-
1
-
-
84938523814
-
-
note
-
A full study of how law, science, and religion interact, then, should have to explore nine possible interactions: (1) law's use of science, (2) law's use of religion, (3) science's use of law, (4) science's use of religion, (5) religion's use of law, (6) religion's use of science, (7) law's use of science and religion, (8) science's use of law and religion, and (9) religion's use of law and science.
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
4344663574
-
-
note
-
See also James Gleick, Isaac Newton 110-11 (2003) (describing Newton's searches for truth in theology, alchemy, and mathematics, which he believed to be the language of God).
-
(2003)
Isaac Newton
, pp. 110-111
-
-
Gleick, J.1
-
5
-
-
84938525761
-
-
note
-
Explaining that "[f]or most of human history law and science were largely unified within the corpus of religion" and that religion "supplied both a description of the natural world and the punishment for failing to conform to the rules mandated by that world".
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
49449113484
-
-
note
-
See generally Richard G. Olson, Science & Religion, 1450-1900: From Copernicus to Darwin 7-18 (2006) (describing how Galileo and Copernicus's views conflicted with those of the Catholic Church, exemplifying the tensions between religion and science).
-
(2006)
Science & Religion, 1450-1900: From Copernicus to Darwin
, pp. 7-18
-
-
Olson, R.G.1
-
7
-
-
27444436365
-
Two Concepts of Immorality: Reframing Public Debate on Stem- Cell Research
-
note
-
See, e.g., Frank Pasquale, Two Concepts of Immorality: Reframing Public Debate on Stem- Cell Research, 14 Yale J.L. & Human. 73, 76-78 (2002) (commenting on the role of scientific and religious perspectives in shaping policy on stem-cell research and cloning).
-
(2002)
Yale J.L. & Human.
, vol.14
, Issue.73
, pp. 76-78
-
-
Pasquale, F.1
-
8
-
-
33745002241
-
Mis-Conceptions: The Moment of Conception in Religion, Science, and Law
-
note
-
Elizabeth Spahn & Barbara Andrade, Mis-Conceptions: The Moment of Conception in Religion, Science, and Law, 32 U.S.F. L. Rev. 261, 261-62 (1998) (describing how the "scientific and religious bases" for understandings of conception affect American laws on reproductive rights).
-
(1998)
U.S.F. L. Rev.
, vol.32
, Issue.261
, pp. 261-262
-
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Spahn, E.1
Andrade, B.2
-
9
-
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0742311189
-
Religion and Human Cloning: An Exploratory Analysis of the First Available Opinion Data
-
note
-
See, e.g., John H. Evans, Religion and Human Cloning: An Exploratory Analysis of the First Available Opinion Data, 41 J. for Sci. Study Religion 747, 748-50 (2002) (finding Roman Catholicism to possess the most "clear-cut" stance against cloning, but noting that the majority of mainline Protestant denominations have official stances against cloning as well). Perspectives of other religions and their adherents are less clear.
-
(2002)
J. for Sci. Study Religion
, vol.41
, Issue.747
, pp. 748-750
-
-
Evans, J.H.1
-
10
-
-
2942596603
-
Human Cloning: A Jewish Perspective
-
note
-
Jewish, Hindu, and Muslim scholars have varied viewpoints that might turn on the precise scientific issue in question. See generally Elliot N. Dorff, Human Cloning: A Jewish Perspective, 8 S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J. 117 (1998) (detailing a range of issues that might affect the Jewish perspective on cloning).
-
(1998)
S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J.
, vol.8
, pp. 117
-
-
Dorff, E.N.1
-
11
-
-
0037518049
-
Religious Attitudes Toward Cloning: A Tale of Two Creatures
-
note
-
Dena S. Davis, Religious Attitudes Toward Cloning: A Tale of Two Creatures, 27 Hofstra L. Rev. 509, 517 (1999) (commenting on the nuances of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs about cloning).
-
(1999)
Hofstra L. Rev.
, vol.27
, Issue.509
, pp. 517
-
-
Davis, D.S.1
-
12
-
-
0003984012
-
-
note
-
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 280 (Phillips Bradley ed., Henry Reeve et al. trans., Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1945) (1838).
-
(1945)
Democracy in America
, pp. 280
-
-
de Tocqueville, A.1
-
15
-
-
84938498052
-
Milward v. Acuity Specialty Products Group, Inc
-
note
-
For an interesting case study on this question, see Milward v. Acuity Specialty Products Group, Inc., 664 F. Supp. 2d 137, 149 (D. Mass. 2009), which excluded expert testimony on the basis of failure to demonstrate general causation.
-
(2009)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.664
, Issue.137
, pp. 149
-
-
-
16
-
-
84938489297
-
-
note
-
Milward v. Acuity Specialty Products Group, Inc., 639 F.3d 11, 20 (1st Cir. 2011), in which the First Circuit reversed on the basis that the district court abused its discretion and failed to use an appropriate "weight of the evidence" analysis to assess general causation.
-
(2011)
Milward v. Acuity Specialty Products Group, Inc
, vol.639
, Issue.11
, pp. 20
-
-
-
17
-
-
84938511324
-
Milward v. Acuity Specialty Products Group, Inc
-
note
-
and Milward v. Acuity Specialty Products Group, Inc., 969 F. Supp. 2d 101, 116 (D. Mass. 2013), which then excluded the expert testimony on the basis of failure to demonstrate specific causation and granting summary judgment for the defendant.
-
(2013)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.969
, Issue.101
, pp. 116
-
-
-
20
-
-
23844549426
-
-
410 U.S. 113 (1973).
-
(1973)
U.S.
, vol.410
, pp. 113
-
-
-
21
-
-
84938543920
-
Science Disputes in Abortion Law
-
John A. Robertson, Science Disputes in Abortion Law, 93 Texas L. Rev. 1847, 1869-70 (2015).
-
(2015)
Texas L. Rev.
, vol.93
, Issue.1847
, pp. 1869-1870
-
-
Robertson, J.A.1
-
22
-
-
84879945203
-
-
note
-
Roe, 410 U.S. at 163.
-
Roe
, vol.410
, pp. 163
-
-
-
23
-
-
77952764977
-
Of Babies and Bathwater: Why the Clean Air Act's Cooperative Federalism Framework is Useful for Addressing Global Warming
-
note
-
See, e.g., Holly Doremus & W. Michael Hanemann, Of Babies and Bathwater: Why the Clean Air Act's Cooperative Federalism Framework is Useful for Addressing Global Warming, 50 Ariz. L. Rev. 799, 802-03 (2008) (discussing empirical standards and data used by the EPA in connection with the Clean Air Act).
-
(2008)
Ariz. L. Rev.
, vol.50
, Issue.799
, pp. 802-803
-
-
Doremus, H.1
Michael Hanemann, W.2
-
24
-
-
84938524012
-
-
note
-
See Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 165 (1986).
-
(1986)
Lockhart v. McCree
, vol.476
, Issue.162
, pp. 165
-
-
-
25
-
-
84938505771
-
-
note
-
Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 512 (1968).
-
(1968)
Witherspoon v. Illinois
, vol.391
, Issue.510
, pp. 512
-
-
-
26
-
-
84938494489
-
Cano v. Everest Minerals Corp
-
note
-
For an example of a court requiring a doubling of the risk to meet the preponderance standard, see Cano v. Everest Minerals Corp., 362 F. Supp. 2d 814, 820 (W.D. Tex. 2005), where the court noted: The Texas Supreme Court has concluded that 'properly designed and executed epidemiological studies may be part of the evidence supporting causation in a toxic tort case and that there is a rational basis for relating the requirement that there be more than a "doubling of the risk" to . . . the more likely than not burden of proof.' Courts adopting such a requirement have found that the requirement of a more than 50% probability means that epidemiological evidence must show that the incidence of an injury or condition in the exposed population was more than double the incidence in the unexposed or control population.
-
(2005)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.362
, Issue.814
, pp. 820
-
-
-
28
-
-
84938505445
-
-
note
-
See Brown v. Entm't Merchs. Ass'n, 131 S. Ct. 2729, 2738-39 (2011) (considering whether preventing violent tendencies in children caused by violent video games is a sufficiently compelling government interest to limit First Amendment rights).
-
(2011)
Brown v. Entm't Merchs. Ass'n
, vol.131
, Issue.2729
, pp. 2738-2739
-
-
-
29
-
-
84938511262
-
-
note
-
See N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 271-73 (1964).
-
(1964)
N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan
, vol.376
, Issue.254
, pp. 271-273
-
-
-
30
-
-
84938500401
-
-
note
-
NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 433 (1963) (internal quotation marks omitted) (discussing the circumstances under which expression is likely to be chilled).
-
(1963)
NAACP v. Button
, vol.371
, Issue.415
, pp. 433
-
-
-
33
-
-
84938532366
-
Defining Death: Getting it Wrong for All the Right Reasons
-
note
-
See generally Robert D. Truog, Defining Death: Getting it Wrong for All the Right Reasons, 93 Texas L. Rev. 1881 (2015) (identifying and resolving conflicts between the Uniform Determination of Death Act and organ-donation practices).
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(2015)
Texas L. Rev.
, vol.93
, pp. 1881
-
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Truog, R.D.1
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34
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33644869039
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391 U.S. 510 (1968).
-
(1968)
U.S.
, vol.391
, pp. 510
-
-
-
35
-
-
84938512589
-
-
note
-
Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 167 (1986).
-
(1986)
Lockhart v. McCree
, vol.476
, Issue.162
, pp. 167
-
-
-
36
-
-
84938531286
-
-
note
-
Witherspoon, 391 U.S. at 516-17.
-
Witherspoon
, vol.391
, pp. 516-517
-
-
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37
-
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9944247657
-
The Empirical Challenge to Death-Qualified Juries: On Further Examination
-
note
-
Michael Finch & Mark Ferraro, The Empirical Challenge to Death-Qualified Juries: On Further Examination, 65 Neb. L. Rev. 21, 24 (1986) ("In the seventeen years following Witherspoon, death qualification has been one of the most studied subjects in the area of sociological jurisprudence.").
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(1986)
Neb. L. Rev.
, vol.65
, Issue.21
, pp. 24
-
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Finch, M.1
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38
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84884508659
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476 U.S. 162 (1986).
-
(1986)
U.S.
, vol.476
, pp. 162
-
-
-
39
-
-
84938491980
-
-
note
-
"[W]e will assume for purposes of this opinion that the studies are both methodologically valid and adequate to establish that 'death qualification' in fact produces juries somewhat more 'conviction-prone' than 'non-death-qualified' juries.".
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
84904607657
-
-
note
-
Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 423 (1985) (internal quotation marks omitted).
-
(1985)
Wainwright v. Witt
, vol.469
, Issue.412
, pp. 423
-
-
-
41
-
-
84938546032
-
-
note
-
Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 518 (1968).
-
(1968)
Witherspoon v. Illinois
, vol.391
, Issue.510
, pp. 518
-
-
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42
-
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84938522580
-
-
note
-
Lockhart, 476 U.S. at 184.
-
Lockhart
, vol.476
, pp. 184
-
-
-
43
-
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33644650824
-
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505 U.S. 833 (1992).
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(1992)
U.S.
, vol.505
, pp. 833
-
-
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44
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84938543920
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Science Disputes in Abortion Law
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John A. Robertson, Science Disputes in Abortion Law, 93 Texas L. Rev. 1847, 1856-57 (2015).
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(2015)
Texas L. Rev.
, vol.93
, Issue.1847
, pp. 1856-1857
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Robertson, J.A.1
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45
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84938522236
-
-
note
-
Casey, 505 U.S. at 887.
-
Casey
, vol.505
, pp. 887
-
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47
-
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84938540300
-
-
note
-
Casey, 505 U.S. at 894-95.
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Casey
, vol.505
, pp. 894-895
-
-
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49
-
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19844380853
-
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347 U.S. 483 (1954).
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(1954)
U.S.
, vol.347
, pp. 483
-
-
-
50
-
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84938502670
-
-
note
-
Brown, 347 U.S. at 494 (internal quotation marks omitted).
-
Brown
, vol.347
, pp. 494
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52
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28744435500
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481 U.S. 279 (1987).
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(1987)
U.S.
, vol.481
, pp. 279
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53
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84863479556
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446 U.S. 420 (1980).
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(1980)
U.S.
, vol.446
, pp. 420
-
-
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54
-
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84909972970
-
-
note
-
Court's holding in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 239-40 (1972) (per curiam).
-
(1972)
Furman v. Georgia
, vol.408
, Issue.238
, pp. 239-240
-
-
-
55
-
-
84938485925
-
-
note
-
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 200 (1976).
-
(1976)
Gregg v. Georgia
, vol.428
, Issue.153
, pp. 200
-
-
-
56
-
-
84938492086
-
-
note
-
See McCleskey, 481 U.S. at 308 finding lawful Georgia's focus "on the particularized nature of the crime and the particularized characteristics of the individual defendant."
-
McCleskey
, vol.481
, pp. 308
-
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57
-
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84938491849
-
-
note
-
Gregg, 428 U.S. at 206 (internal quotation marks omitted).
-
Gregg
, vol.428
, pp. 206
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58
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77950424820
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550 U.S. 124 (2007).
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(2007)
U.S.
, vol.550
, pp. 124
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59
-
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84938506842
-
-
note
-
"[T]he proper means to consider exceptions is by as-applied challenge. . . . This is the proper manner to protect the health of the woman if it can be shown that in discrete and well-defined instances a particular condition has or is likely to occur in which the procedure prohibited by the Act must be used.".
-
-
-
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60
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84892708672
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A Radically Immodest Judicial Modesty: The End of Facial Challenges to Abortion Regulations and the Future of the Health Exception in the Roberts Era
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note
-
See B. Jessie Hill, A Radically Immodest Judicial Modesty: The End of Facial Challenges to Abortion Regulations and the Future of the Health Exception in the Roberts Era, 59 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 997, 1013 (2009) ("[I]t is hard to imagine any individual woman who would have standing to bring such a challenge, much less the desire to do so. In order to have standing, the woman would presumably have to argue that she was going to become pregnant and face a healththreatening (but not life-threatening) condition that required use of the D&X procedure in particular.").
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(2009)
Case W. Res. L. Rev.
, vol.59
, Issue.997
, pp. 1013
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Jessie Hill, B.1
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84938528103
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Science and Policy in Setting National Ambient Air Quality Standards: Resolving the Ozone Enigma
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Thomas O. McGarity, Science and Policy in Setting National Ambient Air Quality Standards: Resolving the Ozone Enigma, 93 Texas L. Rev. 1781, 1797 (2015).
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536 U.S. 304 (2002).
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(2002)
U.S.
, vol.536
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63
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79955736422
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An Empirical Look at Atkins v. Virginia and Its Application in Capital Cases
-
note
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See John H. Blume et al., An Empirical Look at Atkins v. Virginia and Its Application in Capital Cases, 76 Tenn. L. Rev. 625, 639 (2009) ("Atkins . . . has not been applied uniformly among the states.").
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Blume, J.H.1
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, vol.134
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66
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79961229454
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note
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Kennedy v. Lousiana, 554 U.S. 407, 420 (2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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(2008)
Kennedy v. Lousiana
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, pp. 420
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67
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84962703068
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note
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Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 320 (2002) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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(2002)
Atkins v. Virginia
, vol.536
, Issue.304
, pp. 320
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68
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84962774255
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Atkins, 536 U.S. at 308.
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Atkins
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69
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Promises, Promises for Neuroscience and Law
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note
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See Joshua W. Buckholtz & David L. Faigman, Promises, Promises for Neuroscience and Law, 24 Current Biology 861, 864 (2014) ("To a cognitive neuroscientist, legal standards like 'volitional capacity' . . . are inherently meaningless. They do not map on to specific mental processes or discrete brain circuits.").
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Current Biology
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Buckholtz, J.W.1
Faigman, D.L.2
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A Paroxysmal Insanity Plea in an 1865 Murder Trial
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note
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Allen D. Spiegel & Peter B. Suskind, A Paroxysmal Insanity Plea in an 1865 Murder Trial, 16 J. Legal Med. 585, 586 (1995) ("Today, insanity is a legal concept; mental illness is a medical condition.").
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J. Legal Med.
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, Issue.585
, pp. 586
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Spiegel, A.D.1
Suskind, P.B.2
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71
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84938511388
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note
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Hall, 134 S. Ct. at 2005 (Alito, J., dissenting) ("[T]he Court places heavy reliance on the views (some only recently announced) of professional organizations, but the Court attempts to downplay the degree to which its decision is dependent upon the views of these private groups.").
-
Hall
, vol.134
, pp. 2005
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72
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84962689788
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note
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In Mays v. Stephens, 757 F.3d 211, 218-19 (5th Cir. 2014).
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(2014)
Mays v. Stephens
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Ex Parte Briseno, 135 S.W.3d 1, 7-8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
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(2004)
Ex Parte Briseno
, vol.135
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, pp. 7-8
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74
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Mays, 757 F.3d at 218.
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Mays
, vol.757
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509 U.S. 579 (1993).
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(1993)
U.S.
, vol.509
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78
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84938513958
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Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596-97.
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Daubert
, vol.509
, pp. 596-597
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80
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33749518585
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522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997) ("But conclusions and methodology are not entirely distinct from one another. . . . [N]othing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a district court to admit opinion evidence that is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert.").
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(1997)
U.S.
, vol.522
, Issue.136
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81
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84938514550
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note
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Id. See also City of Pomona v. SQM N. Am. Corp., 750 F.3d 1036, 1048 (9th Cir. 2014) ("[O]nly a faulty methodology or theory . . . is a valid basis to exclude expert testimony.").
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(2014)
City of Pomona v. SQM N. Am. Corp
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, pp. 1048
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83
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84938526689
-
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note
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http://perma.cc/N63S-JMD2 (showing the "basic overview of a scientific manuscript" to include an Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion).
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
84938525320
-
-
note
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Fed. R. Evid. 702(d) ("[T]he expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.").
-
Fed. R. Evid.
, vol.702
-
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85
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84904284616
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Group to Individual (G2i) Inference in Scientific Expert Testimony
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David L. Faigman, John Monahan & Christopher Slobogin, Group to Individual (G2i) Inference in Scientific Expert Testimony, 81 U. Chi. L. Rev. 417, 420 (2014) (footnote omitted).
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Faigman, D.L.1
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How Presumptions Should Be Allocated: Burdens of Proof, Uncertainty, and Ambiguity in Modern Legal Discourse
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note
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See Ronald J. Allen, How Presumptions Should Be Allocated: Burdens of Proof, Uncertainty, and Ambiguity in Modern Legal Discourse, 17 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 627, 633- 34 (1994) (explaining that civil litigants are treated equally because they are indistinguishable to the legal system).
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(1994)
Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y
, vol.17
, Issue.627
, pp. 633-634
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Allen, R.J.1
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88
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84926273721
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A Framework for Evaluating the Preponderanceof- the-Evidence Standard
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Neil Orloff & Jery Stedinger, A Framework for Evaluating the Preponderanceof- the-Evidence Standard, 131 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1159, 1168 n.23 (1983) (stating that false negatives and false positives generally have equal weight).
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Orloff, N.1
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note
-
See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 363-64 (1970) ("The requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt has this vital role in our criminal procedure. . . . Where one party has at stake an interest of transcending value-as a criminal defendant his liberty-this margin of error is reduced as to him by the process of placing on the other party the burden of . . . persuading the factfinder at the conclusion of the trial of his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." (internal quotation marks omitted)).
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On the Significance of Batting Averages and Strikeout Totals: A Clarification of the "Naked Statistical Evidence" Debate, the Meaning of "Evidence," and the Requirement of Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
-
note
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Ronald J. Allen, On the Significance of Batting Averages and Strikeout Totals: A Clarification of the "Naked Statistical Evidence" Debate, the Meaning of "Evidence," and the Requirement of Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt, 65 Tul. L. Rev. 1093, 1104 (1991) (arguing that a higher standard is necessary for criminal cases because the utilitarian balance differs and the depth of moral questioning is increased).
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Tul. L. Rev.
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Allen, R.J.1
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441 U.S. 418 (1979).
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U.S.
, vol.441
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93
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84938507409
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note
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Winship, 397 U.S. at 370 (Harlan, J., concurring).
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Winship
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95
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33644925070
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Closing Pandora's Box: Sexual Predators and the Politics of Sexual Violence
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note
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Eric S. Janus, Closing Pandora's Box: Sexual Predators and the Politics of Sexual Violence, 34 Seton Hall L. Rev. 1233, 1233-50 (2004) (discussing the public uproar against crimes of sexual violence and how it fuels the expansion of sexually violent-predator laws).
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Seton Hall L. Rev.
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Janus, E.S.1
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84938499811
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note
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See Aruanno v. Hayman, 384 F. App'x 144, 152 (3d Cir. 2010) ("[The Act] serves a regulatory . . . purpose, because it seeks to protect the public from possible future harm . . . .").
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Aruanno v. Hayman
, vol.384
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97
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84938496650
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note
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For example, in Hubbert v. Superior Court, 969 P.2d 584, 601 (Cal. 1999), the court rejected the "suggestion that the Legislature cannot constitutionally provide for the civil commitment of dangerous mentally impaired sexual predators unless the statutory scheme guarantees and provides 'effective' treatment."
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Hubbert v. Superior Court
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note
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Eric S. Janus & Wayne A. Logan, Substantive Due Process and the Involuntary Confinement of Sexually Violent Predators, 35 Conn. L. Rev. 319, 342 (2003) (discussing a substantive due process right to treatment).
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Janus, E.S.1
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Sex Offender Civil Commitment: The Treatment Paradox
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note
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Jeslyn A. Miller, Sex Offender Civil Commitment: The Treatment Paradox, 98 Calif. L. Rev. 2093, 2103 (2010) ("Although the Supreme Court has never confirmed a constitutional right to treatment, the right for individuals to participate meaningfully in treatment is implicit in the involuntary (implicating substantive due process concerns) and purportedly civil (implicating ex post facto and double jeopardy concerns) nature of the civil commitment system." (footnotes omitted)).
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Karsjens v. Jesson
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note
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See, e.g., Karsjens v. Jesson, 6 F. Supp. 3d 916, 916 (D. Minn. 2014) (noting that plaintiffs alleged "that commitment to [the Minnesota Sex Offender Treatment Program] essentially amount[s] to lifelong confinement, equivalent to [a] lifetime of criminal incarceration in [a] facility resembling, and run like, [a] medium to high security prison").
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F. Supp. 3d
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