Viscoelastic point-of-care testing to assist with the diagnosis, management and monitoring of haemostasis: A systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis

Health Technology Assessment

Volumn 19, Issue 58, 2015, Pages 1-228

  Whiting, Penny ^a   Al, Maiwenn ^b   Westwood, Marie ^a   Ramos, Isaac Corro ^b   Ryder, Steve ^a   Armstrong, Nigel ^a   Misso, Kate ^a   Ross, Janine ^a   Severens, Johan ^b   Kleijnen, Jos ^c  

^a KLEIJNEN SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS LTD   (United Kingdom)

^b ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; D DIMER; FIBRINOGEN; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA; PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX;

ARTICLE; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLOOD CLOTTING TIME; BLUNT TRAUMA; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COST CONTROL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DECISION TREE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; HEART SURGERY; HEMOSTASIS TESTING SYSTEM; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; LENGTH OF STAY; MORTALITY; OPERATIVE BLOOD LOSS; PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME; PENETRATING TRAUMA; POINT OF CARE TESTING; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE; PROGNOSIS; PROTHROMBIN TIME; QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REOPERATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION ANALYZER; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; THROMBOELASTOGRAPH; THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY; BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; HEMOSTASIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HEMOSTASIS; HUMANS; POINT-OF-CARE TESTING; THROMBELASTOGRAPHY;

EID: 84938592255     PISSN: 13665278     EISSN: 20464924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3310/hta19580     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Luddington RJ. Thrombelastography/thromboelastometry. Clin Lab Haematol 2005;27:81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2257.2005.00681.x
2. Weber CF, Klages M, Zacharowski K. Perioperative coagulation management during cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2013;26:60–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0b013e32835afd28
3. Curry NS, Davenport RA, Hunt BJ, Stanworth SJ. Transfusion strategies for traumatic coagulopathy. Blood Rev 2012;26:223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2012.06.004
4. Solomon C, Collis RE, Collins PW. Haemostatic monitoring during postpartum haemorrhage and implications for management. Br J Anaesth 2012;109:851–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aes361
5. NHS Specialist Services. SSNDS Definition No 13. Specialised Cardiology & Cardiac Surgery Services (adult). In Specialised Services National Definitions Set. 3rd edn. London: NHS Specialist Services; 2009. URL: www.specialisedservices.nhs.uk/doc/specialised-cardiology-cardiac-surgeryservices-adult (accessed 25 June 2013).
6. Health & Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC). Hospital Episode Statistics 2011–2012. Leeds: HSCIC. URL: www.hscic.gov.uk/hes (accessed 25 June 2013).
7. Department of Health (DoH). New Major Trauma Centres to Save Up to 600 Lives Every Year. London: DoH; 2012. URL: www.gov.uk/government/news/new-major-trauma-centres-to-save-upto-600-lives-every-year (accessed 25 July 2013).
8. Health Protection Agency (HPA). Part 10: Injuries. In Health Protection in the 21st Century: Understanding the Burden of Disease; Preparing for the Future. London: HPA; 2005. URL: www.hpa.org.uk/Publications/CorporateReports/CorporateAndStrategicPlans/0510HealthProtection21CUnderstandingBurdenofdisease/ (accessed 17 December 2013).
9. Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G, Dawson A, Drife J, Garrod D, et al. Saving Mothers’ Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006–2008. The eighth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG 2011;118 (Suppl. 1):1–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02847.x
10. Dunning J, Versteegh M, Fabbri A, Pavie A, Kolh P, Lockowandt U, et al. Guideline on antiplatelet and anticoagulation management in cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;34:73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.02.024
11. Vivacqua A, Koch CG, Yousuf AM, Nowicki ER, Houghtaling PL, Blackstone EH, et al. Morbidity of bleeding after cardiac surgery: is it blood transfusion, reoperation for bleeding, or both? Ann Thorac Surg 2011;91:1780–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.03.105
12. Craig J, Aguiar-Ibanez R, Bhattacharya S, Downie S, Duffy S, Kohli H, et al. The Clinical and Cost Effectiveness of Thromboelastography/Thromboelastometry: Health Technology Assessment Report11. Glasgow: NHS Health Improvement Scotland; 2008. URL: www.healthcareimprovementscotland.org/previous_resources/hta_report/thromboelastography.aspx (accessed 25 June 2013).
13. Hess JR, Lindell AL, Stansbury LG, Dutton RP, Scalea TM. The prevalence of abnormal results of conventional coagulation tests on admission to a trauma center. Transfusion 2009;49:34–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01944.x
14. Frith D, Goslings JC, Gaarder C, Maegele M, Cohen MJ, Allard S, et al. Definition and drivers of acute traumatic coagulopathy: clinical and experimental investigations. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:1919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03945.x
15. Murphy GJ, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, Rizvi SI, Culliford L, Angelini GD. Increased mortality, postoperative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery. Circulation 2007;116:2544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.698977
16. Tanaka KA, Bolliger D, Vadlamudi R, Nimmo A. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM)-based coagulation management in cardiac surgery and major trauma. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2012;26:1083–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2012.06.015
17. Tem Innovations GmbH. Welcome to ROTEM®. Munich, Germany: Tem Innovations GmbH. 2013. URL: http://rotem.de (accessed 17 July 2013).
18. Tem Innovations GmbH. How it Works: Thromboelastometry (TEM®). Munich, Germany: Tem Innovations GmbH. c. 2013. URL: www.rotem.de/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=7&lang=en (accessed 17 July 2013).
19. Tem Innovations GmbH. How it Works: ROTEM® Analysis Portable Network Graphic. Munich, Germany: Tem Innovations GmbH. 2013. URL: www.rotem.de/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=8&lang=en (accessed 17 July 2013).
20. Hartert H. [Blutgerinningsstudien mit der thrombelastographie, einem neuen untersuchingsverfahren.] Klin Wochenschr 1948;26:577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01697545
21. Afshari A, Wikkelso A, Brok J, Moller AM, Wetterslev J. Thrombelastography (TEG) or thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to monitor haemotherapy versus usual care in patients with massive transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;3:CD007871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007871.pub2
22. Hunt H, Hyde C, Stanworth S, Curry N, Perel P, Woolley T, et al. Thromboelastography (TEG) and thromboelastometry (ROTEM) for trauma induced coagulopathy in adult trauma patients with bleeding Diagnostic Test Accuracy Protocol. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;2:CD010438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010438.pub2
23. Haemonetics Corporation. The TEG system provides visual representation of your patient’s hemostasis Graphic. In: TEG® 5000: Hemostasis Analyzer System: The New Standard of Care in Hemostasis Management Internet. Braintree, MA: Haemonetics Corporation; 2013. URL: www.haemonetics.com/en/Products/Devices/Surgical%20-%20Diagnostic%20Devices/∼/media/Files/Brochures_US/TEG-5000_AH1.pdf (accessed 17 July 2013).
24. Ganter MT, Hofer CK. Coagulation monitoring: current techniques and clinical use of viscoelastic point-of-care coagulation devices. Anesth Analg 2008;106:1366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318168b367
25. Omert LA, Popovsky M. Thromboelastography versus thromboelastometry: time for a fair appraisal. Anaesthesiology 2012;116:970–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31824a878d
26. von Kaulla KN, Ostendorf P, von Kaulla E. The impedance machine: a new bedside coagulation recording device. J Med 1975;6:73–88.
27. Sienco Inc. Sonoclot® Coagulation & Platelet Function Analyzer with Graphics Printer. For In Vitro Diagnostic Use: Operator’s Manual. For Firmware Version 4.0. Sonoclot Analyzer, DP-2951, User Manual 020–1001 Rev. 4.0.1. Arvada, CO: Sienco Inc. URL: www.sienco.com/sonoclot-usa/020–1001_user_manual_r401.pdf (accessed 17 July 2013).
28. McMichael MA, Smith SA. Viscoelastic coagulation testing: technology, applications, and limitations. Vet Clin Pathol 2011;40:140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2011.00302.x
29. Paniccia R, Antonucci E, Maggini N, Romano E, Gori AM, Marcucci R, et al. Assessment of platelet function on whole blood by multiple electrode aggregometry in high-risk patients with coronary artery disease receiving antiplatelet therapy. Am J Clin Pathol 2009;131:834–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/AJCPTE3K1SGAPOIZ
30. Practical Haemostasis.com. Platelet Function Testing: PFA-100. c. 2013. URL: www.practicalhaemostasis.com/Platelets/platelet_function_testing_pfa100.html (accessed 25 July 2013).
31. Verum Diagnostica GmbH. Multiplate. The New Standard for Platelet Diagnostics. Munich: Verum Diagnostica GmbH. c. 2013. URL: http://multiplate.net/en/ (accessed 25 July 2013).
32. Mackie IJ, Kitchen S, Machin SJ, Lowe GD. Guidelines on fibrinogen assays. Br J Haematol 2003;121:396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04256.x
33. Van Veen JJ, Spahn DR, Makris M. Routine preoperative coagulation tests: an outdated practice? Br J Anaesth 2011;106:1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeq357
34. Chee YL, Crawford JC, Watson HG, Greaves M. Guidelines on the assessment of bleeding risk prior to surgery or invasive procedures. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol 2008;140:496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06968.x
35. Weber CF, Gorlinger K, Meininger D, Herrmann E, Bingold T, Moritz A, et al. Point-of-care testing: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of efficacy in coagulopathic cardiac surgery patients. Anaesthesiology 2012;117:531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e318264c644
36. Rodriguez E, Ferguson TB. Hemostatic Monitoring for Cardiothoracic Surgery Patients. Medscape Cardiology. Surgical Blood Management Expert Column 2008. URL: www.medscape.org/viewarticle/576461 (accessed 17 July 2013).
37. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD). Systematic Reviews: CRD’s Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care. York: University of York; 2009. URL: www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/SysRev/!SSL!/WebHelp/SysRev3.htm (accessed 23 March 2011).
38. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Diagnostics Assessment Programme manual. Manchester: NICE; 2011. URL: www.nice.org.uk/media/A0B/97/DAPManualFINAL.pdf (accessed 17 July 2013).
39. Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy Working Group. Handbook for DTA Reviews. Cochrane. 2009. URL: http://srdta.cochrane.org/handbook-dta-reviews (accessed 23 March 2011).
40. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). CADTH Peer Review Checklist for Search Strategies. Ottawa: CADTH. 2013. URL: www.cadth.ca/en/resources/finding-evidence-is (accessed 17 July 2013).
41. Royle P, Waugh N. Should systematic reviews include searches for published errata? Health Info Libr J 2004;21:14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2004.00459.x
42. Wright K, McDaid C. Is the retraction of journal articles in electronic journals and databases consistent and timely? A case study. Cochrane Colloquium, Cochrane, Madrid Spain 19–22 October 2011.
43. Wright K, McDaid C. Reporting of article retractions in bibliographic databases and online journals. J Med Libr Assoc 2011;99:164–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.99.2.010
44. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928
45. Whiting PF, Rutjes AWS, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med 2011;155:529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009
46. Ak K, Isbir CS, Tetik S, Atalan N, Tekeli A, Aljodi M, et al. Thromboelastography-based transfusion algorithm reduces blood product use after elective CABG: a prospective randomized study. J Card Surg 2009;24:404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8191.2009.00840.x
47. Westbrook AJ, Olsen J, Bailey M, Bates J, Scully M, Salamonsen RF. Protocol based on thromboelastograph (TEG) out-performs physician preference using laboratory coagulation tests to guide blood replacement during and after cardiac surgery: a pilot study. Heart Lung Circ 2009;18:277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2008.08.016
48. Avidan MS, Alcock EL, Da Fonseca J, Ponte J, Desai JB, Despotis GJ, et al. Comparison of structured use of routine laboratory tests or near-patient assessment with clinical judgement in the management of bleeding after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeh037
49. Royston D, von Kier S. Reduced haemostatic factor transfusion using heparinase-modified thrombelastography during cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Anaesth 2001;86:575–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/86.4.575
50. Nuttall GA, Oliver WC, Santrach PJ, Bryant S, Dearani JA, Schaff HV, et al. Efficacy of a simple intraoperative transfusion algorithm for nonerythrocyte component utilization after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesiology 2001;94:773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200105000-00014
51. Shore-Lesserson L, Manspeizer HE, DePerio M, Francis S, Vela-Cantos F, Ergin MA. Thromboelastography-guided transfusion algorithm reduces transfusions in complex cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 1999;88:312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199902000-00016
52. Kultufan Turan S, Aydinli B, Ayik I, Yagar S, Kazanci D, Karadeniz U, et al. [The role of rotational thromboelastgraphy on decision of blood transfusion in open heart surgery.] Göǧüs-Kalp-Damar Anestezi ve Yoǧ un Bakim Dernegi Dergisi 2006;12:154–9.
53. Paniagua P, Koller T, Requena T, Gil JM, Campos JM, Galan J. Randomized controled trial to evaluate postoperative coagulation management with bed-side trombelastometry (Rotem) compared with a transfusion protocol based on laboratory meausurments in bleeding patients after cardiac surgery: preliminary data. Paper presented at the European Anaesthesiology Congress (EUROANAESTHESIA); 11–14 June 2011; Amsterdam: Netherlands. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011;28:A94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-201106001-00301
54. Girdauskas E, Kempfert J, Kuntze T, Borger MA, Enders J, Fassl J, et al. Thromboelastometrically guided transfusion protocol during aortic surgery with circulatory arrest: a prospective, randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:1117–24 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.04.043
55. Rauter M, Kastenbauer T, Schwarz S, Fitzgerald R. Reduced number of red blood cell transfusions in cardiac surgery due to perioperative coagulation testing by thromboelastometry. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007;51(Suppl. 118):40.
56. Shore-Lesserson L, Manspeizer HE, Francis S, DePerio M. Intraoperative thromboelastography (TEG) reduces transfusion requirements. Anesth Analg 1998;46(Suppl. 4):101SCA.
57. Shore-Lesserson L, Manspeizer HE, Francis S, Deperio M. Thromboelastography decreases transfusion requirements after cardiac surgery. Anaesthesiology 1998;89:A246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199809060-00038
58. Bischof D, Graves K, Zollinger A, Hofer CK. Predictive value of sonoclot and routine coagulation tests for postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Congress of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM); 11–14 Jan 2009; Vienna: Austria. Intensive Care Med 2009;35:1276.
59. Nuttall GA, Oliver WC, Ereth MH, Santrach PJ. Coagulation tests predict bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1997;11:815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1053-0770(97)90112-9
60. Tuman KJ, Spiess BD, McCarthy RJ, Ivankovich AD. Comparison of viscoelastic measures of coagulation after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 1989;69:69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-198907000-00013
61. Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Haemonetics Corporation. Comparison of rapid thrombelastography and conventional coagulation testing for haemostatic resuscitation in trauma. NCT01536496. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2013. URL: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01536496 (accessed 27 September 2013).
62. Moore E. A Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Rapid Thrombelastography (R-TEG) and Conventional Coagulation Testing for Guiding the Diagnosis and Hemostatic Resuscitation of Trauma Patients at Risk for Post-Injury Coagulopathy (NCT 01536496). Trial protocol: COMIRB No. 10–0477. 2012/11/26, Denver, CO: Denver Health and Hospital Authority; 48.
63. Messenger BM, Craft RM, Carroll RC, Daley BJ, Enderson B, Snider CG. TEG-guided massive transfusion in trauma patients. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Anesthesia Research Society (IARS); 21–24 May 2011; Vancouver: Canada. Anesth Analg 2011;112(Suppl. 1).
64. Kaufmann CR, Dwyer KM, Crews JD, Dols SJ, Trask AL. Usefulness of thrombelastography in assessment of trauma patient coagulation. J Trauma 1997;42:716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199704000-00023
65. Leemann H, Lustenberger T, Talving P, Kobayashi L, Bukur M, Brenni M, et al. The role of rotation thromboelastometry in early prediction of massive transfusion. J Trauma 2010;69:1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181faaa25
66. Tauber H, Innerhofer P, Breitkopf R, Westermann I, Beer R, El Attal R, et al. Prevalence and impact of abnormal ROTEM assays in severe blunt trauma: results of the ‘Diagnosis and Treatment of Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy (DIA-TRE-TIC) study’. Br J Anaesth 2011;107:378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aer158
67. Kunio NR, Differding JA, Watson KM, Stucke RS, Schreiber MA. Thrombelastography-identified coagulopathy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after traumatic brain injury. Am J Surg 2012;203:584–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.12.011
68. Schöchl H, Solomon C, Redl H, Bahrami S. Rotational thromboelastometry in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: possible risk stratification? Shock 2011;36:31.
69. Tapia NM, Chang AL, Norman MA, Welsh FJ, Scott BG, Wall MJ, et al. Hyperfibrinolysis on thromboelastogram (TEG) predicts mortality in massively transfused trauma patients. Paper presented at the 98th Annual Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons, Surgical Forum 2012 Clinical Congress; 30 September–4 October 2012; Chicago: US. J Am Coll Surg 2012;215(Suppl. 1):52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.06.153
70. Davenport R, Manson J, De’Ath H, Platton S, Coates A, Allard S, et al. Functional definition and characterization of acute traumatic coagulopathy. Crit Care Med 2011;39:2652–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182281af5
71. Nystrup KB, Windelov NA, Thomsen AB, Johansson PI. Reduced clot strength upon admission, evaluated by thrombelastography (TEG), in trauma patients is independently associated with increased 30-day mortality. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2011;19:52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-19-52.
72. Ives C, Inaba K, Branco BC, Okoye O, Schöchl H, Talving P, et al. Hyperfibrinolysis elicited via thromboelastography predicts mortality in trauma. J Am Coll Surg 2012;215:496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.06.005
73. Cotton BA, Faz G, Hatch QM, Radwan ZA, Podbielski J, Wade C, et al. Rapid thrombelastography delivers real-time results that predict transfusion within 1 hour of admission. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 2011;71:407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821e1bf0
74. Holcomb JB, Minei KM, Scerbo ML, Radwan ZA, Wade CE, Kozar RA, et al. Admission rapid thrombelastography can replace conventional coagulation tests in the emergency department experience with 1974 consecutive trauma patients. Ann Surg 2012;256:476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182658180
75. Korfage AR, Greuters S, Brinkman AC, Viersen V, Boer C. The incidence proportion and predictability of transfusion requirements in trauma patients in the context of fast access to trauma care. Paper presented at the European Anaesthesiology Congress (EUROANAESTHESIA) 2011; 11–14 June 2011; Amsterdam: Netherlands. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011;28:191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-201106001-00616
76. Schöchl H, Cotton B, Inaba K, Nienaber U, Fischer H, Voelckel W, et al. FIBTEM provides early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma. Crit Care 2011;15:R265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc10539
77. Jeger V, Willi S, Liu T, Yeh DD, De Moya M, Zimmermann H, et al. The rapid TEG alpha-angle may be a sensitive predictor of transfusion in moderately injured blunt trauma patients. Sci World J 2012:821794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/821794
78. Davenport R, Coates A, Allard S, Pasi J, MacCallum P, Stanworth S, et al. Trauma haemorrhage: evolving role of ROTEM for predicting transfusion requirements. Shock 2009;32:15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182281af5
79. Jeger V, Willi S, Liu T, Omert L, Orr A, Popovsky MA, et al. Comparison of point-of-care thrombelastography versus conventional coagulation tests in the emergency department management of trauma. Paper presented at 31st International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine; 22–25 October 2011; Brussels: Belgium. Crit Care 2011;15:s154.
80. Pezold M, Moore EE, Wohlauer M, Sauaia A, Gonzalez E, Banerjee A, et al. Viscoelastic clot strength predicts coagulation-related mortality within 15 minutes. Surgery 2012;151:48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2011.06.023
81. Schöchl H, Solomon C, Redl H, Bahrami S. Rotational thromboelastometric (ROTEM) test results in the emergency room predicts massive transfusion in major trauma patients. Shock 2011;36:30.
82. Bolton S, Harkness M, Thompson S. ROTEM thromboelastometry identifies blood product requirements during major obstetric haemorrhage. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association; 26–27 May 2011; Edinburgh: UK. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011;20:s22.
83. Lilley GJ, Burkett-St Lawrent DA, Collins PW, Collis RE. A prospective study to evaluate early clauss fibrinogen and fibtem as predictors for major obstetric haemorrhage. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association; 23–24 May 2013; Bournemouth: UK. Int J Obstet Anesth 2013;22:s7.
84. Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, O’Brien BJ, Stoddart GL. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
85. Gorlinger K, Dirkmann D, Muller-Beisenhirtz H, Paul A, Hartmann M, Saner F. Thromboelastometry-based perioperative coagulation management in visceral surgery and liver transplantation: Experience of 10 years and 1105 LTX. Paper presented at 16th Annual International Congress of the International Liver Transplantation Society; 16–19 June 2010; Hong Kong: China. Liver Transpl 2010;16(Suppl. 1):86.
86. Qureshi H, Ahmed A, Dhillon JK. Evaluation of clinical and cost effectiveness of thromboelastography (TEG) in cardiac surgery. Paper presented at 11th Annual NATA Symposium; 8–9 April 2010; Barcelona: Spain. Transfus Altern Transfus Med 2010;11:38.
87. Spalding GJ, Hartrumpf M, Sierig T, Oesberg N, Kirschke CG, Albes JM. Cost reduction of perioperative coagulation management in cardiac surgery: value of ‘bedside’ thrombelastography (ROTEM). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007;31:1052–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.02.022
88. Gorlinger K, Fries D, Dirkmann D, Weber CF, Hanke AA, Schöchl H. Reduction of fresh frozen plasma requirements by perioperative point-of-care coagulation management with early calculated goal-directed therapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2012;39:104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000337186
89. Craig J, Aguiar-Ibanez R, Bhattacharya S, Downie S, Duffy S, Kohli H, et al. Amendment to Health Technology Assessment Report 11: The Clinical and Cost Effectiveness of Thromboelastography/ Thromboelastometry. Glasgow: NHS Health Improvement Scotland; 2009. URL: www.healthcareimprovementscotland.org/previous_resources/hta_report/thromboelastography.aspx (accessed 25 June 2013).
90. Davies L, Brown TJ, Haynes S, Payne K, Elliott RA, McCollum C. Cost-effectiveness of cell salvage and alternative methods of minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion: a systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess 2006;10(44). http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta10440
91. Barendregt JJ, Doi SA, Lee YY, Norman RE, Vos T. Meta-analysis of prevalence. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013;67:974–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-203104
92. Karkouti K, Yau TM, Rensburg Av, McCluskey SA, Callum J, Wijeysundera DN, et al. The effects of a treatment protocol for cardiac surgical patients with excessive blood loss on clinical outcomes. Vox Sang 2006;91:148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00813.x
93. Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) Steering Group. Serious Hazards of Transfusion: Annual SHOT Report 2012. Manchester: SHOT; 2012. URL: www.shotuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/SHOT-Annual-Report-2012.pdf (accessed 17 December 2013).
94. Murphy MF, Edbury C, Wickenden C. Survey of the implementation of the recommendations in the Health Services Circular 1998/224 ‘Better Blood Transfusion’. Transfus Med 2003;13:121–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3148.2003.00431.x
95. Murphy MF, Howell C. Survey of the implementation of the recommendations in the Health Service Circular 2002/009 ‘Better Blood Transfusion’. Transfus Med 2005;15:453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2005.00621.x
96. National Audit Office. The National Blood Service: Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General. HC 6 Session 2000–2001: 20 December 2000. London: National Audit Office; 2000. URL: www.blood.co.uk/pdf/publications/national_audit_2000.pdf (accessed 14 January 2014).
97. Prescott-Clarke P, Primatesta P, editors. Health Survey for England’96. Volume 1: Findings. London: Stationery Office; 1998.
98. Luengo-Fernandez R, Gray AM, Bull L, Welch S, Cuthbertson F, Rothwell PM. Quality of life after TIA and stroke: ten-year results of the Oxford Vascular Study. Neurology 2013;81:1588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a9f45f
99. Office for National Statistics (ONS). Consumer Price Inflation, August 2013. London: ONS; 2013. URL: www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_323760.pdf (accessed 15 January 2014).
100. NHS Blood and Transplant Service. NHS Blood and Components: Price List 2013/2014. NHS BTS, 2013. URL: http://hospital.blood.co.uk/library/pdf/price:list_2013_14.pdf (accessed 17 December 2013).
101. Health & Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC). Hospital Episode Statistics 2012–2013. Leeds: HSCIC. URL: www.hscic.gov.uk/hes (accessed 25 June 2013).
102. Luengo-Fernandez R, Grey AM, Rothwell PM. A population-based study of hospital care costs during 5 years after transient ischemic attack and stroke. Stroke 2012;43:3343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.667204
103. McConnachie A, Walker A, Robertson M, Marchbank L, Peacock J, Packard CJ, et al. Long-term impact on healthcare resource utilization of statin treatment, and its cost effectiveness in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a record linkage study. Eur Heart J 2014;35:290–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht232
104. Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau J, Fernandez-Mondejar E, et al. Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care 2013;17:R76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12685
105. Chaiwat O, Lang JD, Vavilala MS, Wang J, MacKenzie EJ, Jurkovich GJ, et al. Early packed red blood cell transfusion and acute respiratory distress syndrome after trauma. Anaesthesiology 2009;110:351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181948a97
106. Ciesla DJ, Moore EE, Johnson JL, Burch JM, Cothren CC, Sauaia A. A 12-year prospective study of postinjury multiple organ failure: has anything changed? Arch Surg 2005;140:432–8; discussion 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.140.5.432
107. Dewar DC, Tarrant SM, King KL, Balogh ZJ. Changes in the epidemiology and prediction of multiple-organ failure after injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013;74:774–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827a6e69
108. Moore FA, Moore EE, Sauaia A. Blood transfusion. An independent risk factor for postinjury multiple organ failure. Arch Surg 1997;132:620–4; discussion 624–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1997.01430300062013
109. Johnson JL, Moore EE, Kashuk JL, Banerjee A, Cothren CC, Biffl WL, et al. Effect of blood products transfusion on the development of postinjury multiple organ failure. Arch Surg 2010;145:973–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2010.216
110. Bochicchio GV, Napolitano L, Joshi M, Bochicchio K, Meyer W, Scalea TM. Outcome analysis of blood product transfusion in trauma patients: a prospective, risk-adjusted study. World J Surg 2008;32:2185–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-008-9655-0
111. Angus DC, Clermont G, Linde-Zwirble WT, Musthafa AA, Dremsizov TT, Lidicker J, et al. Healthcare costs and long-term outcomes after acute respiratory distress syndrome: a phase III trial of inhaled nitric oxide. Crit Care Med 2006;34:2883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000248727.29055.25
112. Laupland KB, Svenson LW, Grant V, Ball CG, Mercado M, Kirkpatrick AW. Long-term mortality outcome of victims of major trauma. Injury 2010;41:69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2009.06.006
113. Hofhuis JG, Spronk PE. Health-related quality of life and influence of age after trauma: an overview. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014;76:549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182a9d105
114. Holtslag HR, van Beeck EF, Lindeman E, Leenen LP. Determinants of long-term functional consequences after major trauma. J Trauma 2007;62:919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000224124.47646.62
115. Angus DC, Musthafa AA, Clermont G, Griffin MF, Linde-Zwirble WT, Dremsizov TT, et al. Quality-adjusted survival in the first year after the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.6.2005123
116. Ara R, Brazier J. Comparing EQ-5D scores for comorbid health conditions estimated using 5 different methods. Med Care 2012;50:452–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318234a04a
117. Department of Health (DH). NHS Reference Costs 2012–2013. London: DH; 2013. URL: www.gov.uk/government/publications/nhs-reference-costs-2012-to-2013 (accessed 14 January 2014).
118. Tappenden P, Chilcott JB, Eggington S, Oakley J, McCabe C. Methods for expected value of information analysis in complex health economic models: developments on the health economics of interferon-beta and glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis. Health Technol Assess 2004;8(27). http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta8270
119. National Audit Office. Major Trauma Care in England. Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General (HC 213; Session 2009–2010). London: National Audit Office; 2010. URL: www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/0910213.pdf (accessed 11 February 2014).
120. Lewandrowski K. Managing utilization of new diagnostic tests. Clin Leader Manag Rev 2003;17:318–24.
121. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0, updated March 2011. Cochrane, 2011. URL: www.cochrane-handbook.org/ (accessed 23 March 2011).
122. Whiting P, Westwood M, Beynon R, Burke M, Sterne JA, Glanville J. Inclusion of methodological filters in searches for diagnostic test accuracy studies misses relevant studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2011;64:602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.006
123. Koch CG, Li L, Duncan AI, Mihaljevic T, Cosgrove DM, Loop FD, et al. Morbidity and mortality risk associated with red blood cell and blood-component transfusion in isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Crit Care Med 2006;34:1608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000217920.48559.D8
124. Gorlinger K, Dirkmann D, Lendemans S, Husmann B, Waydhas C, Piepenbrink K, et al. Massive bleeding algorithms: experience of a German level I trauma center. Haematology Society of Australia and New Zealand (HSANZ)/ Australia and New Zealand Society of Blood Transfusion (ANZSBT)/Australasian Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ASTH) International Society of Hematology (ISH) Annual Scientific Meeting 2011, Sydney, NSW Australia, 30 October–2 November 2011. Conference Publication. Transfusion Medicine April 2012; var. pagings.
125. Kashuk J, Moore E, Wohlauer M, Johnson J, Pezold M, Lawrence J, et al. Initial experiences with point of care (POC) rapid thrombelastography (TEG) for management of life threatening postinjury coagulopathy (PIC). Paper presented at 33rd Annual Conference on Shock; 12–15 June 2010; Portland: US. Shock 2010;33:27–8.
126. Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, Caballero J, Coats T, Dewan Y, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010;376:23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60835-5
127. Kutcher ME, Cripps MW, McCreery RC, Crane IM, Greenberg MD, Cachola LM, et al. Criteria for empiric treatment of hyperfibrinolysis after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;73:87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182598c70
128. Cotton BA, Harvin JA, Kostousouv V, Minei KM, Radwan ZA, Schöchl H, et al. Hyperfibrinolysis at admission is an uncommon but highly lethal event associated with shock and prehospital fluid administration. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;73:365–70; discussion 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31825c1234
129. de Lange NM, Lance MD, De Groot R, Beckers EAM, Henskens YM, Scheepers HCJ. Obstetric hemorrhage and coagulation: an update. Thromboelastography, thromboelastometry, and conventional coagulation tests in the diagnosis and prediction of postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2012;67:426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OGX.0b013e3182605861
130. Kandala S, Natarajan A, Dean MN, Maynard S, Lucas DN, Rao K. Thromboelastography versus routine laboratory testing in the obstetric unit. Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland’s Annual Congress, Harrogate, UK, 22–24 September 2010. Anaesthesia 2010;65(12 Suppl. 1):1247–8.
131. Jeger V, Zimmermann H, Exadaktylos AK. Can RapidTEG accelerate the search for coagulopathies in the patient With multiple injuries? J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 2009;66:1253–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31819d3caf
132. Kitchen DP, Kitchen S, Jennings I, Woods T, Walker I. Quality assurance and quality control of thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry: the UK NEQAS for Blood Coagulation Experience. Semin Thromb Hemost 2010;36:757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1265292
133. Jackson GN, Ashpole KJ, Yentis SM. The TEG vs the ROTEM thromboelastography/ thromboelastometry systems. Anaesthesia 2009;64:212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05752.x
134. Brohi K. Diagnosis and management of coagulopathy after major trauma. Br J Surg 2009;96:963–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6691
135. Carroll RC, Craft RM, Langdon RJ, Clanton CR, Snider CC, Wellons DD, et al. Early evaluation of acute traumatic coagulopathy by thrombelastography. Transl Res 2009;154:34–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2009.04.001
136. Chevannes C, Harrod I, Bhalla A, Barclay P, Mallaiah S. Fast rotational thromboelastometry evaluation in major obstetric haemorrhage. Br J Anaesth 2012;109:484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anae.12859
137. Craft R, Carroll R, Langdon R, Clanton C, Snider C, Lawson C, et al. Point-of-care thrombelastography assays for coagulopathy in trauma patients. Transfusion 2008;48:81A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2009.04.001
138. Curry N, Raja A, Hughes T, Black J, Pullinger R, Davenport R, et al. A prospective observational study evaluating changes in coagulation parameters in trauma admissions. Paper presented at 50th Annual Scientific Meeting of the British Society for Haematology; 19–21 April 2010; Edinburgh: UK. Br J Haematol 2010;149:10.
139. Dietrich GV, Schueck R, Menges T, Kiesenbauer NP, Fruehauf A-C, Marquardt I. Comparison of four methods for the determination of platelet function in whole blood in cardiac surgery. Thromb Res 1998;89:295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0049-3848(98)00020-6
140. Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Bauters A, Tournoys A, Wibaut B, Richart P. ROTEM in obstetric: near patient-test as predictor of post-partum hemorrhage. Paper presented at 15th WFSA World Congress of Anaesthesiologists; 25–30 March 2012; Predio Ferial de Buenos Aires: Argentina. Br J Anaesth 2012;108:191–2.
141. Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Bauters A, Wibaut B, Tournoys A, Barre C, Pilla SC, et al. Fibtem: Early predictor of severe pph and related hypofibrinogenemia. Paper presented at the 20th FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics; 7–12 October 2012; Rome: Italy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012;119:1823.
142. Pivalizza EG. Comparison of sonoclot and hemacron act’s during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 1997;84:S118.
143. Plotkin AJ, Wade CE, Jenkins DH, Smith KA, Noe JC, Park MS, et al. A reduction in clot formation rate and strength assessed by thrombelastography is indicative of transfusion requirements in patients with penetrating injuries. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 2008;64:S64–S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318160772d
144. Forestier F, Belisle S, Contant C, Harel F, Janvier G, Hardy J-F. Reproducibility and interchangeability of the Thromboelastograph, Sonoclot and Hemochron activated coagulation time in cardiac surgery]. Can J Anaesth 2001;48:902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03017358
145. Grassetto A, De Nardin M, Ganzerla B, Geremia M, Saggioro D, Ni ES, et al. ROTEM (R)-guided coagulation factor concentrate therapy in trauma: 2-year experience in Venice, Italy. Crit Care 2012;16:2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11322
146. Hagemo JS, Gaarder C, Naess PA, Viksmoen Y, Heier HE. Comparing TEG and RoTEM as point-of-care devices in trauma patients. Paper presented at 31st International Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion in Joint Cooperation with the 43rd Congress of the DGTI; 26 June–1 July 2010; Berlin: Germany. Vox Sang 2010;99:437.
147. Huissoud C, Carrabin N, Audibert F, Levrat A, Massignon D, Berland M, et al. Bedside assessment of fibrinogen level in postpartum haemorrhage by thrombelastometry. BJOG 2009;116:1097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02187.x
148. Jeong Y-H, Bliden K, Antonino MJ, Tantry US, Gurbel PA. First comparison of thromboelastography versus light transmittance aggregometry to define high platelet reactivity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57(Suppl. 1):E1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(11)61506-4
149. Johansson PI. Standard coagulation tests versus viscoelastic POC monitoring. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2010;122(Suppl. 5):9–10.
150. Karlsson O, Henriksson BA, Jeppsson A, Hellgren M. Coagulopathies early in postpartum haemorrhage; thromboelastography and haemostatic laboratory analyses. Paper presented at 5th International Symposium on Women’s Health Issues in Thrombosis and Haematosis; 1–3 February 2013; Vienna: Austria. Thromb Res 2013;131:S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0049-3848(13)70115-4
151. Levrat A, Gros A, Rugeri L, Inaba K, Floccard B, Negrier C, et al. Evaluation of rotation thrombelastography for the diagnosis of hyperfibrinolysis in trauma patients. Br J Anaesth 2008;100:792–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aen083
152. Miles WS, Schiffern L, Howard D, Geller H, Lipford N. A thromboelastogram protocol reduces blood utilization in cardiac surgical intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2007;35:A198.
153. Miyashita T, Kuro M. Evaluation of platelet function by Sonoclot analysis compared with other hemostatic variables in cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 1998;87:1228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199812000-00002
154. Newland MC, Chapin JW, Hurlbert BJ, Kennedy EM, Newland JR. Thromboelastograph and sonoclot signature monitoring of chances in blood coagulation following cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesiology 1987;67:A199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198709001-00199
155. Nix CM, Bhinder R, Tan T, Carey MF. Point of care thromboelastography during massive obstetric haemorrhage in a maternity hospital. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association; 26–27 May 2011; Edinburgh: UK. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011;20:S22.
156. Porite N, Strike E, Lacis R, Vanags I, Avots A, Harlamovs V. Thromboelastography-guided transfusion algorithm reduces haemotransfusions in cardiac surgery. Atheroscler Suppl 2004;5:25–6.
157. Rourke C, Curry N, Khan S, Taylor R, Raza I, Davenport R, et al. Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes. J Thromb Haemost 2012;10:1342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04752.x
158. Rugeri L, Levrat A, David JS, Delecroix E, Floccard B, Gros A, et al. Diagnosis of early coagulation abnormalities in trauma patients by rotation thrombelastography. J Thromb Haemost 2007;5:289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02319.x
159. Schöchl H, Frietsch T, Pavelka M, Jambor C. Hyperfibrinolysis after major trauma: differential diagnosis of lysis patterns and prognostic value of thrombelastometry. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 2009;67:125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31818b2483
160. Shah B, Subramanium A, Agrawal D, Mukhopadhyay A. Thromboelastography-viscoelastic haemostatic assay (VHA) as an indicator of overt disseminated intravascular coagulation in brain injury patients within 24 hours after injury. Paper presented at 9th World Congress on Brain Injury of the International Brain Injury Association; 21–25 March 2012; Edinburgh: UK. Brain Inj 2012;26:586–7.
161. Shah BA, Subramanium A, Sharma S, Agrawal D, Chhabra G, Mukhopadhyay AK. Thromboelastography-Viscoelastic Haemostatic Assay (VHA) versus routine plasma based coagulation parameters in trauma patients to detect coagulopathy within 24 hrs after injury. Paper presented at 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology (ASH); 10–13 December 2011; San Diego, US. Blood 2011;118:21.
162. Shore-Lesserson L, Reich DL, De Perio M, Silvay G. Thromboelastographic assessment of platelet-rich plasmapheresis during cardiac reoperations. Anaesthesiology 1992;77:A138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199209001-00138
163. Stanworth SJ, Morris TP, Gaarder C, Goslings JC, Maegele M, Cohen MJ, et al. Reappraising the concept of massive transfusion in trauma. Crit Care 2010;14:R239. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc9394.
164. Tapia NM, Chang A, Norman M, Welsh F, Scott B, Wall MJ Jr, et al. TEG-guided resuscitation is superior to standardized MTP resuscitation in massively transfused penetrating trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013;74:378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827e20e0
165. Thai J, Reynolds EJ, Natalia N, Cornelissen C, Lemmens HJM, Hill CC, et al. Comparison between RapidTEG (R) and conventional thromboelastography in cardiac surgery patients. Br J Anaesth 2011;106:605–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aer054
166. Traverso MJ, Koza J, Arcelus J, Walenga JM, Pifarre R. Comparison of thromblastograph and Sonoclot in predicting post-operative blood loss in cardiopulmonary bypass. FASEB J 1993;7:A688.
167. Woolley T, Midwinter M, Spencer P, Watts S, Doran C, Kirkman E. Utility of interim ROTEM (R) values of clot strength, A5 and A10, in predicting final assessment of coagulation status in severely injured battle patients. Injury 2013;44:593–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.03.018
168. Yamada T, Katori N, Tanaka KA, Takeda J. Impact of Sonoclot hemostasis analysis after cardiopulmonary bypass on postoperative hemorrhage in cardiac surgery. J Anesth 2007;21:148–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00540-006-0477-7
169. Sharma AD, Sreeram G, Erb T, Grocott HP, Slaughter TF. Leukocyte-reduced blood transfusions: perioperative indications, adverse effects, and cost analysis. Anesth Analg 2000;90:1315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200006000-00010
170. Llewelyn CA, Hewitt PE, Knight RSG, Amar K, Cousens S, Mackenzie J, et al. Possible transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by blood transfusion. Lancet 2004;363:417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15486-X
171. Personal Social Services Research Unit. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2006. Canterbury: PSSRU, University of Kent. URL: www.pssru.ac.uk/pdf/uc/uc2006/uc2006.pdf (accessed 11 February 2014).