.A.4    Johnson, J.A.5    Morgan, C.L.6
  • 87
    • 0035253024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of diabetes mellitus and insulin use on survival after acute myocardial infarction in the elderly (the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project)
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7is1Ogug%3D%3D, PID: 11165959
    • Berger AK, Breall JA, Gersh BJ, Johnson AE, Oetgen WJ, Marciniak TA, et al. Effect of diabetes mellitus and insulin use on survival after acute myocardial infarction in the elderly (the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project). Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:272–7.
    • (2001) Am J Cardiol. , vol.87 , pp. 272-277
    • Berger, A.K.1    Breall, J.A.2    Gersh, B.J.3    Johnson, A.E.4    Oetgen, W.J.5    Marciniak, T.A.6
  • 88
    • 0035138728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral antidiabetic treatment in patients with coronary disease: time-related increased mortality on combined glyburide/metformin therapy over a 7.7-year follow-up
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvgvVCrtw%3D%3D, PID: 11460818
    • Fisman EZ, Tenenbaum A, Boyko V, Benderly M, Adler Y, Friedensohn A, et al. Oral antidiabetic treatment in patients with coronary disease: time-related increased mortality on combined glyburide/metformin therapy over a 7.7-year follow-up. Clin Cardiol. 2001;24:151–8.
    • (2001) Clin Cardiol. , vol.24 , pp. 151-158
    • Fisman, E.Z.1    Tenenbaum, A.2    Boyko, V.3    Benderly, M.4    Adler, Y.5    Friedensohn, A.6
  • 89
    • 13444272949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidinediones, metformin, and outcomes in older patients with diabetes and heart failure: an observational study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXovFKhsw%3D%3D, PID: 15699279
    • Masoudi FA, Inzucchi SE, Wang Y, Havranek EP, Foody JM, Krumholz HM. Thiazolidinediones, metformin, and outcomes in older patients with diabetes and heart failure: an observational study. Circulation. 2005;111:583–90.
    • (2005) Circulation. , vol.111 , pp. 583-590
    • Masoudi, F.A.1    Inzucchi, S.E.2    Wang, Y.3    Havranek, E.P.4    Foody, J.M.5    Krumholz, H.M.6
  • 90
    • 58749083391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of second-generation sulfonylureas on survival in patients with diabetes mellitus after myocardial infarction
    • PID: 19121251
    • Arruda-Olson AM, Patch RK 3rd, Leibson CL, et al. Effect of second-generation sulfonylureas on survival in patients with diabetes mellitus after myocardial infarction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:28–33.
    • (2009) Mayo Clin Proc. , vol.84 , pp. 28-33
    • Arruda-Olson, A.M.1    Patch, R.K.2    Leibson, C.L.3
  • 91
    • 34948847587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are sulphonylureas all the same? A cohort study on cardiovascular and cancer-related mortality
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2srhtlSjug%3D%3D, PID: 17385195
    • Monami M, Balzi D, Lamanna C, et al. Are sulphonylureas all the same? A cohort study on cardiovascular and cancer-related mortality. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007;23:479–84.
    • (2007) Diabetes Metab Res Rev. , vol.23 , pp. 479-484
    • Monami, M.1    Balzi, D.2    Lamanna, C.3
  • 92
    • 68849107167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sulfonylureas and prognosis after myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes: a population-based follow-up study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1GntrzI, PID: 19459168
    • Horsdal HT, Johnsen SP, Søndergaard F, Jacobsen J, Thomsen RW, Schmitz O, et al. Sulfonylureas and prognosis after myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes: a population-based follow-up study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2009;25:515–22.
    • (2009) Diabetes Metab Res Rev. , vol.25 , pp. 515-522
    • Horsdal, H.T.1    Johnsen, S.P.2    Søndergaard, F.3    Jacobsen, J.4    Thomsen, R.W.5    Schmitz, O.6
  • 93
    • 79958197888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality and cardiovascular risk associated with different insulin secretagogues compared with metformin in type 2 diabetes, with or without a previous myocardial infarction: a nationwide study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVSiu7vK, PID: 21471135
    • Schramm TK, Gislason GH, Vaag A, Rasmussen JN, Folke F, Hansen ML, et al. Mortality and cardiovascular risk associated with different insulin secretagogues compared with metformin in type 2 diabetes, with or without a previous myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1900–8.
    • (2011) Eur Heart J. , vol.32 , pp. 1900-1908
    • Schramm, T.K.1    Gislason, G.H.2    Vaag, A.3    Rasmussen, J.N.4    Folke, F.5    Hansen, M.L.6
  • 94
    • 33751184340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-year mortality in diabetic patients treated with different combinations of insulin secretagogues and metformin
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhtlemu7%2FK, PID: 16634115
    • Monami M, Luzzi C, Lamanna C, Chiasserini V, Addante F, Desideri CM, et al. Three-year mortality in diabetic patients treated with different combinations of insulin secretagogues and metformin. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2006;22:477–82.
    • (2006) Diabetes Metab Res Rev. , vol.22 , pp. 477-482
    • Monami, M.1    Luzzi, C.2    Lamanna, C.3    Chiasserini, V.4    Addante, F.5    Desideri, C.M.6
  • 95
    • 84861127026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin use is associated with better survival of diabetic patients with pancreatic cancer
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xnt1Cjsbw%3D, PID: 22465831
    • Sadeghi N, Abbruzzese JL, Yeung SC, Hassan M, Li D. Metformin use is associated with better survival of diabetic patients with pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(10):2905–12.
    • (2012) Clin Cancer Res. , vol.18 , Issue.10 , pp. 2905-2912
    • Sadeghi, N.1    Abbruzzese, J.L.2    Yeung, S.C.3    Hassan, M.4    Li, D.5
  • 96
    • 21544465051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin-sensitizing antihyperglycemic drugs and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: insights from the National Heart Care Project
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXms12ntbs%3D, PID: 15983320
    • Inzucchi SE, Masoudi FA, Wang Y, Kosiborod M, Foody JM, Setaro JF, et al. Insulin-sensitizing antihyperglycemic drugs and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: insights from the National Heart Care Project. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1680–9.
    • (2005) Diabetes Care. , vol.28 , pp. 1680-1689
    • Inzucchi, S.E.1    Masoudi, F.A.2    Wang, Y.3    Kosiborod, M.4    Foody, J.M.5    Setaro, J.F.6
  • 97
    • 0034825944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sulfonylurea drugs do not influence initial stroke severity and in-hospital outcome in stroke patients with diabetes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnt1Gjurw%3D, PID: 11546892
    • Weih M, Amberger N, Wegener S, Dirnagl U, Reuter T, Einhaupl K. Sulfonylurea drugs do not influence initial stroke severity and in-hospital outcome in stroke patients with diabetes. Stroke. 2001;32:2029–32.
    • (2001) Stroke. , vol.32 , pp. 2029-2032
    • Weih, M.1    Amberger, N.2    Wegener, S.3    Dirnagl, U.4    Reuter, T.5    Einhaupl, K.6
  • 98
    • 1042291960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • All-cause mortality in diabetic patients treated with combinations of sulfonylureas and biguanides
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhvFehsL0%3D, PID: 14737744
    • Mannucci E, Monami M, Masotti G, Marchionni N. All-cause mortality in diabetic patients treated with combinations of sulfonylureas and biguanides. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004;20:44–7.
    • (2004) Diabetes Metab Res Rev. , vol.20 , pp. 44-47
    • Mannucci, E.1    Monami, M.2    Masotti, G.3    Marchionni, N.4
  • 99
    • 55249097866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of metformin-containing antidiabetic regimens on all-cause mortality in veterans with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • PID: 18794619
    • Gosmanova EO, Canada RB, Mangold TA, Rawls WN, Wall BM. Effect of metformin-containing antidiabetic regimens on all-cause mortality in veterans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med Sci. 2008;336:241–7.
    • (2008) Am J Med Sci. , vol.336 , pp. 241-247
    • Gosmanova, E.O.1    Canada, R.B.2    Mangold, T.A.3    Rawls, W.N.4    Wall, B.M.5
  • 100
    • 65649089128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosiglitazone is associated with mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlvFKqt78%3D, PID: 19357257
    • Ramirez SP, Albert JM, Blayney MJ, Tentori F, Goodkin DA, Wolfe RA, et al. Rosiglitazone is associated with mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:1094–101.
    • (2009) J Am Soc Nephrol. , vol.20 , pp. 1094-1101
    • Ramirez, S.P.1    Albert, J.M.2    Blayney, M.J.3    Tentori, F.4    Goodkin, D.A.5    Wolfe, R.A.6
  • 101
    • 68349084416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with rosiglitazone use in elderly diabetic patients
    • PID: 20368198
    • Vanasse A, Carpentier AC, Courteau J, Asghari S. Stroke and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with rosiglitazone use in elderly diabetic patients. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2009;6:87–93.
    • (2009) Diab Vasc Dis Res. , vol.6 , pp. 87-93
    • Vanasse, A.1    Carpentier, A.C.2    Courteau, J.3    Asghari, S.4
  • 102
    • 77955047611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sulphonylurea-metformin combination therapy, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: the Fremantle Diabetes Study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFGntbnN, PID: 20649627
    • Sillars B, Davis WA, Hirsch IB, Davis TM. Sulphonylurea-metformin combination therapy, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12:757–65.
    • (2010) Diabetes Obes Metab. , vol.12 , pp. 757-765
    • Sillars, B.1    Davis, W.A.2    Hirsch, I.B.3    Davis, T.M.4
  • 103
    • 84859631091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival advantage observed with the use of metformin in patients with type II diabetes and colorectal cancer
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XlsFSktLo%3D, PID: 22421948
    • Garrett CR, Hassabo HM, Bhadkamkar NA, Wen S, Baladandayuthapani V, Kee BK, et al. Survival advantage observed with the use of metformin in patients with type II diabetes and colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2012;106:1374–8.
    • (2012) Br J Cancer. , vol.106 , pp. 1374-1378
    • Garrett, C.R.1    Hassabo, H.M.2    Bhadkamkar, N.A.3    Wen, S.4    Baladandayuthapani, V.5    Kee, B.K.6
  • 104
    • 34848820064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing levels of restriction in pharmacoepidemiologic database studies of elderly and comparison with randomized trial results
    • PID: 17909372
    • Schneeweiss S, Patrick AR, Stürmer T, Brookhart MA, Avorn J, Maclure M, et al. Increasing levels of restriction in pharmacoepidemiologic database studies of elderly and comparison with randomized trial results. Med Care. 2007;45:S131–42.
    • (2007) Med Care. , vol.45 , pp. 131-142
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Patrick, A.R.2    Stürmer, T.3    Brookhart, M.A.4    Avorn, J.5    Maclure, M.6
  • 105
    • 0030474271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7isFCjug%3D%3D, PID: 8970487
    • Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49:1373–9.
    • (1996) J Clin Epidemiol. , vol.49 , pp. 1373-1379
    • Peduzzi, P.1    Concato, J.2    Kemper, E.3    Holford, T.R.4    Feinstein, A.R.5
  • 106
    • 0041626110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of logistic regression versus propensity score when the number of events is low and there are multiple confounders
    • PID: 12882951
    • Cepeda MS, Boston R, Farrar JT, Strom BL. Comparison of logistic regression versus propensity score when the number of events is low and there are multiple confounders. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:280–7.
    • (2003) Am J Epidemiol. , vol.158 , pp. 280-287
    • Cepeda, M.S.1    Boston, R.2    Farrar, J.T.3    Strom, B.L.4
  • 107
    • 77951622706 scopus 로고
    • The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
    • Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika. 1983;70:41–55.
    • (1983) Biometrika. , vol.70 , pp. 41-55
    • Rosenbaum, P.R.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 108
    • 3543135271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group
    • PID: 9802183
    • D’Agostino RB. Propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Stat Med. 1998;17:2265–81.
    • (1998) Stat Med. , vol.17 , pp. 2265-2281
    • D’Agostino, R.B.1
  • 109
    • 84945581878 scopus 로고
    • Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score
    • Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. Am Stat. 1985;39:33–8.
    • (1985) Am Stat. , vol.39 , pp. 33-38
    • Rosenbaum, P.R.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 110
    • 70449365700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples
    • PID: 19757444
    • Austin PC. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Stat Med. 2009;28:3083–107.
    • (2009) Stat Med. , vol.28 , pp. 3083-3107
    • Austin, P.C.1
  • 112
    • 84888266883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making inferences on treatment effects from real world data: propensity scores, confounding by indication, and other perils for the unwary in observational research
    • PID: 24217206
    • Freemantle N, Marston L, Walters K, Wood J, Reynolds MR, Petersen I. Making inferences on treatment effects from real world data: propensity scores, confounding by indication, and other perils for the unwary in observational research. BMJ. 2013;347:f6409.
    • (2013) BMJ. , vol.347 , pp. 6409
    • Freemantle, N.1    Marston, L.2    Walters, K.3    Wood, J.4    Reynolds, M.R.5    Petersen, I.6
  • 113
    • 79958845225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Covariate selection in high-dimensional propensity score analyses of treatment effects in small samples
    • PID: 21602301
    • Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Brookhart MA, Schneeweiss S. Covariate selection in high-dimensional propensity score analyses of treatment effects in small samples. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173:1404–13.
    • (2011) Am J Epidemiol. , vol.173 , pp. 1404-1413
    • Rassen, J.A.1    Glynn, R.J.2    Brookhart, M.A.3    Schneeweiss, S.4
  • 114
    • 84856034091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using high-dimensional propensity scores to automate confounding control in a distributed medical product safety surveillance system
    • PID: 22262592
    • Rassen JA, Schneeweiss S. Using high-dimensional propensity scores to automate confounding control in a distributed medical product safety surveillance system. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012;21:41–9.
    • (2012) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. , vol.21 , pp. 41-49
    • Rassen, J.A.1    Schneeweiss, S.2
  • 115
    • 67651042983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dimensional propensity score adjustment in studies of treatment effects using health care claims data
    • PID: 19487948
    • Schneeweiss S, Rassen JA, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Mogun H, Brookhart AM. High-dimensional propensity score adjustment in studies of treatment effects using health care claims data. Epidemiology. 2009;20:512–22.
    • (2009) Epidemiology. , vol.20 , pp. 512-522
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Rassen, J.A.2    Glynn, R.J.3    Avorn, J.4    Mogun, H.5    Brookhart, A.M.6
  • 116
    • 84865411135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes and cancer (2): evaluating the impact of diabetes on mortality in patients with cancer
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xms1yqtbw%3D, PID: 22476948
    • Renehan AG, Yeh HC, Johnson JA, Wild SH, Gale EA, Moller H. Diabetes and cancer (2): evaluating the impact of diabetes on mortality in patients with cancer. Diabetologia. 2012;55:1619–32.
    • (2012) Diabetologia. , vol.55 , pp. 1619-1632
    • Renehan, A.G.1    Yeh, H.C.2    Johnson, J.A.3    Wild, S.H.4    Gale, E.A.5    Moller, H.6
  • 118
    • 13544259583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comorbidity as a predictor of stage of illness for patients with breast cancer
    • PID: 15655426
    • Fleming S, Pursley H, Newman B, Pavlov D, Chen K. Comorbidity as a predictor of stage of illness for patients with breast cancer. Med Care. 2005;43:132–40.
    • (2005) Med Care. , vol.43 , pp. 132-140
    • Fleming, S.1    Pursley, H.2    Newman, B.3    Pavlov, D.4    Chen, K.5
  • 119
    • 58649090666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and trends of receipt of cancer screenings among US women with diagnosed diabetes
    • PID: 19089511
    • Zhao G, Ford E, Ahluwalia I, Li C, Mokdad A. Prevalence and trends of receipt of cancer screenings among US women with diagnosed diabetes. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24:270–5.
    • (2009) J Gen Intern Med. , vol.24 , pp. 270-275
    • Zhao, G.1    Ford, E.2    Ahluwalia, I.3    Li, C.4    Mokdad, A.5
  • 120
    • 0023953583 scopus 로고
    • Record linkage studies for postmarketing drug surveillance: data quality and validity considerations
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL1c7ms1CgsQ%3D%3D, PID: 3349931
    • Stergachis A. Record linkage studies for postmarketing drug surveillance: data quality and validity considerations. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1988;22:157–61.
    • (1988) Drug Intell Clin Pharm. , vol.22 , pp. 157-161
    • Stergachis, A.1
  • 121
    • 79952856558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes and risk of bladder cancer: evidence from a case–control study in New England
    • PID: 21425156
    • MacKenzie T, Zens MS, Ferrara A, Schned A, Karagas MR. Diabetes and risk of bladder cancer: evidence from a case–control study in New England. Cancer. 2011;117:1552–6.
    • (2011) Cancer. , vol.117 , pp. 1552-1556
    • MacKenzie, T.1    Zens, M.S.2    Ferrara, A.3    Schned, A.4    Karagas, M.R.5
  • 122
    • 0028800261 scopus 로고
    • Recall accuracy for prescription medications: self-report compared with database information
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2Fms1yluw%3D%3D, PID: 7485055
    • West SL, Savitz DA, Koch G, Strom BL, Guess HA, Hartzema A. Recall accuracy for prescription medications: self-report compared with database information. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:1103–12.
    • (1995) Am J Epidemiol. , vol.142 , pp. 1103-1112
    • West, S.L.1    Savitz, D.A.2    Koch, G.3    Strom, B.L.4    Guess, H.A.5    Hartzema, A.6
  • 123
    • 0028158830 scopus 로고
    • Completeness of prescription recording in outpatient medical records from a health maintenance organization
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7lslGqsg%3D%3D, PID: 8113825
    • West SL, Strom BL, Freundlich B, Normand E, Koch G, Savitz DA. Completeness of prescription recording in outpatient medical records from a health maintenance organization. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:165–71.
    • (1994) J Clin Epidemiol. , vol.47 , pp. 165-171
    • West, S.L.1    Strom, B.L.2    Freundlich, B.3    Normand, E.4    Koch, G.5    Savitz, D.A.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.