Neurophysiological (Mainly Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) Techniques to Test Functional Neuroanatomy of Cortico-Cortical Connectivity

Transcranial Brain Stimulation

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 207-229

  Rossini, Paolo M ^a   Ridding, Michael Charles ^b  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84938739738     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b14174-13     Document Type: Chapter

References (114)

1. Alle H, Heidegger T, Krivanekova L, and Ziemann U. (2009). Interactions between shortinterval intracortical inhibition and short-latency afferent inhibition in human motor cortex. J Physiol 587, 5163-5176.
2. Amassian VE and Cracco RQ. (1987). Human cerebral cortical responses to contralateral transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurosurgery 20, 148-155.
3. Amzica F and Steriade M. (1995). Short- and long-range neuronal synchronization of the slow (<1 Hz) cortical oscillation. J Neurophysiol 73(1), 20-38.
4. Bares M, Kanovsky P, Klajblova H, and Rektor I. (2003). Intracortical inhibition and facilitation are impaired in patients with early Parkinson’s disease: A paired TMS study. Eur J Neurol 10, 385-389.
5. Baumer T, Bock F, Koch G, Lange R, Rothwell JC, Siebner HR, and Munchau A. (2006). Magnetic stimulation of human premotor or motor cortex produces interhemispheric facilitation through distinct pathways. J Physiol 572, 857-868.
6. Baumer T, Schippling S, Kroeger J, Zittel S, Koch G, Thomalla G, Rothwell JC, Siebner HR, Orth M, and Munchau A. (2009). Inhibitory and facilitatory connectivity from ventral premotor to primary motor cortex in healthy humans at rest-A bifocal TMS study. Clin Neurophysiol 120, 1724-1731.
7. Bender S, Basseler K, Sebastian I, Resch F, Kammer T, Oelkers-Ax R, and Weisbrod M. (2005). Electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in children: Evidence for giant inhibitory potentials. Ann Neurol 58(1), 58-67.
8. Berardelli A, Abbruzzese G, Chen R, Orth M, Ridding MC, Stinear C, Suppa A, Trompetto C, and Thompson PD. (2008). Consensus paper on short-interval intracortical inhibition and other transcranial magnetic stimulation intracortical paradigms in movement disorders. Brain Stimul 1, 183-191
9. Berardelli A, Rona S, Inghilleri M, and Manfredi M. (1996). Cortical inhibition in Parkinson’s disease. A study with paired magnetic stimulation. Brain 119(Pt 1), 71-77.
10. Bestmann S, Ruff CC, Blankenburg F, Weiskopf N, Driver J, and Rothwell JC. (2008). Mapping causal interregional influences with concurrent TMS-fMRI. Exp Brain Res 191(4), 383-402. Review.
11. Bonato C, Miniussi C, and Rossini PM. (2006). Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cortical evoked potentials: A TMS/EE Gco-registration study. Clin Neurophysiol 117(8), 1699-1707.
12. Boroojerdi B, Battaglia F, Muellbacher W, and Cohen LG. (2001). Mechanisms influencing stimulus-response properties of the human corticospinal system. Clin Neurophysiol 112, 931-937.
13. Cantello R, Gianelli M, Civardi C, and Mutani R. (1992). Magnetic brain stimulation: The silent period after the motor evoked potential. Neurology 42, 1951-1959.
14. Caramia MD, Gigli G, Iani C, Desiato MT, Diomedi M, Palmieri MG, and Bernardi G. (1996). Distinguishing forms of generalized epilepsy using magnetic brain stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 98, 14-19.
15. Cicinelli P, Pasqualetti P, Zaccagnini M, Traversa R, Oliveri M, and Rossini PM. (2003). Interhemispheric asymmetries of motor cortex excitability in the postacute stroke stage:A paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Stroke 34, 2653-2658.
16. Civardi C, Cantello R, Asselman P, and Rothwell JC. (2001). Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used to test connections to primary motor areas from frontal and medial cortex in humans. Neuroimage 14, 1444-1453.
17. Daskalakis ZJ, Christensen BK, Fitzgerald PB, Roshan L, and Chen R. (2002). The mechanisms of interhemispheric inhibition in the human motor cortex. J Physiol 15, 543(Pt 1), 317-326.
18. Daskalakis ZJ, Farzan F, Barr MS, Maller JJ, Chen R, and Fitzgerald PB. (2008). Longinterval cortical inhibition from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A TMS-EEG study. Neuropsychopharmacology 33(12), 2860-2869.
19. Davare M, Lemon R, and Olivier E. (2008). Selective modulation of interactions between ventral premotor cortex and primary motor cortex during precision grasping in humans. J Physiol 586(Pt 11), 2735-2742.
20. Davies CH, Davies SN, and Collingridge GL. (1990). Paired-pulse depression of monosynaptic GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic responses in rat hippocampus. J Physiol 424, 513-531.
21. Day BL, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD, Dick JP, Cowan JM, Berardelli A, and Marsden CD. (1987). Motor cortex stimulation in intact man. 2. Multiple descending volleys. Brain 110, 1191-1209.
22. Deisz RA. (1999). GABA(B) receptor-mediated effects in human and rat neocortical neurons in vitro. Neuropharmacology 38(11), 1755-1766.
23. Devanne H, Lavoie BA, and Capaday C. (1997). Input-output properties and gain changes in the human corticospinal pathway. Exp Brain Res 114, 338.
24. Di Lazzaro V, Oliviero A, Mazzone P, Pilato F, Saturno E, Insola A, Visocchi M, Colosimo C, Tonali PA, and Rothwell JC. (2002). Direct demonstration of long latency corticocortical inhibition in normal subjects and in a patient with vascular parkinsonism. Clin Neurophysiol 113, 1673-1679.
25. Di Lazzaro V, Oliviero A, Profice P, Pennisi MA, Di Giovanni S, Zito G, Tonali P, and Rothwell JC. (2000). Muscarinic receptor blockade has differential effects on the excitability of intracortical circuits in the human motor cortex. Exp Brain Res 135, 455-461.
26. Di Lazzaro V, Oliviero A, Profice P, Saturno E, Pilato F, Insola A, Mazzone P, Tonali P, and Rothwell JC. (1998a). Comparison of descending volleys evoked by transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation in conscious humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 109, 397-401.
27. Di Lazzaro V, Pilato F, Oliviero A, Dileone M, Saturno E, Mazzone P, Insola A, Profice P, Ranieri F, Capone F, Tonali PA, and Rothwell JC. (2006). Origin of facilitation of motorevoked potentials after paired magnetic stimulation: Direct recording of epidural activity in conscious humans. J Neurophysiol 96(4), 1765-1771.
28. Di Lazzaro V, Profice P, Ranieri F, Capone F, Dileone M, Oliviero A, and Pilato F. (2011). I wave origin and modulation. Brain Stimul [Epub. ahead of print].
29. Di Lazzaro V, Restuccia D, Oliviero A, Profice P, Ferrara L, Insola A, Mazzone P, Tonali P, and Rothwell JC. (1998b). Magnetic transcranial stimulation at intensities below active motor threshold activates intracortical inhibitory circuits. Exp Brain Res 119, 265-268.
30. Di Lazzaro V, Rothwell JC, Oliviero A, Profice P, Insola A, Mazzone P, and Tonali P. (1999). Intracortical origin of the short latency facilitation produced by pairs of threshold magnetic stimuli applied to human motor cortex. Exp Brain Res 129, 494-499.
31. Di Lazzaro V, Ziemann U, and Lemon RN. (2008). State of the art: Physiology of transcranial motor cortex stimulation. Brain Stimul 1, 345-362.
32. Espay AJ, Morgante F, Purzner J, Gunraj CA, Lang AE, and Chen R. (2006). Cortical and spinal abnormalities in psychogenic dystonia. Ann Neurol 59, 825-834.
33. Farzan F, Barr MS, Wong W, Chen R, Fitzgerald PB, and Daskalakis ZJ. (2009). Suppression of gamma oscillations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following long interval cortical inhibition: ATMS-EEG study. Neuropsychopharmacology 34(6), 1543-1551.
34. Ferbert A, Priori A, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Colebatch JG, and Marsden CD. (1992). Interhemispheric inhibition of the human motor cortex. J Physiol 453, 525-546.
35. Ferrari F, Pasqualetti P, Māāttā S, Ponzo D, Ferrarelli F, Tononi G, Mervaala E, Miniussi C, and Rossini PM. (2011). Human brain connectivity during single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 54, 90-102.
36. Fisher RJ, Nakamura Y, Bestmann S, Rothwell JC, and Bostock H. (2002). Two phases of intracortical inhibition revealed by transcranial magnetic threshold tracking. Exp Brain Res 143(2), 240-248.
37. Fox P, Ingham R, George MS, Mayberg H, Ingham J, Roby J, Martin C, and Jerabek P. (1997). Imaging human intra-cerebral connectivity by PET during TMS. Neuroreport 8, 2787-2791.
38. Hammond G and Vallence AM. (2007). Modulation of long-interval intracortical inhibition and the silent period by voluntary contraction. Brain Res 1158, 63-70.
39. Hanajima R, Ugawa Y, Machii K, Mochizuki H, Terao Y, Enomoto H, Furubayashi T, Shiio Y, Uesugi H, and Kanazawa I. (2001). Interhemispheric facilitation of the hand motor area in humans. J Physiol 531, 849-859.
40. Hanajima R, Ugawa Y, Terao Y, Sakai K, Furubayashi T, Machii K, and Kanazawa I. (1998). Paired-pulse magnetic stimulation of the human motorcortex: Differences among I waves. J Physiol 509(Pt 2), 607-618.
41. Huang YZ, Edwards MJ, Rounis E, Bhatia KP, and Rothwell JC. (2005). Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 45, 201-206.
42. Ilic TV, Korchounov A, and Ziemann U. (2002a). Complex modulation of human motor cortex excitability by the specific serotonin re-uptake inhibitor sertraline. Neurosci Lett 319, 116-120.
43. Ilic TV, Meintzschel F, Cleff U, Ruge D, Kessler KR, and Ziemann U. (2002b). Short-interval paired-pulse inhibition and facilitation of human motor cortex: The dimension of stimulus intensity. J Physiol 545, 153-167.
44. Ilmoniemi RJ and Karhu J. (2008). TMS and electroencephalography: Methods and current advances. In The Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation (eds. Wassermann E, Epstein C, Ziemann U, Walsh V, Paus T, and Lisanby S). Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., pp. 593-608.
45. Ilmoniemi RJ, Virtanen J, Ruohonen J, Karhu J, Aronen HJ, Näätänen R, and Katila T. (1997). Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity. Neuroreport 8, 3537-3540.
46. Inghilleri M, Berardelli A, Cruccu G, and Manfredi M. (1993). Silent period evoked by transcranial stimulation of the human cortex and cervicomedullary junction. J Physiol 466, 521-534.
47. Inghilleri M, Berardelli A, Marchetti P, and Manfredi M. (1996). Effects of diazepam, baclofen and thiopental on the silent period evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans. Exp Brain Res 109, 467-472.
48. Kicic D, Lioumis P, Ilmoniemi RJ, and Nikulin VV. (2008). Bilateral changes in excitability of sensorimotor cortices during unilateral movement: Combined electroencephalographic and transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Neuroscience 152, 1119-1129.
49. Kimiskidis VK, Papagiannopoulos S, Kazis DA, Sotirakoglou K, Vasiliadis G, Zara F, Kazis A, and Mills KR. (2006). Lorazepam-induced effects on silent period and corticomotor excitability. Exp Brain Res 173, 603-611.
50. Koch G, Fernandez Del Olmo M, Cheeran B, Ruge D, Schippling S, Caltagirone C, and Rothwell JC. (2007). Focal stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex increases the excitability of the ipsilateral motor cortex. J Neurosci 27(25), 6815-6822.
51. Koch G, Fernandez Del Olmo M, Cheeran B, Schippling S, Caltagirone C, Driver J, and Rothwell JC. (2008). Functional interplay between posterior parietal and ipsilateral motor cortex revealed by twin-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation during reach planning toward contralateral space. J Neurosci 28, 5944-5953.
52. Koch G, Franca M, Del Olmo MF, Cheeran B, Milton R, Alvarez SM, and Rothwell JC. (2006). Time course of functional connectivity between dorsal premotor and contralateral motor cortex during movement selection. J Neurosci 26, 7452-7459.
53. Komssi S and Kähkönen S. (2006). The novelty value of the combined use of electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation for neuroscience research. Brain Res Rev 52(1), 183-192. Review.
54. Komssi S, Kähkönen S, and Ilmoniemi RJ. (2004). The effect of stimulus intensity on brain responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 21, 154-164.
55. Korchounov A, Ilic TV, and Ziemann U. (2003). The alpha2-adrenergic agonist guanfacine reduces excitability of human motor cortex through disfacilitation and increase of inhibition. Clin Neurophysiol 114, 1834-1840.
56. Kujirai T, Caramia MD, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Thompson PD, Ferbert A, Wroe S, Asselman P, and Marsden CD. (1993). Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex. J Physiol 471, 501-519.
57. Lee L, Harrison LM, and Mechelli A. (2003). A report of the functional connectivity workshop, Dusseldorf. Neuroimage 19(2 Pt 1), 457-465.
58. Liepert J, Schwenkreis P, Tegenthoff M, and Malin JP. (1997). The glutamate antagonist riluzole suppresses intracortical facilitation. J Neural Transm 104, 1207-1214.
59. Mann EO and Paulsen O. (2007). Role of GABAergic inhibition in hippocampal network oscillations. Trends Neurosci 30, 343-349.
60. Mariorenzi R, Zarola F, Caramia MD, Paradiso C, and Rossini PM. (1991). Non-invasive evaluation of central motor tract excitability changes following peripheral nerve stimulation in healthy humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 81, 90-101.
61. Matsumoto R, Nair DR, LaPresto E, Bingaman W, Shibasaki H, and Lüders HO. (2007). Functional connectivity in human cortical motor system: A cortico-cortical evoked potential study. Brain 130(Pt 1), 181-197.
62. McDonnell MN, Orekhov Y, and Ziemann U. (2006). The role of GABA(B) receptors in intracortical inhibition in the human motor cortex. Exp Brain Res 173(1), 86-93.
63. Meyer BU, Roricht S, Grafin von Einsiedel H, Kruggel F, and Weindl A. (1995). Inhibitory and excitatory interhemispheric transfers between motor cortical areas in normal humans and patients with abnormalities of the corpus callosum. Brain 118(Pt 2), 429-440.
64. Meyer BU, Röricht S, and Woiciechowsky C. (1998). Topography of fibres in the human corpus callosum mediating interhemispheric inhibition between the motor cortices. Ann Neurol, 4, 360-369.
65. Meynert T. (1865). Anatomie der hirnrinde und ihre verbindungsbahnen mit den empfindenden oberflachen und den bewegenden massen. In: Leidesdorf’s lehrbuch der phychischen krankheiten. Erlangen, Germany.
66. Mochizuki H, Huang YZ, and Rothwell JC. (2004). Interhemispheric interaction between human dorsal premotor and contralateral primary motor cortex. J Physiol 15, 561(Pt 1):331-338.
67. Muellbacher W, Ziemann U, Boroojerdi B, Cohen L, and Hallett M. (2001). Role of the human motor cortex in rapid motor learning. Exp Brain Res 136, 431-438.
68. Murase N, Duque J, Mazzocchio R, and Cohen LG. (2004). Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke. Ann Neurol 55, 400-409.
69. Nakamura H, Kitagawa H, Kawaguchi Y, and Tsuji H. (1997). Intracortical facilitation and inhibition after transcranial magnetic stimulation in conscious humans. J Physiol 498(Pt 3), 817-823.
70. Nikouline V, Ruohonen J, and Ilmoniemi RJ. (1999). The role of the coil click in TMS assessed with simultaneous EEG. Clin Neurophysiol 110(8), 1325-1328.
71. Oliveri M, Caltagirone C, Filippi MM, Traversa R, Cicinelli P, Pasqualetti P, and Rossini PM. (2000a). Paired transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols reveal a pattern of inhibition and facilitation in the human parietal cortex. J Physiol 529(Pt 2), 461-468.
72. Oliveri M, Rossini PM, Filippi MM, Traversa R, Cicinelli P, Palmieri MG, Pasqualetti P, and Caltagirone C. (2000b). Time-dependent activation of parieto-frontal networks for directing attention to tactile space. A study with paired transcranial magnetic stimulation pulses in right-brain-damaged patients with extinction. Brain 123(Pt 9), 1939-1947.
73. Pascual-Leone A, Nguyet D, Cohen LG, Brasil-Neto JP, Cammarota A, and Hallett M. (1995). Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills. J Neurophysiol 74, 1037-1045.
74. Patton HD and Amassian VE. (1954). Single- and multiple-unit analysis of cortical stage of pyramidal tract activation. J Neurophysiol 17, 345-363.
75. Paulus W, Classen J, Cohen LG, Large CH, Di Lazzaro V, Nitsche M, Pascual-Leone A, Rosenow F, Rothwell JC, and Ziemann U. (2008). State of the art: Pharmacologic effects on cortical excitability measures tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Stimul 1, 151-163.
76. Paus T, Jech R, Thompson CJ, Comeau R, Peters T, and Evans AC. (1997). Transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: A new method for studying connectivity of the human cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 17, 3178-3184.
77. Paus T, Sipilä PK, and Strafella AP. (2001). Synchronization of neuronal activity in the human primary motor cortex by transcranial magnetic stimulation: An EEG study. J Neurophysiol 86, 1983-1990.
78. Ridding MC, Brouwer B, and Nordstrom MA. (2000). Reduced interhemispheric inhibition in musicians. Exp Brain Res 133, 249-253.
79. Ridding MC, Inzelberg R, and Rothwell JC. (1995a). Changes in excitability of motor cortical circuitry in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 37, 181-188.
80. Ridding MC and Rothwell JC. (1997). Stimulus/response curves as a method of measuring motor cortical excitability in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 105, 340-344.
81. Ridding MC, Sheean G, Rothwell JC, Inzelberg R, and Kujirai T. (1995b). Changes in the balance between motor cortical excitation and inhibition in focal, task specific dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59, 493-498.
82. Ridding MC, Taylor JL, and Rothwell JC. (1995c). The effect of voluntary contraction on cortico-cortical inhibition in human motor cortex. J Physiol (Lond) 487, 541-548.
83. Rosenthal J, Waller HJ, and Amassian VE. (1967). An analysis of the activation of motor cortical neurons by surface stimulation. J Neurophysiol 30(4), 844-858.
84. Rossini PM, Barker AT, Berardelli A, Caramia MD, Caruso G et al. (1994). Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 91, 79-92.
85. Rossini PM, Caramia M, and Zarola F. (1987). Central motor tract propagation in man: Studies with non-invasive, unifocal, scalp stimulation. Brain Res 415, 211-225.
86. Rossini PM, Marciani MG, Caramia M, Roma V, and Zarola F. (1985). Nervous propagation along ‘central’ motor pathways in intact man: Characteristics of motor responses to ‘bifocal’ and ‘unifocal’ spine and scalp non-invasive stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 61, 272-286.
87. Rothwell JC. (2011). Using transcranial magnetic stimulation methods to probe connectivity between motor areas of the brain. Hum Mov Sci 30, 906-915.
88. Siebner HR, Mentschel C, Auer C, Lehner C, and Conrad B. (2000). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation causes a short-term increase in the duration of the cortical silent period in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 284, 147-150.
89. Sohn YH, Kang SY, and Hallett M. (2005). Corticospinal disinhibition during dual action. Exp Brain Res 162, 95-99.
90. Stefan K, Kunesch E, Cohen LG, Benecke R, and Classen J. (2000). Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation. Brain 123(Pt 3), 572-584.
91. Stinear CM and Byblow WD. (2003). Role of intracortical inhibition in selective hand muscle activation. J Neurophysiol 89, 2014-2020.
92. Strafella AP, Valzania F, Nassetti SA, Tropeani A, Bisulli A, Santangelo M, and Tassinari CA. (2000). Effects of chronic levodopa and pergolide treatment on cortical excitability in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Clin Neurophysiol 111, 1198-1202.
93. Tamás G, Lorincz A, Simon A, and Szabadics J. (2003). Identified sources and targets of slow inhibition in the neocortex. Science 299, 1902-1905.
94. Tegenthoff M, Vorgerd M, Juskowiak F, Roos V, and Malin JP. (1996). Postexcitatory inhibition after transcranial magnetic single and double brain stimulation in Huntington’s disease. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 101, 298-303.
95. Tokimura H, Di LV, Tokimura Y, Oliviero A, Profice P, Insola A, Mazzone P, Tonali P, and Rothwell JC. (2000). Short latency inhibition of human hand motor cortex by somatosensory input from the hand. J Physiol (Lond) 523(Pt 2), 503-513.
96. Tokimura H, Ridding MC, Tokimura Y, Amassian VE, and Rothwell JC. (1996). Short latency facilitation between pairs of threshold magnetic stimuli applied to human motor cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 101, 263-272.
97. Traub RD, Spruston N, Soltesz I, Konnerth A, Whittington MA, and Jefferys GR. (1998). Gamma-frequency oscillations: A neuronal population phenomenon, regulated by synaptic and intrinsic cellular processes, and inducing synaptic plasticity. Prog Neurobiol 55, 563-575.
98. Triggs WJ, Cros D, Macdonell RA, Chiappa KH, Fang J, and Day BJ. (1993). Cortical and spinal motor excitability during the transcranial magnetic stimulation silent period in humans. Brain Res 628, 39-48.
99. Ugawa Y, Hanajima R, and Kanazawa I. (1993). Interhemispheric facilitation of the hand area of the human motor cortex. Neurosci Lett 160, 153-155.
100. Valls-Sole J, Pascual-Leone A, Brasil-Neto JP, Cammarota A, McShane L, and Hallett M. (1994). Abnormal facilitation of the response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 44, 735-741.
101. Valls-Sole J, Pascual-Leone A, Wassermann EM, and Hallett M. (1992). Human motor evoked responses to paired transcranial magnetic stimuli. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 85, 355-364.
102. Van Der Werf YD and Paus T. (2006). The neural response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. I. Intracortical and cortico-cortical contributions. Exp Brain Res 175(2), 231-245.
103. Van Der Werf YD Sadikot AF, Strafella AP, and Paus T. (2006). The neural response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. II. Thalamocortical contributions. Exp Brain Res 175(2), 246-255.
104. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Ferreri F, Buffo P, Cibelli G, Curcio G, van Dijkman S, Melgari JM, Giambattistelli F, and Rossini PM. (2010). Mobile phone emission modulates interhemispheric functional coupling of EEG alpha rhythms in elderly compared to young subjects. Clin Neurophysiol 121, 163-171.
105. Vercauteren K, Pleysier T, Van Belle L, Swinnen SP, and Wenderoth N. (2008). Unimanual muscle activation increases interhemispheric inhibition from the active to the resting hemisphere. Neurosci Lett 445, 209-213.
106. Ziemann U. (2003). Pharmacology of TMS. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 56, 226-231. Review.
107. Ziemann U, Chen R, Cohen LG, and Hallett M. (1998a). Dextromethorphan decreases the excitability of the human motor cortex. Neurology 51, 1320-1324.
108. Ziemann U, Lönnecker S, Steinhoff BJ, and Paulus W. (1996a). Effects of antiepileptic drugs on motor cortex excitability in humans: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study [see comments]. Ann Neurol 40, 367-378.
109. Ziemann U, Lonnecker S, Steinhoff BJ, and Paulus W. (1996b). The effect of lorazepam on the motor cortical excitability in man. Exp Brain Res 109, 127-135.
110. Ziemann U, Netz J, Szelenyi A, and Homberg V. (1993). Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms contribute to the silent period in the contracting soleus muscle after transcranial magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Neurosci Lett 156, 167-171.
111. Ziemann U and Rothwell JC. (2000). I-waves in motor cortex. J Clin Neurophysiol 17(4), 397-405.
112. Ziemann U, Rothwell JC, and Ridding MC. (1996c). Interaction between intracortical inhibition and facilitation in human motor cortex. J Physiol 496, 873-881.
113. Ziemann U, Tergau F, Wassermann EM, Wischer S, Hildebrandt J, and Paulus W. (1998b). Demonstration of facilitatory I wave interaction in the human motor cortex by paired transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Physiol (Lond) 511, 181-190.
114. Zoghi M, Pearce SL, and Nordstrom MA. (2003). Differential modulation of intracortical inhibition in human motor cortex during selective activation of an intrinsic hand muscle. J Physiol 550, 933-946.