Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: Clinical and radiological manifestations, pathophysiology, and outstanding questions

The Lancet Neurology

Volumn 14, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 914-925

  Fugate, Jennifer E ^a   Rabinstein, Alejandro A ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD PRESSURE FLUCTUATION; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BRAIN CIRCULATION; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; ECLAMPSIA; HUMAN; KIDNEY FAILURE; MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; BRAIN; POSTERIOR LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME; RADIOGRAPHY; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

BRAIN; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; POSTERIOR LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME;

EID: 84939511933     PISSN: 14744422     EISSN: 14744465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00111-8     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Hefzy HM, Bartynski WS, Boardman JF, Lacomis D Hemorrhage in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009, 30:1371-1379.
2. Bartynski WS, Boardman JF Distinct imaging patterns and lesion distribution in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007, 28:1320-1327.
3. Mueller-Mang C, Mang T, Pirker A, Klein K, Prchla C, Prayer D Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: do predisposing risk factors make a difference in MRI appearance?. Neuroradiology 2009, 51:373-383.
4. Burnett MM, Hess CP, Roberts JP, Bass NM, Douglas VC, Josephson SA Presentation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010, 112:886-891.
5. Fugate JE, Claassen DO, Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF, Kozak OS, Rabinstein AA Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: associated clinical and radiologic findings. Mayo Clin Proc 2010, 85:427-432.
6. Liman TG, Bohner G, Heuschmann PU, Endres M, Siebert E The clinical and radiological spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: the retrospective Berlin PRES study. J Neurol 2012, 259:155-164.
7. Fujieda Y, Kataoka H, Odani T, et al. Clinical features of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mod Rheumatol 2011, 21:276-281.
8. Ni J, Zhou LX, Hao HL, et al. The clinical and radiological spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a retrospective series of 24 patients. J Neuroimaging 2011, 21:219-224.
9. Tlemsani C, Mir O, Boudou-Rouquette P, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome induced by anti-VEGF agents. Target Oncol 2011, 6:253-258.
10. Li Y, Gor D, Walicki D, et al. Spectrum and potential pathogenesis of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2012, 21:873-882.
11. Cruz RJ, DiMartini A, Akhavanheidari M, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in liver transplant patients: clinical presentation, risk factors and initial management. Am J Transplant 2012, 12:2228-2236.
12. Legriel S, Schraub O, Azoulay E, et al. Determinants of recovery from severe posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. PLoS One 2012, 7:e44534. the Critically III Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Study Group (CYPRESS).
13. Gao B, Liu FL, Zhao B Association of degree and type of edema in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with serum lactate dehydrogenase level: initial experience. Eur J Radiol 2012, 81:2844-2847.
14. Moon SN, Jeon SJ, Choi SS, et al. Can clinical and MRI findings predict the prognosis of variant and classical type of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)?. Acta Radiol 2013, 54:1182-1190.
15. Brewer J, Owens MY, Wallace K, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in 46 of 47 patients with eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013, 208:468.
16. Li R, Mitchell P, Dowling R, Yan B Is hypertension predictive of clinical recurrence in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome?. J Clin Neurosci 2013, 20:248-252.
17. Hammerstrom AE, Howell J, Gulbis A, Rondon G, Champlin RE, Popat U Tacrolimus-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in hematopoietic allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol 2013, 88:301-305.
18. Jung SM, Moon SJ, Kwok SK, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: risk factors and clinical outcome. Lupus 2013, 22:885-891.
19. Lai CC, Chen WS, Chang YS, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013, 65:1766-1774.
20. Kastrup O, Schlamann M, Moenninghoff C, Forsting M, Goericke S Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: the spectrum of MR imaging patterns. Clin Neuroradiol 2015, 25:161-171.
21. Budohoski KP, Czosnyka M, Kirkpatrick PJ, Smielewski P, Steiner LA, Pickard JD Clinical relevance of cerebral autoregulation following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Nat Rev Neurol 2013, 9:152-163.
22. Czosnyka M, Smielewski P, Kirkpatrick P, Piechnik S, Laing R, Pickard JD Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular pressure-reactivity in head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1998, 71:74-77.
23. Leopold JA The endothelium. Vascular medicine: a companion to Braunwald's heart disease 2013, Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 2nd edn. M. Creager, J.A. Beckman, J. Loscalzo (Eds.).
24. Kowiański P, Lietzau G, Steliga A, Waśkow M, Moryś J The astrocytic contribution to neurovascular coupling-still more questions than answers?. Neurosci Res 2013, 75:171-183.
25. Hamner JW, Tan CO Relative contributions of sympathetic, cholinergic, and myogenic mechanisms to cerebral autoregulation. Stroke 2014, 45:1771-1777.
26. ter Laan M, van Dijk JM, Elting JW, Staal MJ, Absalom AR Sympathetic regulation of cerebral blood flow in humans: a review. Br J Anaesth 2013, 111:361-367.
27. van Beek AH, Claassen JA, Rikkert MG, Jansen RW Cerebral autoregulation: an overview of current concepts and methodology with special focus on the elderly. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008, 28:1071-1085.
28. Rabinstein AA, Mandrekar J, Merrell R, Kozak OS, Durosaro O, Fugate JE Blood pressure fluctuations in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2012, 21:254-258.
29. Liman TG, Bohner G, Endres M, Siebert E Discharge status and in-hospital mortality in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 2014, 130:34-39.
30. Bartynski WS, Boardman JF, Zeigler ZR, Shadduck RK, Lister J Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006, 27:2179-2190.
31. Marra A, Vargas M, Striano P, Del Guercio L, Buonanno P, Servillo G Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: the endothelial hypotheses. Med Hypotheses 2014, 82:619-622.
32. Postma IR, Slager S, Kremer HP, de Groot JC, Zeeman GG Long-term consequences of the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in eclampsia and preeclampsia: a review of the obstetric and nonobstetric literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2014, 69:287-300.
33. Bartynski WS Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008, 29:1036-1042.
34. Shaharir SS, Remli R, Marwan AA, Said MS, Kong NC Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: pooled analysis of the literature reviews and report of six new cases. Lupus 2013, 22:492-496.
35. Burrus TM, Wijdicks EF, Rabinstein AA Brain lesions are most often reversible in acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Neurology 2009, 73:66-70.
36. Schwartz RB, Bravo SM, Klufas RA, et al. Cyclosporine neurotoxicity and its relationship to hypertensive encephalopathy: CT and MR findings in 16 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995, 165:627-631.
37. Seet RC, Rabinstein AA Clinical features and outcomes of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome following bevacizumab treatment. QJM 2012, 105:69-75.
38. Wong R, Beguelin GZ, de Lima M, et al. Tacrolimus-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2003, 122:128-134.
39. Pruitt JH, Copeland EM, Moldawer LL Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism in sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and septic shock. Shock 1995, 3:235-251.
40. Sharma A, Whitesell RT, Moran KJ Imaging pattern of intracranial hemorrhage in the setting of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Neuroradiology 2010, 52:855-863.
41. Kozak OS, Wijdicks EF, Manno EM, Miley JT, Rabinstein AA Status epilepticus as initial manifestation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Neurology 2007, 69:894-897.
42. Benziada-Boudour A, Schmitt E, Kremer S, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a case of unusual diffusion-weighted MR images. J Neuroradiol 2009, 36:102-105.
43. McKinney AM, Short J, Truwit CL, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: incidence of atypical regions of involvement and imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007, 189:904-912.
44. McKinney AM, Sarikaya B, Gustafson C, Truwit CL Detection of microhemorrhage in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome using susceptibility-weighted imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 2012, 33:896-903.
45. de Havenon A, Joos Z, Longenecker L, Shah L, Ansari S, Digre K Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with spinal cord involvement. Neurology 2014, 83:2002-2006.
46. Covarrubias DJ, Luetmer PH, Campeau NG Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: prognostic utility of quantitative diffusion-weighted MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002, 23:1038-1048.
47. Yilmaz S, Gokben S, Arikan C, Calli C, Serdaroglu G Reversibility of cytotoxic edema in tacrolimus leukoencephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol 2010, 43:359-362.
48. Bartynski WS, Boardman JF Catheter angiography, MR angiography, and MR perfusion in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008, 29:447-455.
49. Fugate JE, Ameriso SF, Ortiz G, et al. Variable presentations of postpartum angiopathy. Stroke 2012, 43:670-676.
50. Singhal AB, Hajj-Ali RA, Topcuoglu MA, et al. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes: analysis of 139 cases. Arch Neurol 2011, 68:1005-1012.
51. Ducros A, Fiedler U, Porcher R, Boukobza M, Stapf C, Bousser MG Hemorrhagic manifestations of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: frequency, features, and risk factors. Stroke 2010, 41:2505-2511.
52. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013, 34:2159-2219.
53. Junna MR, Rabinstein AA Tacrolimus induced leukoencephalopathy presenting with status epilepticus and prolonged coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007, 78:1410-1411.
54. Roth C, Ferbert A Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: long-term follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010, 81:773-777.
55. Grossbach AJ, Abel TJ, Hodis B, Wassef SN, Greenlee JD Hypertensive posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome causing posterior fossa edema and hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci 2014, 21:207-211.
56. Lee SY, Dinesh SK, Thomas J Hypertension-induced reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome causing obstructive hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci 2008, 15:457-459.
57. Striano P, Striano S, Tortora F, et al. Clinical spectrum and critical care management of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES). Med Sci Monit 2005, 11:CR549-CR553.
58. Postma IR, Bouma A, Ankersmit IF, Zeeman GG Neurocognitive functioning following preeclampsia and eclampsia: a long-term follow-up study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014, 211:37.
59. Datar S, Rabinstein A, Fugate JE, Singh T, Hocker SE Long-term risk of seizures and epilepsy in patients with Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome. Epilepsia 2015, 56:564-568.
60. Fernandez D, El-Azzabi TI, Jain V, et al. Neurologic problems after pediatric liver transplantation and combined liver and bowel transplantations: a single tertiary centre experience. Transplantation 2010, 90:319-24.61.
61. Cordelli DM, Masetti R, Bernardi B, et al. Status epilepticus as a main manifestation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012, 58:785-790.
62. Raj S, Overby P, Erdfarb A, Ushay HM Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: incidence and associated factors in a pediatric critical care population. Pediatr Neurol 2013, 49:335-339.
63. Brady KM, Mytar JO, Lee JK, et al. Monitoring cerebral blood flow pressure autoregulation in pediatric patients during cardiac surgery. Stroke 2010, 41:1957-1962.
64. de Laat P, Te Winkel ML, Devos AS, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Pieters R, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in childhood cancer. Ann Oncol 2011, 22:472-478.
65. Gümüş H, Per H, Kumandaş S, Yikilmaz A Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in childhood: report of nine cases and review of the literature. Neurol Sci 2010, 31:125-131.
66. Siebert E, Spors B, Bohner G, Endres M, Liman TG Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children: radiological and clinical findings - a retrospective analysis of a German tertiary care center. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2013, 17:169-175.
67. Naidu K, Moodley J, Corr P, Hoffmann M Single photon emission and cerebral computerised tomographic scan and transcranial Doppler sonographic findings in eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997, 104:1165-1172.
68. Engelter ST, Petrella JR, Alberts MJ, Provenzale JM Assessment of cerebral microcirculation in a patient with hypertensive encephalopathy using MR perfusion imaging. AJ R Am J Roentgenol 1999, 173:1491-1493.
69. Brubaker LM, Smith JK, Lee YZ, Lin W, Castillo M Hemodynamic and permeability changes in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome measured by dynamic susceptibility perfusion-weighted MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005, 26:825-830.
70. Casey SO, McKinney A, Teksam M, Liu H, Truwit CL CT perfusion imaging in the management of posterior reversible encephalopathy. Neuroradiology 2004, 46:272-276.
71. Schwartz RB, Jones KM, Kalina P, et al. Hypertensive encephalopathy: findings on CT, MR imaging, and SPECT imaging in 14 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992, 159:379-383.
72. Apollon KM, Robinson JN, Schwartz RB, Norwitz ER Cortical blindness in severe preeclampsia: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and single-photon-emission computed tomography findings. Obstet Gynecol 2000, 95:1017-1019.
73. Horbinski C, Bartynski WS, Carson-Walter E, Hamilton RL, Tan HP, Cheng S Reversible encephalopathy after cardiac transplantation: histologic evidence of endothelial activation, T-cell specific trafficking, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009, 30:588-590.
74. Park SJ, Pai KS, Kim JH, Shin JI Could increased vascular endothelial growth factor induced by interleukin 17 be the cause of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus?. J Rheumatol 2012, 39:870.
75. Vargas M, Servillo G, Striano P Serum lactate dehydrogenase as early marker of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: keep your eyes open. Anaesth Intensive Care 2012, 40:570-571.
76. Magaña SM, Matiello M, Pittock SJ, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 2009, 72:712-717.
77. Choh NA, Jehangir M, Rasheed M, Mira T, Ahmad I, Choh S Involvement of the cervical cord and medulla in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Ann Saudi Med 2011, 31:90-92.
78. Milia A, Moller J, Pilia G, et al. Spinal cord involvement during hypertensive encephalopathy: clinical and radiological findings. J Neurol 2008, 255:142-143.