Geographic analysis of the variation in the incidence of ADHD in a country with free access to healthcare: A Danish cohort study

International Journal of Health Geographics

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Madsen, Kathrine Bang ^a   Ersbøll, Annette Kjær ^b   Olsen, Jørn ^a   Parner, Erik ^a   Obel, Carsten ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Diagnostic resources; Geographic variation; GIS; Incidence proportion; Spatial analysis

Indexed keywords

COHORT ANALYSIS; DISEASE INCIDENCE; DISEASE PREVALENCE; GIS; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH SERVICES; MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY; MENTAL HEALTH; PUBLIC SPENDING; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; SPATIAL ANALYSIS;

DENMARK;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BAYES THEOREM; CHILD; DENMARK; ECONOMICS; GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PUBLIC HEALTH; REGISTER;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BAYES THEOREM; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DENMARK; GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS; REGISTRIES;

EID: 84939559344     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1476072X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12942-015-0018-4     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Ford T, Goodman R, Meltzer H. The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(10):1203-11.
2. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):942-8.
3. Thapar A, Cooper M, Eyre O, Langley K. What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(1):3-16.
4. Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(11):1215-20.
5. Atladottir HO, Gyllenberg D, Langridge A, Sandin S, Hansen SN, Leonard H, et al. The increasing prevalence of reported diagnoses of childhood psychiatric disorders: a descriptive multinational comparison. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;24(2):173-83.
6. Atladottir HO, Parner ET, Schendel D, Dalsgaard S, Thomsen PH, Thorsen P. Time trends in reported diagnoses of childhood neuropsychiatric disorders: a Danish cohort study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(2):193-8.
7. Suren P, Bakken IJ, Lie KK, Schjolberg S, Aase H, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, et al. Differences across counties in the registered prevalence of autism, ADHD, epilepsy and cerebral palsy in Norway. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2013;133(18):1929-34.
8. Fulton BD, Scheffler RM, Hinshaw SP, Levine P, Stone S, Brown TT, et al. National variation of ADHD diagnostic prevalence and medication use: health care providers and education policies. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60(8):1075-83.
9. Bokhari F, Mayes R, Scheffler RM. An analysis of the significant variation in psychostimulant use across the US. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005;14(4):267-75.
10. Stevens J, Harman JS, Kelleher KJ. Ethnic and regional differences in primary care visits for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004;25(5):318-25.
11. Hoffman K, Webster TF, Weinberg JM, Aschengrau A, Janulewicz PA, White RF, et al. Spatial analysis of learning and developmental disorders in upper Cape Cod, Massachusetts using generalized additive models. Int J Health Geogr. 2010;9:7.
12. Hjern A, Weitoft GR, Lindblad F. Social adversity predicts ADHD-medication in school children-a national cohort study. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(6):920-4.
13. Cohen P, Hesselbart CS. Demographic factors in the use of children's mental health services. Am J Public Health. 1993;83(1):49-52.
14. Bussing R, Schoenberg NE, Rogers KM, Zlma BT, Angus S. Explanatory models of ADHD: do they differ by ethnicity, child gender, or treatment status? J Emot Behav Disord. 1998;6(4):233-42.
15. Knopf H, Holling H, Huss M, Schlack R. Prevalence, determinants and spectrum of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication of children and adolescents in Germany: results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (KiGGS). BMJ Open. 2012;2(6):1-12.
16. Sellers R, Maughan B, Pickles A, Thapar A, Collishaw S. Trends in parent- and teacher-rated emotional, conduct and ADHD problems and their impact in prepubertal children in Great Britain: 1999-2008. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(1):49-57.
17. McDonald DC, Jalbert SK. Geographic variation and disparity in stimulant treatment of adults and children in the United States in 2008. Psychiatr Serv. 2013;64(11):1079-86.
18. Russell G, Ford T, Rosenberg R, Kelly S. The association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with socioeconomic disadvantage: alternative explanations and evidence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(5):436-45.
19. Wallach-Kildemoes H, Skovgaard AM, Thielen K, Pottegard A, Mortensen LH. Social adversity and regional differences in prescribing of ADHD medication for school-age children. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2015;36(5):330-41.
20. Schneider H, Eisenberg D. Who receives a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States elementary school population? Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):e601-9.
21. Dalsgaard S, Nielsen HS, Simonsen M. Consequences of ADHD medication use for children's outcomes. J Health Econ. 2014;37:137-51.
22. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edition). Washington DC; 1994.
23. Organisation WH. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1993.
24. Remschmidt H. Global consensus on ADHD/HKD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;14(3):127-37.
25. Conrad P, Bergey MR. The impending globalization of ADHD: notes on the expansion and growth of a medicalized disorder. Soc Sci Med. 2014;122:31-43.
26. King MD, Bearman PS. Socioeconomic status and the increased prevalence of autism in California. Am Sociol Rev. 2011;76(2):320-46.
27. Mazumdar S, Winter A, Liu KY, Bearman P. Spatial clusters of autism births and diagnoses point to contextual drivers of increased prevalence. Soc Sci Med. 2013;95:87-96.
28. Foreman DM, Ford T. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of the identification of hyperkinetic disorders following the introduction of government guidelines in England. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2008;2(1):32.
29. Angold A, Erkanli A, Egger HL, Costello EJ. Stimulant treatment for children: a community perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(8):975-84 discussion 984-994.
30. Bruchmuller K, Margraf J, Schneider S. Is ADHD diagnosed in accord with diagnostic criteria? Overdiagnosis and influence of client gender on diagnosis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80(1):128-38.
31. Foreman DM, Foreman D, Prendergast M, Minty B. Is clinic prevalence of ICD-10 hyperkinesis underestimated? Impact of increasing awareness by a questionnaire screen in an UK clinic. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;10(2):130-4.
32. Linnet KM, Wisborg K, Secher NJ, Thomsen PH, Obel C, Dalsgaard S, et al. Coffee consumption during pregnancy and the risk of hyperkinetic disorder and ADHD: a prospective cohort study. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(1):173-9.
33. Sax L, Kautz KJ. Who first suggests the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Ann Fam Med. 2003;1(3):171-4.
34. Hjorne ESR. "There is something about Julia": symptoms, categories, and the process of invoking attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Swedish schools: A case study. J Lang Identity Educ. 2004;3(1):1-24.
35. Liu KY, King M, Bearman PS. Social influence and the autism epidemic. AJS. 2010;115(5):1387-434.
36. Getahun D, Jacobsen SJ, Fassett MJ, Chen W, Demissie K, Rhoads GG. Recent trends in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(3):282-8.
37. Lauritsen MB, Astrup A, Pedersen CB, Obel C, Schendel DE, Schieve L, et al. Urbanicity and autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(2):394-404.
38. Arns M, van der Heijden KB, Arnold LE, Kenemans JL. Geographic variation in the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the sunny perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):585-90.
39. Lee D. CARBayes: an R package for Bayesian spatial modeling with conditional autoregressive priors. J Stat Softw. 2013;55(13):1-24.
40. Knudsen LB, Olsen J. The Danish medical birth registry. Dan Med Bull. 1998;45(3):320-3.
41. Munk-Jorgensen P, Mortensen PB. The Danish psychiatric central register. Dan Med Bull. 1997;44(1):82-4.
42. Andersen TF, Madsen M, Jorgensen J, Mellemkjoer L, Olsen JH. The Danish National Hospital register. A valuable source of data for modern health sciences. Dan Med Bull. 1999;46(3):263-8.
43. Kildemoes HW, Sorensen HT, Hallas J. The Danish National prescription registry. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):38-41.
44. Fischer MM, Getis A, editors. Handbook of applied spatial analysis: software tool, methods and applications. Berlin: Springer; 2010.
45. Pisato M. Simple thematic mapping. Stata J. 2004;4(4):361-78.
46. Lee D. A comparison of conditional autoregressive models used in Bayesian disease mapping. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. 2011;2(2):79-89.