Recent Progress in Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors

Sensors (Switzerland)

Volumn 12, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 8601-8639

  Bao, Xiaoyi ^a   Chen, Liang ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Birefringence; Brillouin scattering; Distributed sensors; Fiber optic sensors; Optical frequency domain reflectrometer (OFDR); Optical time domain reflectrometer (OTDR); Raman scattering; Rayleigh scattering; Strain; Temperature; Vibration

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864356853     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s120708601     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Measures, R.M. Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2001; Chapter 2.
2. Bao, X.; Chen, L. Recent progress in Brillouin scattering based fiber sensors. Sensors 2011, 11, 4152-4187.
3. Barnoski, M.K.; Rourke, M.D.; Jensen, S.M.; Melville, R.T. Optical time domain reflectometer. Appl. Opt. 1977, 16, 2375-2379.
4. Hartog, A.H.; Leach, A.P.; Gold, M.P. Distributed temperature sensing in solid-core fiber. Electron. Lett. 1985, 21, 1061-1062.
5. Horiguchi, T.; Tateda, M. Optical-fiber-attenuation investigation using stimulated Brillouin scattering between a pulse and a continuous wave. Opt. Lett. 1989, 14, 408-410.
6. Dakin, J.P.; Pratt, D.J. Distributed optical fibre Raman temperature sensor using a semiconductor light source and detector. Electron. Lett. 1985, 21, 569-570.
7. Eickhoff, W.; Ulrich, R. Optical frequency domain reflectrometry in single-mode fiber. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1981, 39, 693-695.
8. Farahani, M.A.; Gogolla, T. Spontaneous Raman scattering in optical fibers with modulated probe light for distributed temperature Raman remote sensing. J. Lightwave Technol. 1999, 19, 1379-1391.
9. Raman OFDR DTS, by LIOS Technology. Available online: http://www.lios-tech.com/Menu/Technology/Measuring+Principle+-++OFDR+Technology (accessed on 19 June 2012).
10. Froggatt, M.; Moore, J. High-spatial-resolution distributed strain measurement in optical fiber with Rayleigh scatter. Appl. Opt. 1998, 37, 1735-1740.
11. Ahn, T.J.; Moon, S.; Youk, Y.; Jung, Y.; Oh, K.; Kim, D.Y. New optical frequency domain differential mode delay measurement method for a multimode optical fiber. Opt. Express 2005, 13, 4005-4011.
12. Wang, X.; Li, W.; Chen L.; Bao, X. Distributed mode coupling measurement along tapered single-mode fibers with optical frequency-domain reflectometry. J. Lightwave Technol. 2012, 30, 1499-1508.
13. Debye, P. Molecular-weight determination by light scattering. J. Phys. Chem. 1947, 51, 18-32.
14. Jackson, J.D. Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed.; John Wiley & Sons Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2009.
15. Boyd, R.W. Nonlinear Optics, 3rd ed.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2008.
16. Gordon, J.P.; Kogelnik, H. PMD Fundamentals: Polarization Mode Dispersion in Optical Fibers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 4541-4550.
17. Bao, X.; Xie, S.; Liu X.; Chen, L. The non-uniformity and dispersion in SBS based fiber sensors. In Proceedings of the 3rd Asia-Pacific Optical Fiber Sensors Conference, Sydney, Australia, 1-4 February 2012; doi:10.1117/12.916230.
18. Xie, S.; Pang, M.; Bao, X.; Chen, L. Polarization dependence of Brillouin linewidth and peak frequency due to fiber inhomogeneity in single mode fiber and its impact on distributed fiber Brillouin sensing. Opt. Express 2012, 20, 6385-6399.
19. Long, D.A. The Raman Effect-A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 2002.
20. Brown, G.A.; Hartog, A.H. Optical fiber sensors in upstream oil & gas. J. Petroleum Technol. 2002, 54, 63-65.
21. Belal, M.; Cho, Y.T.; Ibsen, M.; Newson, T.P. A temperature-compensated high spatial resolution distributed strain sensor. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2010, 21, 015204.
22. Fernandez, A.F.; Rodeghiero, P.; Brichard, B.; Berghmans, F.; Hartog, A.H.; Hughes, P.; Williams, K.; Leach, A.P. Radiation-tolerant Raman distributed temperature monitoring system for large nuclear infrastructures. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 2005, 52, 2689-2694.
23. Bibby, G.W. Temperature Measurement. EP Patent 0,190,001, 14 June 1989.
24. Suh, K.; Lee, C. Auto-correction method for differential attenuation in a fiber-optic distributed-temperature sensor. Opt. Lett. 2008, 33, 1845-1847.
25. Hartog, A.H. Optical Time Domain Reflectometry. EP Patent 0,213,872, 7 January 1993.
26. Hwang, D.; Yoon, D.; Kwon, I.; Chung, Y. Novel auto-correction method in a fiber-optic distributed-temperature sensor using reflected anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 9747-9754.
27. Dakin, J.P.; Pratt, D.J.; Bibby, G.W.; Ross. J.N. Distributed optical fibre Raman temperature sensor using a semiconductor light source and detector. Electron. Lett. 1985, 21, 569-570.
28. Bolognini, G.; Park, J.; Soto, M.A.; Park, N.; Pasquale, F.D. Analysis of distributed temperature sensing based on Raman scattering using OTDR coding and discrete Raman amplification. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2007, 18, 3211-3218
29. Rogers, A. Distributed optical fiber sensing. Meas. Sci. Technol. 1999, 10, R75-R99.
30. Höbel, M.; Ricka, J.; Wüthrich, J.M.; Binkert, T. High-resolution distributed temperature sensing with the multi photon-timing technique. Appl. Opt. 1995, 34, 2955-2967.
31. Michael, G.T.; Dyer, S.D.; Baek, B.; Hadfield, R.H.; Woo Nam, S. High-resolution single-mode fiber-optic distributed Raman sensor for absolute temperature measurement using superconducting nano-wire single-photon detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99, 201110:1-201110:3.
32. Dong, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. A 2-cm-spatial-resolution and 2-km-range Brillouin optical fiber sensor using a transient differential pulse pair. Appl. Opt. 2012, 51, 1229-1235.
33. Hartog, A.H. A distributed temperature sensor based on a liquid-core optical fibre. J. Lightwave Technol. 1983, 3, 498-509.
34. Oscroft, G. Intrinsic Fiber Optic Sensors. In Proceedings of International Conference on Fibre Optics and Opto-Electronics, London, UK, 28-30 April 1987; pp. 207-213.
35. Marcuse, E. Micorbending losses of single-mode, step index and multimode parabolic-index fibers. J. Bell. Syst. Tech. 1976, 55, 937-955.
36. Farries, M.C.; Fermann, M.E.; Laming, R.I.; Poole, S.B.; Payne, D.N. Distributed temperature sensor using Nd3+ doped fiber. Electron. Lett. 1986, 22, 418-419.
37. Farries, M.C.; Fermann, M.E.; Poole, S.B.; Townsend, J.E. Distributed Temperature Sensor Using Holmium 3+ Doped Fiber. In Proceedings of OFC, Reno, NV, USA, 19 January 1987.
38. Rogers, A.J. Polarisation optical time domain reflectometry. Electron. Lett. 1980, 16, 489-490.
39. Hartog, A.H.; Payne, D.N.; Conduit, A.J. Polarization Optical-Time-Domain Reflectometry: Experimental Results and Application to Loss and Birefringence Measurements in Single-Mode Optical Fibres. In Proceeding of the 6th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC), York, UK, 16-19 September 1980.
40. Kim, B.Y.; Choi, S.S. Backscattering measurement of bending induced birefringence in single mode fibers. Electron. Lett. 1981, 17, 193-194.
41. Schuh, R.E.; Sikora, E.S.R.; Walker, N.G.; Siddiqui, A.S.; Gleeson, L.M.; Beddington, D.H.O. Theoretical analysis and measurement of effects of fibre twist on polarisation mode dispersion of optical fibres. Electron. Lett. 1995, 31, 1772-1773.
42. Ellison, J.G.; Siddiqui, A.S. A fully polarimetric optical time domain reflectometer. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 1988, 10, 246-248.
43. Wuilpart, M.; Mégret, P.; Blondel, M.; Rogers, A.J.; Defosse Y. Measurement of the spatial distribution of birefringence in optical fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2001, 13, 836-838.
44. Corsi, F.; Galtarossa, A.; Palmieri, L. Polarization mode dispersion characterization of single-mode optical fiber using a backscattering technique. J. Lightwave Technol. 1998, 16, 1832-1843.
45. Cameron, J.; Chen, L.; Bao, X.; Stears, J. Time evolution of polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 1998, 10, 1265-1267.
46. Waddy, D.S.; Lu, P.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. Fast state of polarization changes in aerial fiber under different climatic conditions. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2001, 13, 1035-1037.
47. Shatalin, S.V.; Rogers, A.J. Location of high PMD sections of installed fiber. J. Lightwave Technol. 2006, 24, 3875-3881.
48. Huttner, B.; Gisin, B.; Gisin, N. Distributed PMD Measurement with a Polarization-OTDR in optical fibers. J. Lightwave Technol. 1999, 17, 1843-1847.
49. Galtarossa, A.; Palmieri, L. Spatially Resolved PMD Measurements. J. Lightwave Technol. 2004, 22, 1103-1115.
50. Zhang, Z.; Bao, X. Distributed Optical Fiber vibration sensor based on spectrum analysis of polarization-OTDR system. Opt. Express 2008, 16, 10240-10247.
51. Takada, K.; Himeno, A.; Yukimatsu, K. Phase-noise and shot-noise limited operations of low coherence optical time domain reflectometry. Appl. Phys. Lett.1991, 59, 2483-2485.
52. Wegmuller, M.; Scholder, F.; Gisin, N. Photon-counting OTDR for local birefringence and fault analysis in the metro environment. J. Lightwave Technol. 2004, 22, 390-400.
53. Juarez, J.C.; Taylor, H.F. Polarization discrimination in a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer intrusion-sensor system. Opt. Lett. 2005, 30, 3284-3286.
54. Lu, Y.; Zhu, T.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. Distributed Vibration Sensor Based on Coherent Detection of Phase-OTDR. J. Lightwave Technol. 2010, 28, 3243-3249.
55. Qin, Z.; Zhu, T.; Bao, X. High Frequency Response Distributed vibration sensor based on all polarization-maintaining configurations of phase-OTDR. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2011, 23, 1091-1093.
56. Qin, Z.; Chen L.; Bao, X. Wavelet denoising method for improving detection performance of distributed vibration sensor. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2012, 24, 542-544.
57. Kingsley, S.A.; Davies, D.E.N. OFDR diagnostics for fibre and integrated-optic systems. Electron. Lett. 1985, 21, 434-435.
58. Soller, B.J.; Gifford, D.K.; Wolfe, M.S.; Froggatt, M.E. High resolution optical frequency domain reflectometry for characterization of components and assemblies. Opt. Express 2005, 13, 666-674.
59. Froggatt, M.; Soller, B.; Gifford, D.; Wolfe, M. Correlation and Keying of Rayleigh Scatter for loss and Temperature Sensing in Parallel Optical Networks. In Proceeding of OFC Technical Digest, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 22 February 2004; PDP17.
60. Froggatt, M.; Gifford, D.; Kreger, S.; Wolfe, M.; Soller B. Distributed Strain and Temperature Discrimination in Unaltered Polarization Maintaining Fiber. In Proceeding of OFC Technical Digest, Anaheim, CA, USA, 23 October 2006; Thc5.
61. Huttner, B.; Reecht, J.; Gisin, N.; Passy, R.; von der Weid, J.P. Local Birefringence measurements in single-mode fibers with coherent optical frequency-domain reflectometry. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 1998, 10, 1458-1460.
62. Passy, R.; Gisin, N.; von der Weid, J.P.; Gilgen, H.H. Experimental and theoretical investigation of coherent OFDR with semiconductor laser sources. J. Lightwave Technol. 1984, 12, 1622-1630.
63. Healey, P. Fading in heterodyne OTDR. Electron. Lett. 1984, 20, 30-32.
64. Koshikiya, Y; Fan, X.; Ito, F. Highly Sensitive Coherent Optical Frequency-domain Reflectometry Employing SSB-modulator with cm-level Spatial Resolution over 5 km. In Proceedings of 33rd European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Berlin, Germany, 16-20 September 2007; pp. 1-2.
65. Horiguchi, T.; Kurashima, T.; Tateda, M. Tensile strain dependence of Brillouin frequency shift in silica optical fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 1989, 1, 107-108.
66. Culverhouse, D.; Farahi, F.; Pannell, C.N.; Jackson, D.A. Potential of stimulated Brillouin scattering as sensing mechanism for distributed temperature sensors. Electron. Lett. 1989, 25, 913-915.
67. Kurashima, T.; Horiguchi, T.; Tateda, M. Distributed-temperature sensing using stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical silica fibers. Opt. Lett. 1990, 15, 1038-1040.
68. Shimizu, K.; Horiguchi, T.; Koyamada, Y.; Kurashima, T. Coherenet self-heterodyne detection of spontaneously Brillouin-scattered light waves in a single-mode fiber. Opt. Lett. 1993, 18, 185-187.
69. Bao, X.; Webb, D.J.; Jackson, D.A. 22-km distributed temperature sensor using Brillouin gain in an optical fiber. Opt. Lett. 1993, 18, 552-554.
70. Bao, X.; Webb, D.J.; Jackson, D.A. 32km distributed temperature sensor based on Brillouin loss in an optical fiber. Opt. Lett. 1993, 18, 1561-1563.
71. Bao, X.; Dhliwayo, J.; Heron, N.; Webb, D.J.; Jackson, D.A. Experimental and theoretical studies on a distributed temperature sensor based on Brillouin scattering. J. Lightwave Technol. 1995, 13, 1340-1348.
72. Bao, X.; Webb, D.J.; Jackson, D.A. Combined distributed temperature and strain sensor based on Brillouin loss in an optical fiber. Opt. Lett. 1994, 19, 141-143.
73. Niklès, M.; Thévenaz, L.; Robert, P.A. Simple distributed fiber sensor based on Brillouin gain spectrum analysis. Opt. Lett. 1996, 21, 758-760.
74. Fellay, A.; Thevanez, L.; Facchini, M.; Nikles, M.; Robert, P.A. Distributed sensing using SBS: Towards ultimate resolution. OSA Tech. Dig. Ser. 1997, 16, 324-327.
75. Horiguchi, T.; Shimizu, K.; Kurashima, T.; Tateda, M.; Koyamada, Y. Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering. J. Lightwave Technol. 1995, 13, 1296-1302.
76. Wait, P.C.; Newson, T.P. Landau Placzek ratio applied to distributed fibre sensing. Opt. Commun. 1996, 122, 141-146.
77. Lees, G.P.; Wait, P.C.; Cole, M.J.; Newson, T.P. Advances in optical fiber distributed temperature sensing using the Landau-Placzek Ratio. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 1998, 10, 126-128.
78. Alahbabi, M.N.; Cho, Y.T.; Newson, T.P. 150-km-range distributed temperature sensor based on coherent detection of spontaneous Brillouin backscatter and in-line Raman amplification. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 2005, B22, 1321-1324.
79. Parker, R.; Farhadiroushan, M.; Handerek, V.A.; Roger, A.J. A fully distributed simultaneous strain and temperature sensor using spontaneous Brillouin backscatter. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 1997, 9, 979-981.
80. Smith, J.; DeMerchant, M.; Brown, A.; Bao, X. Simultaneous distributed strain and temperature measurement. Appl. Opt.1999, 38, 5372-5377.
81. Belal, M.; Newson, T.P. A 5 cm spatial resolution temperature compensated distributed strain sensor evaluated using a temperature controlled strain rig. Opt. Lett. 2011, 36, 4728-4730.
82. DeMerchant, M.; Brown, A.; Bao, X.; Bremner, T. Automated system for distributed sensing. Proc. SPIE 1998, 3330, 315-322.
83. Brown, A.; DeMerchant, M.; Bao, X.; Bremner, T. Spatial resolution enhancement of a Brillouin scattering based distributed sensor. J. Lightwave Technol. 1999, 17, 1179-1183.
84. Garus, D.; Golgolla, T.; Krebber, K.; Schliep, F. Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis for distributed temperature and strain measurements. J. Lightwave Technol. 1997, 15, 654-662.
85. Golgolla, T.; Krebber, K. Distributed beat length measurements in single-mode optical fibers using stimulated Brillouin-scattering and frequency-domain analysis. J. Lightwave Technol. 2000, 18, 320-328.
86. Bernini, R.; Minardo, A.; Zeni, L. Distributed Sensing at centimetre-scale spatial resolution by BOFDA: Measurements and signal processing. IEEE Photonics J. 2012, 4, 48-56.
87. Hotate, K.; Hasegawa, T. Measurement of Brillouin gain spectrum distribution along an optical fiber with a high spatial resolution using a correlation-based technique-Proposal, experiment and simulation. IEICE Trans. Electron. 2000, E83-C, 405-411.
88. Hotate, K.; Tanaka, M. Distributed fiber Brillouin strain sensing with 1cm spatial resolution by correlation-based continuous-wave Technique. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2002, 14, 179-181.
89. Hotate, K. Brillouin scattering accompanied by acoustic grating in an optical fiber and applications in fiber distributed sensing. Proc. SPIE 2011, 7753, 7-10.
90. Afshar, S.; Ferrier, G.; Bao, X.; Chen, L. The impact of finite extinction ratio of EOM on the performance of the pump-probe Brillouin sensor system. Opt. Lett. 2003, 28, 1418-1420.
91. Li, W.; Bao, X.; Li, Y.; Chen, L. Differential pulse-width pair BOTDA for high spatial resolution sensing. Opt. Express 2008, 16, 21616-21625.
92. Hao, L.; Li, W.; Linze, N.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. High resolution DPP-BOTDA over 50 km fiber using return to zero coded pulses. Opt. Lett. 2010, 35, 1503-1505.
93. Dong, Y.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. Extending the sensing range of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis combining frequency-division multiplexing and in-line EDFAs. J. Lightwave Technol. 2012, 30, 1161-1167.
94. Tai, K.; Hasegawa, A.; Tomita, A. Observation of modulational instability in optical fibers. Phys. Rev. Lett.1986, 56, 135-138.
95. Lecoeuche, V.; Webb, D.J.; Pannell, C.N.; Jackson, D.A. Transient response in high-resolution Brillouin-based distributed sensing using probe pulses shorter than the acoustic relaxation time. Opt. Lett. 2000, 25, 156-158.
96. Brown, A.W.; Colpitts, B.G.; Brown, K. Distributed sensor based on dark-pulse Brillouin scattering. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2005, 17, 1501-1503.
97. Thévenaz, L.; Mafang, S.F. Distributed fiber sensing using Brillouin echoes. Proc. SPIE 2008, 7004, 1-4.
98. Wang, F.; Bao, X.; Chen, L.; Li, Y.; Snoddy, J.; Zhang, X. Using pulse with dark base to achieve high spatial and frequency resolution for the distributed Brillouin sensor. Opt. Lett. 2008, 33, 2707-2709.
99. Minardo, A.; Bernini, R.; Zeni, L. A simple technique for reducing pump depletion in long-range distributed brillouin fiber sensors. IEEE Sens. J. 2009, 9, 633-634.
100. Li, Y.; Chen, L.; Dong, Y.; Bao, X. A novel distributed Brillouin sensor based on optical differential parametric amplification. J. Lightwave Technol. 2010, 28, 2621-2626.
101. Liu, X.; Bao, X. Brillouin spectrum in LEAF and simultaneous temperature and strain measurement. J. Lightwave Technol. 2012, 30, 1053-1059.
102. Zou, L.; Bao, X.; Afshar, S.; Chen, L. Dependence of the Brillouin frequency shift on strain and temperature in a photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Lett. 2004, 29, 1485-1487.
103. Bao, X; Yu, Q.; Chen, L. Simultaneous strain and temperature measurements with PM fibers and their error analysis using distributed Brillouin loss system. Opt. Lett. 2004, 29, 1341-1344.
104. Bao, X.; Li, W.; Chen, L. Distributed Fiber Sensors Based on Light Scattering in Optical Fibers. In Handbook of Optical Sensors, V.1: Optical Sensors and Measurement Techniques; Section III: Fiber Optic Sensors; Taylor & Francis: Oxford, UK, 2012; Chapter 19.
105. Song, K.Y.; Zou, W.; He, Z.; Hotate, K. All-optical dynamic grating generation based on Brillouin scattering in polarization-maintaining fiber. Opt. Lett. 2008, 33, 926-928.
106. Zhou, D.P.; Dong, Y.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. Four-wave mixing analysis of Brillouin dynamic grating in a polarization-maintaining fiber: Theory and experiment. Opt. Express 2011, 19, 20785-20798.
107. Zou, W.; He, Z.; Hotate, K. Complete discrimination of strain and temperature using Brillouin frequency shift and birefringence in a polarization-maintaining fiber. Opt. Express 2009, 17, 1248-1255.
108. Dong, Y.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. High-spatial-resolution simultaneous strain and temperature sensor using Brillouin scattering and birefringence in a polarization-maintaining fibre. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2010, 22, 1364-1366.
109. Dong, Y.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. Truly distributed birefringence measurement of polarization-maintaining fibers based on transient Brillouin grating. Opt. Lett. 2010, 35, 193-195.
110. Dong, Y.; Bao, X.; Chen, L. Distributed temperature sensing based on birefringence effect on transient Brillouin grating in a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Lett. 2009, 34, 2590-2592.
111. Zhou, D.; Qin, Z.; Li, W.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. Distributed vibration sensing with time-resolved optical frequency-domain reflectometry. Opt. Express 2012, 20, 13138-13145.
112. Hotate, K.; Ong, S.L. Distributed dynamic strain measurement using a correlation-based Brillouin sensing system. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2003, 15, 272-274.
113. Bao, X.; Zhang, C.; Li, W.; Eisa, M.; El-Gamal, S.; Benmokrane, B. Monitoring the distributed impact wave on a concrete slab due to the traffic based on polarization dependence on stimulated Brillouin scattering. Smart Mater. Struct. 2008, 17, 015003.
114. Song, K.Y.; Chin, S.; Primerov, N.; Thévenaz, L. Time-domain distributed fiber sensor with 1 cm spatial resolution based on Brillouin dynamic grating. J. Lightwave Technol. 2010, 28, 2062-2067.
115. Park, J.; Bolognini, G.; Lee, D.; Kim, P.; Cho, P.; Pasquale, F.; Park, N. Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2006, 18, 1879-1881.
116. Qin, Z.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. Application of continuous wavelet transform in non-stationary vibration event detection based on phase-OTDR. In Proceedings of 22nd International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS22), Beijing, China, October 2012; accepted.
117. Dong, Y.; Chen, L.; Bao, X. System optimization of a long-range Brillouin-loss-based distributed fiber sensor. Appl. Opt. 2010, 49, 5020-5025.
118. Ohno, H.; Naruse, H.; Kihara, M.; Shimada, A. Industrial applications of the BOTDR optical fiber strain sensor. Opt. Fiber Technol. 2001, 7, 45-64.
119. Bao, X.; Chen, L. Development of the Distributed Brillouin Sensors for Health Monitoring of Civil Structures. In Optical Waveguide Sensing and Imaging, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2008; pp. 101-125.
120. Zhang, C.; Bao, X.; Ozkan, I.F.; Mohareb, M.; Ravet, F.; Du, M.; DiGiovanni, D.J. Prediction of the Pipe Buckling by Using Broadening factor with Distributed Brillouin Fiber Sensor. Opt. Fiber Technol. 2008, 14, 109-113.