Imaging body composition in cancer patients: visceral obesity, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity may impact on clinical outcome

Insights into Imaging

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 489-497

  Yip, Connie ^a,b   Dinkel, Charlotte ^a   Mahajan, Abhishek ^a   Siddique, Musib ^a   Cook, Gary J R ^a,c   Goh, Vicky ^a,c,d  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b DIVISION OF MEDICAL ONCOLOGY   (Singapore)

^c GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^d ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CT; DXA; MRI; Sarcopenia; Sarcopenic obesity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84938412528     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18694101     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13244-015-0414-0     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Prado CM, Lieffers JR, McCargar LJ et al (2008) Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 9(7):629–635
2. Prado CM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ et al (2007) Body composition as an independent determinant of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy toxicity. Clin Cancer Res 13(11):3264–3268
3. Antoun S, Baracos VE, Birdsell L, Escudier B, Sawyer MB (2010) Low body mass index and sarcopenia associated with dose-limiting toxicity of sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 21(8):1594–1598
4. Lieffers JR, Bathe OF, Fassbender K, Winget M, Baracos VE (2012) Sarcopenia is associated with postoperative infection and delayed recovery from colorectal cancer resection surgery. Br J Cancer 107(6):931–936
5. Cecchini S, Cavazzini E, Marchesi F, Sarli L, Roncoroni L (2011) Computed tomography volumetric fat parameters versus body mass index for predicting short-term outcomes of colon surgery. World J Surg 35(2):415–423
6. Moon HG, Ju YT, Jeong CY et al (2008) Visceral obesity may affect oncologic outcome in patients with colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 15(7):1918–1922
7. Thibault R, Genton L, Pichard C (2012) Body composition: why, when and for who? Clin Nutr 31(4):435–447
8. Balentine CJ, Enriquez J, Fisher W et al (2010) Intra-abdominal fat predicts survival in pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 14(11):1832–1837
9. World Health Organization (2000) Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser, 894:i-xii, 1–253
10. Clark W, Siegel EM, Chen YA et al (2013) Quantitative measures of visceral adiposity and body mass index in predicting rectal cancer outcomes after neoadjuvant chemoradiation. J Am Coll Surg 216(6):1070–1081
11. Rickles AS, Iannuzzi JC, Mironov O et al (2013) Visceral obesity and colorectal cancer: are we missing the boat with BMI? J Gastrointest Surg 17(1):133–143, discussion p 143
12. Lee CM, Huxley RR, Wildman RP, Woodward M (2008) Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 61(7):646–653
13. Zimmet P, Magliano D, Matsuzawa Y, Alberti G, Shaw J (2005) The metabolic syndrome: a global public health problem and a new definition. J Atheroscler Thromb 12(6):295–300
14. Harding JL, Shaw JE, Anstey KJ et al (2015) Comparison of anthropometric measures as predictors of cancer incidence: A pooled collaborative analysis of 11 Australian cohorts. Int J Cancer. doi:10.1002/ijc.29529
15. Aune D, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Chan DS et al (2015) Anthropometric factors and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv142
16. Steffen A, Huerta JM, Weiderpass E et al (2015) General and abdominal obesity and risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer 137(3):646–657
17. Roswall N, Freisling H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB et al (2014) Anthropometric measures and bladder cancer risk: a prospective study in the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 135(12):2918–2929
18. Fedirko V, Romieu I, Aleksandrova K et al (2014) Pre-diagnostic anthropometry and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis in Western European populations. Int J Cancer 135(8):1949–1960
19. Matsuzawa Y, Nakamura T, Shimomura I, Kotani K (1995) Visceral fat accumulation and cardiovascular disease. Obes Res 3(Suppl 5):645S–647S
20. Tsujinaka S, Konishi F, Kawamura YJ et al (2008) Visceral obesity predicts surgical outcomes after laparoscopic colectomy for sigmoid colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 51(12):1757–1765, discussion 1765–1757
21. Hans TS, Seidell JC, Currall JE, Morrison CE, Deurenberg P, Lean ME (1997) The influences of height and age on waist circumference as an index of adiposity in adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 21(1):83–89
22. Schreiner PJ, Terry JG, Evans GW, Hinson WH, Crouse JR 3rd, Heiss G (1996) Sex-specific associations of magnetic resonance imaging-derived intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat areas with conventional anthropometric indices. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol 144(4):335–345
23. Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Keno Y, Kotani K, Tokunaga K (1995) Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of visceral fat obesity. Obes Res 3(Suppl 2):187S–194S
24. Ibrahim MM (2010) Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: structural and functional differences. Obes Rev 11(1):11–18
25. Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U et al (2007) Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 116(1):39–48
26. Otake S, Takeda H, Suzuki Y et al (2005) Association of visceral fat accumulation and plasma adiponectin with colorectal adenoma: evidence for participation of insulin resistance. Clin Cancer Res 11(10):3642–3646
27. van Kruijsdijk RC, van der Wall E, Visseren FL (2009) Obesity and cancer: the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18(10):2569–2578
28. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D et al (1998) Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 147(8):755–763
29. Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB et al (2006) The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61(10):1059–1064
30. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM et al (2010) Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 39(4):412–423
31. Coker RH, Wolfe RR (2012) Bedrest and sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 15(1):7–11
32. Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argiles J et al (2010) Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics". Clin Nutr 29(2):154–159
33. Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD et al (2011) Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol 12(5):489–495
34. Stenholm S, Harris TB, Rantanen T, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Ferrucci L (2008) Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 11(6):693–700
35. Roubenoff R (2004) Sarcopenic obesity: the confluence of two epidemics. Obes Res 12(6):887–888
36. Schrager MA, Metter EJ, Simonsick E et al (2007) Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation in the InCHIANTI study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 102(3):919–925
37. Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argiles J et al (2008) Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr 27(6):793–799
38. Thompson DL, Thompson WR, Prestridge TJ et al (1991) Effects of hydration and dehydration on body composition analysis: a comparative study of bioelectric impedance analysis and hydrodensitometry. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 31(4):565–570
39. Yoshida D, Shimada H, Park H et al (2014) Development of an equation for estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass in Japanese older adults using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Geriatr Gerontol Int 14(4):851–857
40. Yoshida D, Suzuki T, Shimada H et al (2014) Using two different algorithms to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 14(Suppl 1):46–51
41. Albanese CV, Diessel E, Genant HK (2003) Clinical applications of body composition measurements using DXA. J Clin Densitom 6(2):75–85
42. Rothney MP, Brychta RJ, Schaefer EV, Chen KY, Skarulis MC (2009) Body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry half-body scans in obese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17(6):1281–1286
43. Laskey MA (1996) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition. Nutrition 12(1):45–51
44. Duren DL, Sherwood RJ, Czerwinski SA et al (2008) Body composition methods: comparisons and interpretation. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2(6):1139–1146
45. Shepherd JA, Fan B, Lu Y et al (2012) A multinational study to develop universal standardization of whole-body bone density and composition using GE Healthcare Lunar and Hologic DXA systems. J Bone Miner Res 27(10):2208–2216
46. Tylavsky FA, Lohman TG, Dockrell M et al (2003) Comparison of the effectiveness of 2 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers with that of total body water and computed tomography in assessing changes in body composition during weight change. Am J Clin Nutr 77(2):356–363
47. Baracos VE, Reiman T, Mourtzakis M, Gioulbasanis I, Antoun S (2010) Body composition in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a contemporary view of cancer cachexia with the use of computed tomography image analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 91(4):1133S–1137S
48. Tan BH, Birdsell LA, Martin L, Baracos VE, Fearon KC (2009) Sarcopenia in an overweight or obese patient is an adverse prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 15(22):6973–6979
49. Mourtzakis M, Prado CM, Lieffers JR, Reiman T, McCargar LJ, Baracos VE (2008) A practical and precise approach to quantification of body composition in cancer patients using computed tomography images acquired during routine care. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33(5):997–1006
50. Mitsiopoulos N, Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Lyons W, Gallagher D, Ross R (1998) Cadaver validation of skeletal muscle measurement by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography. J Appl Physiol (1985) 85(1):115–122
51. Seidell JC, Bakker CJ, van der Kooy K (1990) Imaging techniques for measuring adipose-tissue distribution–a comparison between computed tomography and 1.5-T magnetic resonance. Am J Clin Nutr 51(6):953–957
52. Brennan DD, Whelan PF, Robinson K et al (2005) Rapid automated measurement of body fat distribution from whole-body MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185(2):418–423
53. Shen W, Punyanitya M, Wang Z et al (2004) Total body skeletal muscle and adipose tissue volumes: estimation from a single abdominal cross-sectional image. J Appl Physiol (1985) 97(6):2333–2338
54. Warren M, Schreiner PJ, Terry JG (2006) The relation between visceral fat measurement and torso level—is one level better than another? The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, 1990–1992. Am J Epidemiol 163(4):352–358
55. Balentine CJ, Marshall C, Robinson C et al (2010) Validating quantitative obesity measurements in colorectal cancer patients. J Surg Res 164(1):18–22
56. Thibault R, Pichard C (2012) The evaluation of body composition: a useful tool for clinical practice. Ann Nutr Metab 60(1):6–16
57. Foster MA, Hutchison JM, Mallard JR, Fuller M (1984) Nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence and discrimination of high- and low-fat tissues. Magn Reson Imaging 2(3):187–192
58. Fowler PA, Fuller MF, Glasbey CA et al (1991) Total and subcutaneous adipose tissue in women: the measurement of distribution and accurate prediction of quantity by using magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Clin Nutr 54(1):18–25
59. Machann J, Thamer C, Schnoedt B et al (2005) Standardized assessment of whole body adipose tissue topography by MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 21(4):455–462
60. Abate N, Burns D, Peshock RM, Garg A, Grundy SM (1994) Estimation of adipose tissue mass by magnetic resonance imaging: validation against dissection in human cadavers. J Lipid Res 35(8):1490–1496
61. Abate N, Garg A, Coleman R, Grundy SM, Peshock RM (1997) Prediction of total subcutaneous abdominal, intraperitoneal, and retroperitoneal adipose tissue masses in men by a single axial magnetic resonance imaging slice. Am J Clin Nutr 65(2):403–408
62. Coombs BD, Szumowski J, Coshow W (1997) Two-point Dixon technique for water-fat signal decomposition with B0 inhomogeneity correction. Magn Reson Med 38(6):884–889
63. Dixon WT (1984) Simple proton spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 153(1):189–194
64. Glover GH, Schneider E (1991) Three-point Dixon technique for true water/fat decomposition with B0 inhomogeneity correction. Magn Reson Med 18(2):371–383
65. Liu M, Chino N, Ishihara T (1993) Muscle damage progression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy evaluated by a new quantitative computed tomography method. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74(5):507–514
66. Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Goodpaster BH et al (2002) Leg muscle mass and composition in relation to lower extremity performance in men and women aged 70 to 79: the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc 50(5):897–904
67. Martin L, Birdsell L, Macdonald N et al (2013) Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index. J Clin Oncol 31(12):1539–1547
68. Awad S, Tan BH, Cui H et al (2012) Marked changes in body composition following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for oesophagogastric cancer. Clin Nutr 31(1):74–77
69. Yip C, Goh V, Davies A et al (2014) Assessment of sarcopenia and changes in body composition after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and associations with clinical outcomes in oesophageal cancer. Eur Radiol 24(5):998–1005
70. Prado CM, Baracos VE, McCargar LJ et al (2009) Sarcopenia as a determinant of chemotherapy toxicity and time to tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine treatment. Clin Cancer Res 15(8):2920–2926
71. Griggs JJ, Mangu PB, Anderson H et al (2012) Appropriate chemotherapy dosing for obese adult patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 30(13):1553–1561
72. Huxley R, Mendis S, Zheleznyakov E, Reddy S, Chan J (2010) Body mass index, waist circumference and waist:hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk–a review of the literature. Eur J Clin Nutr 64(1):16–22