Fibre optic sensors for structural health monitoring of aircraft composite structures: Recent advances and applications

Sensors (Switzerland)

Volumn 15, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 18666-18713

  Di Sante, Raffaella ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Aerospace; Aircraft; Brillouin scattering; Composite materials; Fibre bragg gratings; Fibre optic sensors; Lamb waves; Rayleigh scattering; Smart structures; Structural health monitoring

Indexed keywords

AIRCRAFT; AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE; AIRCRAFT MATERIALS; AIRFRAMES; BRILLOUIN SCATTERING; COMPOSITE MATERIALS; ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE; FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS; FIBER OPTIC SENSORS; FIBER OPTICS; FIBERS; INTELLIGENT STRUCTURES; RAYLEIGH SCATTERING; SURFACE WAVES;

AEROSPACE; COMPOSITE AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE; DISTRIBUTED SENSING; HIGH BANDWIDTH; MULTI-POINTS; READINESS LEVELS; REAL TIME IN SITU MONITORING; RECENT RESEARCHES;

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING;

EID: 84938397711     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s150818666     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Baker, A.; Dutton, S.; Kelly, D. Composite Materials for Aircraft Structures; AIAA: Reston, VA, USA, 2004
2. Advisory Council for Aviation Research and Innovation in Europe. Available online: http://www.acare4europe.org/ (accessed on 5 May 2015)
3. Vision 2020 of ACARE. Available online: http://www.acare4europe.org/documents/vision-2020 (accessed on 5 May 2015)
4. Diamanti, K.; Soutis, C. Structural health monitoring techniques for aircraft composite structures Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 2010, 46, 342–352
5. Boller, C.; Chang, F.K.; Fujino, Y. Encyclopedia of Structural Health Monitoring; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Southern Gate, Chichester, UK, 2009
6. Culshaw, B.; Kersey, A. Fiber-optic sensing: A historical perspective. J. Lightw. Technol. 2008, 26, 1064–1078
7. Hill, K.O.; Meltz, G. Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview. J. Lightw. Technol 1997, 15, 1263–1276
8. Bao, X.; Chen, L. Recent progress in distributed fiber optic sensors. Sensors 2012, 12, 8601–8639.
9. Chandler, K.; Ferguson, S.; Graver, T.; Csipkes, A.; Mendez, A. On-line structural health and fire monitoring of a composite personal aircraft using an FBG sensing system. In Proceedings of the Conference on Smart Sensor, Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems, San Diego, CA, USA, 10–12 March 2008
10. Bockenheimer, C.; Speckmann, H. Validation, verification and implementation of SHM at Airbus In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM 2013), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 10–12 September 2013
11. Baker, A.; Rajic, N.; Davis, C. Towards a practical structural health monitoring technology for patched cracks in aircraft structure. Compos. Part A 2009, 40, 1340–1352
12. Barazanchy, D.; Martinez, M.; Rocha, B.; Yanishevsky, M. A hybrid structural health monitoring system for the detection and localization of damage in composite structures. J. Sens. 2014, 2014, 1–10
13. Minakuchi S.; Tsukamoto H.; Banshoya H.; Takeda N. Hierarchical fiber-optic-based sensing system: Impact damage monitoring of large scale CFRP structures. Smart Mater. Struct.2011, 20, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/20/8/085029
14. Lee, B.H.; Kim Y.H.; Park, K.S.; Eom, J.B.; Kim, M.J.; Rho, B.S.; Choi, H.Y. Interferometric fiber optic sensors. Sensors 2012, 12, 2467–2486
15. Lim, J.H.; Jang, H.S.; Lee, K.S.; Kim, J.C.; Lee, B.H. Mach-Zehnder interferometer formed in a photonic crystal fiber based on a pair of long-period fiber gratings. Opt. Lett. 2004, 29, 346–348
16. Kim, Y.J.; Paek, U.C.; Lee, B.H. Measurement of refractive-index variation with temperature by use of long-period fiber gratings. Opt. Lett. 2002, 27, 1297–1299
17. Yuan, L.-B.; Zhou, L.M.; Wu, J.S. Fiber optic temperature sensor with duplex Michelson interferometric technique. Sensors Actuators A 2000, 86, 2–7
18. Di Sante, R.; Scalise, L. A novel fiber optic sensor for multiple and simultaneous measurement of vibration velocity. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2004, 75, 1952–1958
19. Culshaw, B. The optical fibre Sagnac interferometer: An overview of its principles and applications Meas. Sci. Technol. 2006, 17, R1–R16
20. Udd, E. 25 years of structural monitoring using fiber optic sensors. In Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems 2011, San Diego, CA, USA, 6 March 2011; Volume 7982
21. Yoshino, T.; Kurosawa, K.; Itoh, K.; Ose, T. Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer and its sensor applications. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory 1982, 30, 1612–1621
22. Rao Y.-J. Recent progress in fiber optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors Opt. Fiber Technol. 2006, 12, 227–237
23. Inaudi, D. Field testing and application of fiber optic displacement sensors in civil structures In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Williamsbourg, VA, USA, 28–31 October1997; pp. 596–599
24. Ferdinand, P.; Magne, S.; Dewynter-Marty, V.; Martinez, C.; Rougeault, S.; Bugaud, M Application of Bragg grating sensors in Europe. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Williamsbourg, Williamsbourg, VA, USA, 28–31 October 1997; pp. 14–19.
25. Slattery, S.A.; Nikogosyan, D.N.; Brambilla, G. Fiber Bragg grating inscription by high intensity femtosecond UV laser light: Comparison with other existing methods of fabrication. J. Opt. Soc Am. B 2005, 22, 354–361
26. Rao Y.J. Optical Fibre Sensor Technology. Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors: Principles and Applications; Chapman & Hall: London, UK, 1998; pp. 355–389
27. Butter, C.D.; Hocker, G.B. Fiber optics strain gauge. Appl. Opt. 1978, 17, 2867–2869
28. Othonos, A.; Kalli, K. Fiber Bragg Gratings: Fundamentals and Applications in Telecommunications and Sensing; Artech House: Norwood, MA, USA, 1999
29. Kim, M.J.; Kim, Y.H.; Mudhana, G.; Lee, B.H. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain based on double cladding fiber interferometer assisted by fiber grating pair. IEEE Photon Technol. Lett. 2008, 20, 1290–1292
30. Tanaka, N.; Okabe, Y.; Takeda, N. Temperature-compensated strain measurement using fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in composite laminates. Smart Mater. Struct. 2003, 12, 940–946
31. Luyckx, G.; de Waele, W.; Degrieck, J.; van Paepegem, W.; Vlekken, J.; Vandamme, S.; Chah, K Three-dimensional strain and temperature monitoring of composite laminates. Insight 2007, 49, 10–16
32. Zhao, Y.; Liao, Y.B.; Lai, S.R. Simultaneous measurement of down-hole high pressure and temperature with a bulk-modulus and FBG sensor. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2002, 14, 1584–1586
33. Jin, L.; Zhang, W.G.; Zhang, H.; Liu, B.; Zhao, H.; Tu, Q.C.; Kai, G.Y.; Dong, X.Y. An embedded FBG sensor for simultaneous measurement of stress and temperature. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2006, 18, 154–156
34. Chehura, E.; James, S.W.; Tatam, R.P. Temperature and strain discrimination using a single tilted fibre Bragg grating. Opt. Commun. 2007, 275, 344–347
35. Frazao, O.; Santos, J.L. Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using a Bragg grating structure written in germanosilicate fibres. J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 2004, 6, 553–556
36. Dong, X.; Yang, X.; Zhao, C.-L.; Ding, L.; Shum, P.; Ngo, N.Q. A novel temperature-insensitive fiber Bragg grating sensor for displacement measurement. Smart Mater. Struct. 2005, 14, N7–N10
37. Jung, J.; Nam, H.; Lee, B.; Byun, J.O.; Kim, N.S. Fiber Bragg grating sensor with controllable sensitivity. App. Opt. 1999, 13, 2752–2754
38. Di Sante, R.; Bastianini, F. Temperature-compensated Fiber Bragg Grating -based sensor with variable sensitivity. Opt. Laser Eng. 2015, 75, 5–9
39. Hongo, A.; Kojima, S.; Komatsuzaki, S. Applications of fiber Bragg grating sensors and high-speed interrogation techniques. Struct. Control Health Monit. 2005, 12, 269–282
40. Guo H.; Xiao G.; Mrad N.; Yao J. Fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring of air platforms. Sensors 2011, 11, 3687–3705
41. Boller, C.; Staszewski, W.J. Aircraft Strutural Health and Usage Monitoring; Health Monitoring of Aerospace Structures; Staszewski, W., Boller, C., Tomlinson, G., Eds.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2003; pp. 29–73
42. Kersey, A.D.; Berkoff, T.A.; Morey, W.W. Multiplexed fiber Bragg grating strain-sensor system with a fiber Fabry-Perot wavelength filter. Opt. Lett. 1993, 18, 1370–1372.
43. Henderson, P.J.; Webb, D.J.; Jackson D.A.; Zhang, L.; Bennion, I. Highly-multiplexed grating-sensors for temperature-referenced quasi-statyic measurementds of strain in concrete bridges. In Proceedings of the SPIE 1999, Kyongju, South Korea, 12–16 April 1999; Volume 3746, pp. 320–323
44. Todd, M.; Nichols, J.; Trickey, S.; Seaver, M.; Nichols, C.; Vigin, L. Bragg grating-based fibre optic sensors in structural health monitoring. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2007, 365, 317–343
45. Betz, D.; Thursby, G.; Culshaw, B.; Staszewsky, W. Identification of structural damage using multifunctional Bragg grating sensors: I. Theory and implementation. Smart Mater. Struct. 2006, 15, 1305–1312
46. Frieden, J.; Cugnoni, J.; Botsis, J.; Gmur, T.; Coric, D. High-speed internal strain measurements in composite structures under dynamic load using embedded FBG sensors. Compos. Struct.2010, 92, 1905–1912
47. Soejima, H.; Ogisu, T.; Yoneda, H.; Okabe, Y.; Takeda, N.; Koshioka, Y. Demonstration of detectability of SHM system with FBG/PZT hybrid system in composite wing box structure In Proceedings of the SPIE, Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2008, San Diego, CA, USA, 8 April 2008; Volume 6932, pp. 69322E-1–69322E-9
48. Betz, D.C.; Thursby, G.; Culshaw, B.; Staszewski, W.J. Acousto-ultrasonics sensing using fiber Bragg grating. Smart Mater. Struct. 2003, 12, 122–128
49. Sano, Y.; Yoshino, T. Fast optical wavelength interrogator employing arrayed waveguide grating for distributed fiber Bragg grating sensors. IEEE/OSA J. Lightw. Techmol. 2003, 21, 132–139
50. Xiao, G.; Zhao, P.; Sun, F.; Lu, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Grover, C. Interrogating fiber Bragg grating sensors by thermally scanning an arrayed waveguide grating based demultiplexer. Opt. Lett. 2004, 29, 2222–2224
51. Guo, H.; Xiao, G.; Mrad, N.; Yao, J. Echelle diffractive grating based wavelength interrogator for potential aerospace applications. J. Lightw. Technol. 2013, 31, 2099–2105
52. Mendoza, E.; Kempen, C.; Esterkin, Y.; Sun S. Energy harvesting, wireless fiber optic sensor (WiFOSTM) structural health monitor system for helicopter rotors. In Proceedings of the 16th Australian Aerospace Congress (AIAC), Melbourne, Australia, 23–26 February 2015
53. Costa, J.; Black, R.J.; Moslehi, B.; Oblea, L.; Patel, R.; Sotoudeh, V.; Abouzeida, E.; Quinones, V.; Gowayed, Y.; Soobramaney, P. et al. Fiber-optically sensorized composite wing. In Proceedings of SPIE, Smart Sensor Phenomena, Technology, Networks and Systems Integration, San Diego, CA, USA, 9 March 2014; Volume 9062
54. Vulliez, P. Distributed fiber-optic sensing solves real-world problems. Laser Focus World 2013, 49, 60–67
55. Wild, G.; Hinckley, S. Distributed Optical Fiber Smart Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring In Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 13–15 September 2011
56. Wild, G.; Hinckley, S. Distributed optical fibre smart sensors for structural health monitoring: A smart transducer interface module. In Proceedings of ISSNIP 2009, Melbourne, Australia, 7–10 December 2009; pp. 373–378.
57. Brown, G.A.; Hartog, A.H. Optical fiber sensors in upstream oil & gas. J. Petroleum Technol 2002, 54, 63–65
58. Barnoski, M.K.; Rourke, M.D.; Jensen, S.M.; Melville, R.T. Optical time domain reflectometer Appl. Opt. 1977, 16, 2375–2379
59. Rogers, A.J. Polarisation optical time domain reflectometry. Electron. Lett.1980, 16, 489–490
60. Takada, K.; Himeno, A.; Yukimatsu, K. Phase-noise and shot-noise limited operations of low coherence optical time domain reflectometry. Appl. Phys. Lett.1991, 59, 2483–2485
61. Juarez, J.C.; Taylor, H.F. Polarization discrimination in a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer intrusion-sensor system. Opt. Lett. 2005, 30, 3284–3286
62. Froggatt, M.; Moore, J. High-spatial-resolution distributed strain measurement in optical fiber with Rayleigh scatter. Appl. Opt. 1998, 37, 1735–1740
63. Soller, B.J.; Gifford, D.K.; Wolfe, M.; Froggatt, M.E. High resolution optical frequency domain reflectometry for characterization of components and assemblies. Opt. Express 2005, 13, 666–674
64. Soller, B.J.; Gifford, D.K.; Wolfe, M.S.; Froggatt, M.E.; Yu, M.H.; Wysocki, P.F. Measurement of localized heating in fiber optic components with millimeter spatial resolution. In Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference Technical Digest, Anaheim, CA, USA, 5–10 March 2006
65. Rahim, N.A.A.; Kutz, J.J.; White, M.M.; Michel, J.; Sang, A.K.; Froggatt, M.E.; Klute, S.M.; Gifford, D.K. Dynamic monitoring of fan blade using high resolution, distributed fiber optic sensing. In Proceedings of the SAMPE Technical Conference, Wichita, KS, USA, 21–24 October 2013
66. Luna Innovations. Available online: http://www.lunainc.com (accessed on 13 May 2015)
67. Bao, X.; Chen, L. Recent progress in Brillouin scattering based fiber sensors. Sensors 2011, 11, 4152–4187
68. Shimizu, K.; Horiguchi, T.; Koyamada, Y.; Kurashima, T. Coherenet self-heterodyne detection of spontaneously Brillouin-scattered light waves in a single-mode fiber. Opt. Lett. 1993, 18, 185–187
69. Horiguchi, T.; Shimizu, K.; Kurashima, T.; Tateda, M.; Koyamada, Y. Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering. J. Lightw. Technol. 1995, 13, 1296–1302
70. DeMerchant, M.; Brown, A.; Bao, X.; Bremner, T. Automated system for distributed sensing Proc. SPIE 1998, 3330, 315–322
71. Brown, A.; DeMerchant, M.; Bao, X.; Bremner, T. Spatial resolution enhancement of a Brillouin scattering based distributed sensor. J. Lightw. Technol. 1999, 17, 1179–1183
72. Lecoeuche, V.; Webb, D.J.; Pannell, C.N.; Jackson, D.A. Transient response in high-resolution Brillouin-based distributed sensing using probe pulses shorter than the acoustic relaxation time Opt. Lett. 2000, 25, 156–158
73. Li, W.; Bao, X.; Li, Y.; Chen, L. Differential pulse-width pair BOTDA for high spatial resolution sensing. Opt. Express 2008, 16, 21616–21625
74. Thévenaz, L.; Mafang, S.F. Distributed fiber sensing using Brillouin echoes. Proc. SPIE 2008, 7004, 1–4
75. Garus, D.; Golgolla, T.; Krebber, K.; Schliep, F. Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis for distributed temperature and strain measurements. J. Lightw. Technol. 1997, 15, 654–662.
76. Bernini, R.; Minardo, A.; Zeni, L. Distributed Sensing at centimetre-scale spatial resolution by BOFDA: Measurements and signal processing. IEEE Photonics J. 2012, 4, 48–56
77. Hotate, K.; Hasegawa, T. Measurement of Brillouin gain spectrum distribution along an optical fiber with a high spatial resolution using a correlation-based technique—Proposal, experiment and simulation. IEICE Trans. Electron. 2000, E83-C, 405–411
78. Hotate, K.; Tanaka, M. Distributed fiber Brillouin strain sensing with 1cm spatial resolution by correlation-based continuous-wave Technique. IEEE Photonic. Technol. Lett. 2002, 14, 179–181
79. Hotate, K. Brillouin scattering accompanied by acoustic grating in an optical fiber and applications in fiber distributed sensing. Proc. SPIE 2011, 7753, 7–10
80. Neubrex Technologies. Available online: http://www.neubrex.com/ (accessed on 13 May 2015)
81. Cheng, C.C.; Lo, Y.L.; Pun, B.S.; Chang, Y.M.; Li, W.Y. An investigation of bonding-layer characteristics of substrate-bonded fiber Bragg grating. J. Lightw. Technol. 2005, 23, 3907–3915
82. Wan, K.T.; Leung, C.K.Y.; Olson, N.G. Investigation of the strain transfer for surface-attached optical fiber strain sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 2008, 17, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/17/3/035037
83. Luycks, G.; Voet, E.; Lammens, N.; Degrieck, J. Strain measurements of composite laminates with embedded fibre Bragg gratings: Criticism and opportunities for research. Sensors 2011, 11, 384–408
84. Takeda, N.; Okabe, Y.; Kuwahara, J.; Kojima, S.; Ogisu, T. Development of smart composite structures with small-diameter fiber Bragg grating sensors for damage detection: Quantitative evaluation of delamination length in CFRP laminates using Lamb wave sensing. Compos. Sci. Technol 2005, 65, 2575–2587
85. Saton, K.; Fukuchi, K.; Kurosawa, Y.; Hongo, A.; Takeda, N. Polyimide-Coated Small-Diameter Optical Fiber Sensors for Embedding in Composite Laminate Structures. In Proceedings of the SPIE, Newport Beach, CA, USA, 4 March 2001; pp. 285–294
86. Shivakumar, K.; Emmanwori, L. Mechanics of failure of composite laminates with an embedded fiber optic sensor. J. Compos. Mater. 2004, 38, 669–680
87. Di Sante, R.; Bastianini, F.; Donati, L. Low-coherence interferometric measurements of optical losses in autoclave cured composite samples with embedded optical fibers. In Proceedings of the Fifth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors (EWOFS), Krakow, Poland, 19–22 May 2013
88. Di Sante, R.; Donati, L. Strain monitoring with embedded Fiber Bragg Gratings in advanced composite structures for nautical applications. Measurement 2013, 46, 2118–2126
89. Di Sante, R.; Donati, L.; Troiani, E.; Proli, P. Reliability and accuracy of embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors for strain monitoring in advanced composite structures. Met. Mater. Int. 2014, 20, 537–543
90. Di Sante, R.; Donati, L.; Troiani, E.; Proli, P. Evaluation of bending strain measurements in a composite sailboat bowsprit with embedded Fiber Bragg Gratings. Measurement 2014, 54, 106–117
91. Peairs, D.M.; Sterner, L.; Flanagan, K.; Kochergin, V. Fiber optic monitoring of structural composites using optical backscatter reflectometry. In Proceedings of the 41st International SAMPE Technical Conference, Wichita, KS, USA, 19–22 October 2009
92. Beukema, R.P. Embedding technologies of FBG sensors in composites: Technologies, applications and practical use. In Proceedings of the 6th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Dresden, Germany, 3 July 2012.
93. Sjögren, A. Manufacturing technique for embedding detachable fiber-optic connections in aircraft composite components. Smart Mater. Struct. 2000, 9, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/9/6/316
94. Kinet, D.; Guerra, B.; Garray, D.; Caucheteur, C.; Mégret, P. Weakly intrusive optical fibre connector for composite materials applications: vibration and temperature validation tests In Proceedings of the 5th European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Krakow, Poland, 19–22 May 2013
95. Goshal, A.; Ayers, J.; Gurvich, M.; Urban, M.; Bordick, N. Experimental investigations in embedded sensing of composite components in aerospace vehicles. Compos. Part B 2015, 71, 52–62
96. Guemes, J.A.; Menendez, J.M. Response of Bragg grating fiber-optic sensors when embedded in composite laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2002, 62, 959–966
97. Lawrence, C.M.; Nelson, D.V.; Udd, E.; Bennett, T. A fiber optic sensor for transverse strain measurement. Exp. Mech. 1999, 39, 202–209
98. Matrat, J.; Levin, K.; Jarlas, R. Implementation of a Bragg Grating Strain Rosette Embedded in Composites. In Proceedings of the Smart Structures and Materials Conference 2001, Newport Beach, CA, USA, 5–8 March 2001; pp. 168–179
99. Kang, D.H.; Park, S.O.; Hong, C.S.; Kim, C.G. The signal characteristics of reflected spectra of fiber Bragg grating sensors with strain gradients and grating lengths. NDT E Int. 2005, 38, 712–718
100. Black, K.; Udd, E.; Schulz, W.; Kreger, S.; Kunzler, M.; Taylor, T.; Lumsden, R. Using Multi-Axis Fiber Grating Strain Sensors to Measure Transverse Strain and Transverse Strain Gradients in Composite Materials with Complex Weave Structures; SPIE: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2002
101. Okabe, Y.; Yashiro, S.; Tsuji, R.; Mizutani, T.; Takeda, N. Effect of thermal residual stress on the reflection spectrum from fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in CFRP laminates. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manufact. 2002, 33, 991–999
102. Menendez, J.M.; Fernandez, A.; Guemes, A. Sensing with embedded fiber Bragg gratings in extreme mechanical conditions. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM), Kyoto, Japan, 8–13 July 2007
103. Güemes, A.; Menendez, J. Damage detection in composite laminates by fibre optics Bragg grating sensors based on the peak splitting phenomena. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM), Stanford, CA, USA, 12 September 2001
104. Takeda, N.; Okabe, Y.; Mizutani, T. Damage detection in composites using optical fibre sensors Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G 2007, 221, 497–508
105. Minakuchi, S.; Okabe, Y.; Mizutani, T.; Takeda, N. Barely visible impact damage detection for composite sandwich structures by optical-fiber-based distributed strain measurement Smart Mater. Struct. 2009, 18, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/18/8/085018
106. Tessler, A.; Spangler, J.L. A least squares variational method for full-field reconstruction of elastic deformations in shera-deformable plates and shells. Comput. Method Appl. Mech. 2005, 194, 327–339
107. Gherlone, M.; Cerracchio, P.; Mattone, M.; di Sciuva, M.D.; Tessler, A. Shape sensing of 3D frame structures using an inverse finite element method. Int. J. Solids Struct. 2012, 49, 3100–3112.
108. Derkevorkian, A.; Alvarenga, J.; Masri, S.F.; Ryaciotaki-Boussalis, H.; Richards, W.L Computational studies of a strain-based deformation shape prediction algorithm for control and monitoring applications. In Proceedings of the SPIE 2012, San Diego, CA, USA, 26 April 2012; Volume 8343; pp. 83430F–83440F
109. Kang, L.; Kim, D.; Han, J. Estimation of dynamic structural displacements using fiber Bragg grating strain sensors. J. Sound Vib. 2007, 305, 534–542
110. Rapp, S.; Kang, L.-H.; Mueller, U.C.; Han, J.-H.; Baier, H. Dynamic shape estimation by modal approach using fiber Bragg grating strain sensors. In Proceedings of the SPIE, San Diego, CA, USA, 18 March 2007, Volume 6529; pp. 65293E–65304E
111. Rapp, S.; Kang, L.-H.; Han, J.-H.; Mueller, U.C.; Baier, H. Displacement field estimation for a two-dimensional structure using fiber Bragg grating sensors. Smart Mater. Struct.2009, 18, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/18/2/025006
112. Kim, H.-I.; Kang, L.-H.; Han, J.-H. Shape estimation with distributed fiber Bragg grating sensors for rotating structures. Smart Mater. Struct. 2011, 20, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/20/3/035011
113. Ko, W.; Richards, W.; Tran, V. Displacement theories for in-flight deformed shape predictions of aerospace structures; Rept. 214612; NASA Dryden Flight Research Center: Hampton, VA, USA, 2007
114. Ko, W.; Richards, W.U.S. Patent Application for Method for Real-Time Structure Shape-Sensing U.S. Patent No. 7520176, 21 April 2009
115. Bakalyar, J.; Jutte, C. Validation tests of fiber optic strain-based operational shape and load measurements. In Proceedings of 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, AIAA, Honolulu, HI, USA, 23 April 2012; pp. 1–81
116. Derkevorkian, A.; Masri, S.F.; Alvarenga, J.; Boussalis, H.; Bakalyar, J.; Richards, W.L Strain-based deformation shape-estimation algorithm for control and monitoring applications AIAA J. 2013, 51, 2231–2240
117. Lee, J.R.; Ryu, C.Y.; Koo, B.Y.; Kang, S.G.; Hong, C.S.; Kim, C.G. In-flight health monitoring of a subscale wing using fiber optic sensor. J. Compos. Mater.2000, 34, 1602–1623
118. Read, I.J.; Foote, P.D. Sea and flight trials of optical fibre Bragg grating strain sensing system Smart Mater. Struct. 2001, 10, 1085–1094
119. Ryu, C.Y.; Lee, J.R.; Kim, C.G.; Hong, C.S. Buckling behaviour monitoring of a composite wing box using multiplexed and multi-channeled built-in fiber Bragg grating strain sensors. NDT&E Int 2008, 41, 534–543
120. Yun, S.H.; Richardson, D.J.; Kim, B.Y. Interrogation of fiber grating sensor arrays with a wavelength-swept fiber laser. Opt. Lett. 1998, 23, 843–845
121. Ryu, C.Y.; Hong, C.S. Development of fiber Bragg grating sensor system using wavelength-swept fiber laser. Smart Mater. Struct. 2002, 11, 468–473
122. Takeda, S.; Aoki, Y.; Ishikawa, T.; Takeda, N.; Kikukawa, H. Structural health monitoring of composite wing structure during durability test. Compos. Struct. 2007, 79, 133–139
123. Okabe, Y.; Mizutani, T.; Yashiro, S.; Takeda, N. Detection of microscopic damages in composite laminates with small-diameter fiber Bragg grating sensors. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2002, 62, 951–958.
124. Mizutani, T.; Okabe, Y.; Takeda, N. Quantitative evaluation of transverse cracks in carbon fiber reinforced plastics quasi-isotropic laminates with embedded small-diameter fiber Bragg grating sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 2003, 12, 898–903
125. Minakuchi, S.; Umehara, T.; Takagaki, K.; Ito, Y.; Takeda, N. Life cycle monitoring and advanced quality assurance of L-shaped composite corner part using embedded fiber-optic sensor Compos. Part A 2013, 48, 153–161
126. Takeda, N.; Minakuchi, S.; Umehara, T.; Ito, Y. Life cycle monitoring of curved composite parts using embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors. In Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials (PFAM XX), Hong Kong, China, 15 December 2011; pp. 18–21
127. Sonnenfeld, C.; Sulejmani, S.; Geernaert, T.; Eve, S.; Lammens, N.; Luyckx, G.; Voet, E.; Degrieck, J.; Urbanczyk, W.; Mergo, P. et al. Microstructured optical fiber sensors embedded in a laminate composite for smart material applications. Sensors 2011, 11, 2566–2579
128. Baker, A.; Chester, R.J.; Davis, M.J.; Retchford, J.A.; Roberts, J.D. The development of a boron/epoxy doubler system for the F-111 wing pivot fitting—Materials engineering aspects Composites 1993, 24, 511–521
129. Galea, S.C.; van der Velden, S.; Powlesland, I.; Quang, N.; Ferrarotto, P.; Konak, M. Flight demonstrator of a self-powered SHM system on a composite bonded patch attached to an F/18 aileron hinge. In Proceedings of the First Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (APWSHM 2006), Yokohama, Japan, 4 December 2006
130. Jones, R.; Galea, S. Health monitoring of composite repairs and joints using optical fibers Compos. Struct. 2002, 58, 397–403
131. Bernasconi, A.; Carboni, M.; Comolli, L. Monitoring of fatigue crack growth in composite adhesively bonded joints using fiber Bragg gratings. Proc. Eng. 2011, 10, 207–212
132. Webb, S.; Shin, P.; Peters, K.; Selfridge, R.; Schultz, S. Nondestructive inspection of CFRP adhesively bonded joints using embedded FBG sensors. In Proceedings of SPIE, Fiber Optic Sensors and Applications X, 2013, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2 May 2013; Volume 8722
133. Vella, T.; Chadderdon, S.; Selfridge, R.; Schultz, S.; Webb, S.; Park, C.; Peters, K.; Zikry, M Full-spectrum interrogation of fiber Bragg gratings at 100 kHz for detection of impact loading Meas. Sci. Technol. 2010, 21, 094009
134. Cheng, L.K.; Groote Schaarsberg, J.J.M.; Oostdijk, B.W. Multi-channel FBG sensor system for static and dynamic measurement up to 10 kHz. In Proceedings of the European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM), Cachan, France, 10 July 2002
135. Kosters, E.; van Els, T.J. Structural health monitoring and impact detection for primary aircraft structures. In Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, Fiber Optic Sensors and Applications VII, Orlando, FL, USA, 5 April 2010; Volume 7677
136. Tsutsui, H.; Kawamata, A.; Sanda, T.; Takeda, N. Detection of impact damage of stiffened composite panels using embedded small-diameter optical fibers. Smart Mater. Struct. 2004, 13, 1284–1290
137. Tsutsui, H.; Kawamata, A.; Kimoto, J.; Isoe, A.; Hirose, Y.; Sanda, T.; Takeda, N. Impact damage detection system using small-diameter optical fiber sensors embedded in CFRP laminate structures Adv. Compos. Mater. 2004, 13, 43–55.
138. Tsutsui, H.; Hirano, N.; Kimoto, J.; Akatsuka, T.; Sashikuma, H.; Takeda, N.; Tajima, N. Research and development of impact damage detection system for airframe structures using optical fiber sensors. In Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Smart Sensor, Phenomena, Technology, Networks, and Systems, San Diego, CA, USA, 10–12 March 2008; Volume 6933
139. Propst, A.; Peters, K.; Zikry, M.A.; Schultz, S.; Kunzler, W.; Zhu, Z.; Wirthlin, M.; Selfridge, R Assessment of damage in composite laminates through dynamic, full-spectral interrogation of fiber Bragg grating sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 2010, 19, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/19/1/015016
140. Panopoulou A.; Roulias D.; Loutas T.H.; Kostopoulous V. Health monitoring of aerospace structures using fibre Bragg Gratings combined with advanced signal processing and pattern recognition techniques. Strain 2012, 48, 267–277
141. Loutas T.H.; Panopolou A.; Roulias D.; Kostopoulous V. Intelligent health monitoring of aerospace composite structures based on dynamic strain measurements. Expert Syst. Appl. 2012, 39, 8412–8422
142. Sierra, J.; Güemes, A.; Mujica, L.E. Damage detection by using FBGs and strain field pattern recognition techniques. Smart Mater. Struct. 2013, 22, 1–10
143. Sierra, J.; Torres, M.A.; Cabanes, G.; Guemes, A.; Mujica, L.E.; Fritzen, C.-P. Damage detection in metallic beams from dynamic strain measurements under different load cases by using automatic clustering and pattern recognition techniques. In Proceedings of the 7th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring EWSHM, Nantes, France, 8–11 July 2014
144. Amano, M.; Okabe, Y.; Takeda, N.; Ozaki, T. Structural health monitoring of an advanced grid structure with embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors. Struct. Health Monit. 2007, 6, 309–324
145. Takeya, H.; Ozaki, T.; Takeda, N. Structural health monitoring of advanced grid structure using multipoint FBG sensors. In Proceedings of the SPIE’s 12th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, CA, USA, 6–10 March 2005
146. Lamb, H. On Waves in an Elastic Plate. In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, London, UK, March 1917; pp. 114–118
147. Worlton, D.C. Ultrasonic testing with Lamb waves. Nondestruct. Test. 1957, 15, 218–222
148. Coppola, G. Analysis of feasibility on the use of fiber Bragg grating sensors as ultrasound detectors. In Proceedings of the SPIE, Newport Beach, CA, USA, 4 March 2001, Volume 4328; pp. 224–232
149. Fornitchov, P.A.; Krishnaswamy, S. Fibre Bragg grating ultrasound sensor for process monitoring and NDE applications. AIP Conf. Proc. 2002, 615, 937-944
150. Culshaw, B.; Thursby, G.; Betz, D.; Sorazu, B. The detection of ultrasound using fiber-optic sensors. IEEE Sensors J. 2008, 8, 1360–1367
151. Tsuda, H.; Lee, J.R.; Guan, Y.S.; Takatsubo, J.J. Investigation of fatigue crack in stainless steel using a mobile fiber Bragg grating ultrasonic sensor. Opt. Fiber Technol. 2007, 13, 209–214
152. Ogisu, T.; Shimanuki, M.; Kiyoshima, S.; Okabe, Y.; Takeda, N. Feasibility studies on active damage detection for CFRP aircraft bonding structures. Adv. Compos. Mater. 2006, 15, 153–173
153. Ogisu, T.; Shimanuki, M.; Yoneda, H.; Okabe, Y; Kuwahara, J.; Takeda, N.; Sakurai, T. Damage growth monitoring for a bonding layer of the aircraft bonding structure. In Proceedings of SPIE, San Diego, CA, USA, 26 February 2006; pp. 61710C–61710C-12.
154. Okabe, Y.; Kuwahara, J.; Takeda, N.; Ogisu, T.; Kojima, S.; Komatsuzaki, S. Evaluation of debonding progress in composite bonded structures by ultrasonic wave sensing with fiber Bragg grating sensors. In Proceedings of SPIE, San Diego, CA, USA, 26 February 2006; pp. 61790G-1–61790G-11
155. Tsuda, H. Ultrasound and damage detection in CFRP using fiber Bragg grating sensors Compos. Sci. Technol. 2006, 66, 676–683
156. Lam, P.M.; Lau, K.T.; Ling, H.Y.; Su, Z.; Tam, H.Y. Acousto-ultrasonic sensing for delaminated GFRP composites using an embedded FBG sensor. Opt. Laser Eng. 2009, 47, 1049–1055
157. Tan, Y.; Cai, L.; Peng, B.; Meng, L. An investigation of structural damage location based on ultrasonic excitation-fiber bragg grating detection. Adv. Acoust. Vib. 2013, 525603, doi:10.1155/2013/525603
158. Rocha, B.; Barazanchy, D.; Sevenois, R.; Guo, H.; Xiao, G.; Mrad, N. Assessment of fibre optic sensor architectures for structural health monitoring. In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM ’13), Palo Alto, CA, USA, 23 June 2013; pp. 470–477
159. Lau, K.T. Structural health monitoring for smart composites sing embedded FBG sensor technology. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2014, 30, 1642–1654
160. Kumar, P.K.; Lagoudas, D.C. Shape Memory Alloys: Modeling Engineering Applications; Lagoudas, D.C., Ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2008
161. Barbarino, S.; Saavedra Flores, E.I.; Ajaj, R.M.; Dayyani, I.; Friswell, M.I. A review on shape memory alloys with applications to morphing aircraft. Smart Mater. Struct. 2014, 23, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/23/6/063001
162. Yang, S.-M.; Han, J.-H.; Lee, I. Characteristics of smart composite wing with SMA actuators and optical fiber sensors. Int. J. Appl. Electrom. 2006, 23, 177–186
163. Mieloszyk, M.; Skarbek, L.; Krawczuk, M.; Ostachowicz, W.; Zak, A. Application of fibre Bragg grating sensors for structural health monitoring of an adaptive wing. Smart Mater. Struct. 2011, 20, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/20/12/125014
164. Mieloszyk, M.; Krawczuk, M.; Zak, A.; Ostachowicz, W. An adaptive wing for a small—Aircraft application with a configuration of fibre Bragg grating sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 2010, 19, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/19/8/085009
165. Minakuchi S.; Yamauchi I.; Takeda N.; Hirose Y. Memorizing and detecting as arrested crack in a foam-core sandwich structure using embedded plastic materials and fiber-optic sensors Smart Mater. Struct.2012, 21, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/21/5/055025
166. Minakuchi, S.; Takeda, N. Recent advancement in optical fiber sensing for aerospace composite structures. Photonic Sensors 2013, 3, 345–354
167. Hirose, Y.; Hojo, M.; Fujiyoshi, A.; Matsubara, G. Suppression of interfacial crack for foam core sandwich panel with crack arrester. Adv. Compos. Mater. 2007, 16, 11–30
168. Nishio, M.; Mizutani, T.; Takeda, N. Shape reconstruction of composite structures using high-resolution distributed strain data from Brillouin scattering based optical fiber sensing system J. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 2008, 56, 522–529.
169. Nishio, M.; Muzutani, T.; Takeda, N. Structural shape reconstruction with consideration of the reliability of distributed strain data from a Brillouin-scattering-based optical fiber sensor Smart Mater. Struct. 2010, 19, doi:10.1088/0964-1726/19/3/035011
170. Minakuchi, S.; Nakamura, T.; Nadabe, T.; Nishikawa, M.; Takeda, N.; Kishi, M.; Hotate, K Damage detection of CFRP bolted joints using embedded optical fibers with BOCDA system J. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 2011, 59, 176–182
171. Nadabe, T.; Nishikawa, M.; Minakuchi, S.; Nakamura, T.; Siivola, J.T.; Takeda, N. Numerical analysis for damage detection in CFRP bolted joints using strain measurement. J. Jpn. Soc Compos. Mater. 2012, 38, 22–29
172. Minakuchi, S.; Takeda, N.; Takeda, S.; Nagao, Y.; Franceschettic, A.; Liu, X. Life cycle monitoring of large-scale CFRP VARTM structure by fiber-optic-based distributed sensing. Compos. Part A 2011, 42, 669–676
173. Guemes, A.; Fernandez-Lopez, A.; Fernandez, P. Damage detection in composite structures from fibre optic distributed strain measurements. In Proceedings of the 7th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, La Cité, Nantes, France, 8–11 July 2014
174. Guemes, A.; Fernandez-Lopez, A.; Soller, B. Optical fiber distributed sensing. Physical principles and applications. Struct. Health Monit. 2010, 9, 233–245
175. Naruse, H.; Tateda, M.; Ohno, H.; Shimada, A. Dependence of the Brillouin gain spectrum on linear strain distribution for optical time-domain reflectometer-type strain sensors. App. Opt. 2002, 41, 7212–7217
176. Minakuchi, S.; Tsukamoto, H.; Takeda, N. Detecting water accumulation in honeycomb sandwich structures by optical-fiber-based distributed temperature measurement. J. Intel. Mater. Syst. Struct 2009, 20, 2249–2255