메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 399-417

Management of Systemic Sclerosis-Related Skin Disease: A Review of Existing and Experimental Therapeutic Approaches

Author keywords

Cyclophosphamide (CYC); Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (DcSSc); Digital ulcers (DU); Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT); Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (LcSSc); Methotrexate (MTX); Modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS); Raynaud's phenomenon (RP)

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALPHA INTERFERON; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BOSENTAN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; COLLAGEN; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; ERGOT DERIVATIVE; FIBRONECTIN; HYPERIMMUNE CAPRINE SERUM; ILOPROST; IMATINIB; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 6; MATRIX PROTEIN; METHOTREXATE; MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL; NIFEDIPINE; PENICILLAMINE; PLACEBO; RECOMBINANT RELAXIN; RITUXIMAB; SILDENAFIL; TADALAFIL; TOCILIZUMAB; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA ANTIBODY; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

EID: 84937966982     PISSN: 0889857X     EISSN: 15583163     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2015.04.004     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (19)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 0023854176 scopus 로고
    • Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis
    • LeRoy E.C., Black C., Fleischmajer R., et al. Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis. J Rheumatol 1988, 15:202-205.
    • (1988) J Rheumatol , vol.15 , pp. 202-205
    • LeRoy, E.C.1    Black, C.2    Fleischmajer, R.3
  • 2
    • 84886777196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism collaborative initiative
    • van den Hoogen F., Khanna D., Fransen J., et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum 2013, 65:2737-2747.
    • (2013) Arthritis Rheum , vol.65 , pp. 2737-2747
    • van den Hoogen, F.1    Khanna, D.2    Fransen, J.3
  • 3
    • 33646589696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous involvement in systemic sclerosis
    • Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, New York, P.J. Clements, D.E. Furst (Eds.)
    • Clements P.J., Medsger T.A., Feghali C.A. Cutaneous involvement in systemic sclerosis. Systemic sclerosis 2004, 129-150. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, New York. 2nd edition. P.J. Clements, D.E. Furst (Eds.).
    • (2004) Systemic sclerosis , pp. 129-150
    • Clements, P.J.1    Medsger, T.A.2    Feghali, C.A.3
  • 4
    • 0021338269 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and laboratory associations of anticentromere antibody in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis
    • Steen V.D., Ziegler G.L., Rodnan G.P., et al. Clinical and laboratory associations of anticentromere antibody in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1984, 27:125-131.
    • (1984) Arthritis Rheum , vol.27 , pp. 125-131
    • Steen, V.D.1    Ziegler, G.L.2    Rodnan, G.P.3
  • 5
    • 0038799774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of systemic sclerosis and the assessment of disease activity, severity, functional status, and psychologic well-being
    • Medsgar T.A. Natural history of systemic sclerosis and the assessment of disease activity, severity, functional status, and psychologic well-being. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003, 29:255-273.
    • (2003) Rheum Dis Clin North Am , vol.29 , pp. 255-273
    • Medsgar, T.A.1
  • 6
    • 0035044928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic sclerosis in 3 US ethnic groups: a comparison of clinical, sociodemographic, serologic, and immunogenetic determinants
    • Reveille J.D., Fischbach M., McNearney T., et al. Systemic sclerosis in 3 US ethnic groups: a comparison of clinical, sociodemographic, serologic, and immunogenetic determinants. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001, 30:332-346.
    • (2001) Semin Arthritis Rheum , vol.30 , pp. 332-346
    • Reveille, J.D.1    Fischbach, M.2    McNearney, T.3
  • 7
    • 0028338246 scopus 로고
    • Vasculitis in patients with systemic sclerosis and severe digital ischaemia requiring amputation
    • Herrick A.L., Oogarah P.K., Freemont A.J., et al. Vasculitis in patients with systemic sclerosis and severe digital ischaemia requiring amputation. Ann Rheum Dis 1994, 53:323-326.
    • (1994) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.53 , pp. 323-326
    • Herrick, A.L.1    Oogarah, P.K.2    Freemont, A.J.3
  • 8
    • 0031965195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The modified Rodnan skin score is an accurate reflection of skin biopsy thickness in systemic sclerosis
    • Furst D.E., Clements P.J., Steen V.D., et al. The modified Rodnan skin score is an accurate reflection of skin biopsy thickness in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1998, 25:84-88.
    • (1998) J Rheumatol , vol.25 , pp. 84-88
    • Furst, D.E.1    Clements, P.J.2    Steen, V.D.3
  • 9
    • 0025152791 scopus 로고
    • Skin score. A semiquantitative measure of cutaneous involvement that improves prediction of prognosis in systemic sclerosis
    • Clements P.J., Lachenbruch P.A., Ng S.C., et al. Skin score. A semiquantitative measure of cutaneous involvement that improves prediction of prognosis in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1990, 33:1256-1263.
    • (1990) Arthritis Rheum , vol.33 , pp. 1256-1263
    • Clements, P.J.1    Lachenbruch, P.A.2    Ng, S.C.3
  • 10
    • 33750367940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimally important difference in diffuse systemic sclerosis: results from the D-penicillamine study
    • Khanna D., Furst D.E., Hays R.D., et al. Minimally important difference in diffuse systemic sclerosis: results from the D-penicillamine study. Ann Rheum Dis 2006, 65:1325-1329.
    • (2006) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.65 , pp. 1325-1329
    • Khanna, D.1    Furst, D.E.2    Hays, R.D.3
  • 11
    • 34249299114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound as an outcome measure to assess disease activity in disorders of skin thickening: an example of the use of radiologic technique to assess skin disease
    • Bendeck S.E., Jacobe H.T. Ultrasound as an outcome measure to assess disease activity in disorders of skin thickening: an example of the use of radiologic technique to assess skin disease. Dermatol Ther 2007, 20:86-92.
    • (2007) Dermatol Ther , vol.20 , pp. 86-92
    • Bendeck, S.E.1    Jacobe, H.T.2
  • 12
    • 84889067488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nailfold capillaroscopy for prediction of novel future severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis
    • Smith V., Riccieri V., Pizzorni C., et al. Nailfold capillaroscopy for prediction of novel future severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2013, 40:2023-2028.
    • (2013) J Rheumatol , vol.40 , pp. 2023-2028
    • Smith, V.1    Riccieri, V.2    Pizzorni, C.3
  • 13
    • 0344193114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histopathological differentiation between localized and systemic sclerosis
    • Torres J.E., Sanchez J.L. Histopathological differentiation between localized and systemic sclerosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1998, 20:242-245.
    • (1998) Am J Dermatopathol , vol.20 , pp. 242-245
    • Torres, J.E.1    Sanchez, J.L.2
  • 14
    • 0026604019 scopus 로고
    • Sequential dermal microvascular and perivascular changes in the development of scleroderma
    • Prescott R.J., Freemont A.J., Jones C.J., et al. Sequential dermal microvascular and perivascular changes in the development of scleroderma. J Pathol 1992, 166:255-263.
    • (1992) J Pathol , vol.166 , pp. 255-263
    • Prescott, R.J.1    Freemont, A.J.2    Jones, C.J.3
  • 15
    • 78650663333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin thickness progression rate: a predictor of mortality and early internal organ involvement in diffuse scleroderma
    • Domsic R.T., Rodriguez-Reyna T., Lucas M., et al. Skin thickness progression rate: a predictor of mortality and early internal organ involvement in diffuse scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis 2011, 70:104-109.
    • (2011) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.70 , pp. 104-109
    • Domsic, R.T.1    Rodriguez-Reyna, T.2    Lucas, M.3
  • 16
    • 0035678255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement in skin thickening in systemic sclerosis associated with improved survival
    • Steen V.D., Medsger T.A. Improvement in skin thickening in systemic sclerosis associated with improved survival. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 44:2828-2835.
    • (2001) Arthritis Rheum , vol.44 , pp. 2828-2835
    • Steen, V.D.1    Medsger, T.A.2
  • 17
    • 67649666863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin disease: a cardinal feature of systemic sclerosis
    • Krieg T., Takehara K. Skin disease: a cardinal feature of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48:14-18.
    • (2009) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.48 , pp. 14-18
    • Krieg, T.1    Takehara, K.2
  • 18
    • 0001884021 scopus 로고
    • Methotrexate (MTX) in scleroderma: experience in ten patients
    • Bode B.Y., Yocum D.E., Gall E.P., et al. Methotrexate (MTX) in scleroderma: experience in ten patients. Arthritis Rheum 1990, 33(Suppl 9):S66.
    • (1990) Arthritis Rheum , vol.33 , pp. S66
    • Bode, B.Y.1    Yocum, D.E.2    Gall, E.P.3
  • 20
    • 0002014206 scopus 로고
    • Pilot trial of methotrexate (MTX) in treatment of early diffuse scleroderma
    • Seibold J.R., McCloskey D.A., Furst D.E. Pilot trial of methotrexate (MTX) in treatment of early diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1994, 37(Suppl 16):R35.
    • (1994) Arthritis Rheum , vol.37 , pp. R35
    • Seibold, J.R.1    McCloskey, D.A.2    Furst, D.E.3
  • 21
    • 0029867337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a 24 week randomized double-blind trial, followed by a 24 week observational trial
    • van den Hoogen F.H., Boerbooms A.M., Swaak A.J., et al. Comparison of methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a 24 week randomized double-blind trial, followed by a 24 week observational trial. Br J Rheumatol 1996, 35:364-372.
    • (1996) Br J Rheumatol , vol.35 , pp. 364-372
    • van den Hoogen, F.H.1    Boerbooms, A.M.2    Swaak, A.J.3
  • 22
    • 0034970031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, controlled trial of methotrexate versus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma
    • Pope J.E., Bellamy N., Seibold J.R., et al. A randomized, controlled trial of methotrexate versus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 44:1351-1358.
    • (2001) Arthritis Rheum , vol.44 , pp. 1351-1358
    • Pope, J.E.1    Bellamy, N.2    Seibold, J.R.3
  • 23
    • 64849103964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shifting our thinking about uncommon disease trials: the case of methotrexate in scleroderma
    • Johnson S.R., Feldman B.M., Pope J.E., et al. Shifting our thinking about uncommon disease trials: the case of methotrexate in scleroderma. J Rheumatol 2009, 36:323-329.
    • (2009) J Rheumatol , vol.36 , pp. 323-329
    • Johnson, S.R.1    Feldman, B.M.2    Pope, J.E.3
  • 24
    • 66149100618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR)
    • Kowal-Bielecka O., Landewé R., Avouac J., et al. EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR). Ann Rheum Dis 2009, 68:620-628.
    • (2009) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.68 , pp. 620-628
    • Kowal-Bielecka, O.1    Landewé, R.2    Avouac, J.3
  • 27
    • 79955617193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse events during the Scleroderma Lung Study
    • Furst D.E., Tseng C.H., Clements P.J., et al. Adverse events during the Scleroderma Lung Study. Am J Med 2011, 124:459-467.
    • (2011) Am J Med , vol.124 , pp. 459-467
    • Furst, D.E.1    Tseng, C.H.2    Clements, P.J.3
  • 28
    • 84875009952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updated on stem cell transplantation for systemic sclerosis: recent trial results
    • Naraghi K., van Laar J.M. Updated on stem cell transplantation for systemic sclerosis: recent trial results. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2013, 15:326.
    • (2013) Curr Rheumatol Rep , vol.15 , pp. 326
    • Naraghi, K.1    van Laar, J.M.2
  • 29
    • 0035017415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase I/II trial of autologous stem cell transplantation in systemic sclerosis: procedure related mortality and impact on skin disease
    • Binks M., Passweg J.R., Furst D., et al. Phase I/II trial of autologous stem cell transplantation in systemic sclerosis: procedure related mortality and impact on skin disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2001, 60:577-584.
    • (2001) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.60 , pp. 577-584
    • Binks, M.1    Passweg, J.R.2    Furst, D.3
  • 30
    • 3242658935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autologous stem cell transplantation in the treatment of systemic sclerosis
    • Farge D., Passweg J., van Laar J.M., EBMT/EULAR Registry, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004, 63:974-981.
    • (2004) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.63 , pp. 974-981
    • Farge, D.1    Passweg, J.2    van Laar, J.M.3
  • 31
    • 33745040938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allogeneic marrow transplantation in patients with severe systemic sclerosis: resolution of dermal fibrosis
    • Nash R.A., McSweeney P.A., Nelson J.L., et al. Allogeneic marrow transplantation in patients with severe systemic sclerosis: resolution of dermal fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:1982-1986.
    • (2006) Arthritis Rheum , vol.54 , pp. 1982-1986
    • Nash, R.A.1    McSweeney, P.A.2    Nelson, J.L.3
  • 32
    • 37749001089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up results after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe systemic sclerosis
    • Vonk M.C., Marjanovic Z., van den Hoogen F.H., et al. Long-term follow-up results after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008, 67:98-104.
    • (2008) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.67 , pp. 98-104
    • Vonk, M.C.1    Marjanovic, Z.2    van den Hoogen, F.H.3
  • 33
    • 84902844800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation vs intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial
    • van Laar J.M., Farge D., Sont J.K., et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation vs intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014, 311:2490-2498.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.311 , pp. 2490-2498
    • van Laar, J.M.1    Farge, D.2    Sont, J.K.3
  • 34
    • 0018645674 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of clinical change in progressive systemic sclerosis: a 1 year double-blind placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine
    • Furst D.E., Clements P.J., Harris R., et al. Measurement of clinical change in progressive systemic sclerosis: a 1 year double-blind placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine. Ann Rheum Dis 1979, 38:356-361.
    • (1979) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.38 , pp. 356-361
    • Furst, D.E.1    Clements, P.J.2    Harris, R.3
  • 35
    • 0033064099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose versus low-dose D-penicillamine in early diffuse systemic sclerosis: analysis of a two-year, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
    • Clements P.J., Furst D.E., Wong W.K., et al. High-dose versus low-dose D-penicillamine in early diffuse systemic sclerosis: analysis of a two-year, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:1194-1203.
    • (1999) Arthritis Rheum , vol.42 , pp. 1194-1203
    • Clements, P.J.1    Furst, D.E.2    Wong, W.K.3
  • 36
    • 33846250366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant human anti-transforming growth factor beta1 antibody therapy in systemic sclerosis: a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I/II trial of CAT-192
    • Denton C.P., Merkel P.A., Furst D.E., et al. Recombinant human anti-transforming growth factor beta1 antibody therapy in systemic sclerosis: a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I/II trial of CAT-192. Arthritis Rheum 2007, 56:323-333.
    • (2007) Arthritis Rheum , vol.56 , pp. 323-333
    • Denton, C.P.1    Merkel, P.A.2    Furst, D.E.3
  • 37
    • 65249109216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant human relaxin in the treatment of systemic sclerosis with diffuse cutaneous involvement: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Khanna D., Clements P.J., Furst D.E., et al. Recombinant human relaxin in the treatment of systemic sclerosis with diffuse cutaneous involvement: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60:1102-1111.
    • (2009) Arthritis Rheum , vol.60 , pp. 1102-1111
    • Khanna, D.1    Clements, P.J.2    Furst, D.E.3
  • 38
    • 0032588623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-alpha does not improve outcome at one year in patients with diffuse cutaneous scleroderma: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Black C.M., Silman A.J., Herrick A.I., et al. Interferon-alpha does not improve outcome at one year in patients with diffuse cutaneous scleroderma: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:299-305.
    • (1999) Arthritis Rheum , vol.42 , pp. 299-305
    • Black, C.M.1    Silman, A.J.2    Herrick, A.I.3
  • 39
    • 80155206225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imatinib in active diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: Results of a six-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept pilot study at a single center
    • Pope J., McBain D., Petrlich L., et al. Imatinib in active diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: Results of a six-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept pilot study at a single center. Arthritis Rheum 2011, 63:3547-3551.
    • (2011) Arthritis Rheum , vol.63 , pp. 3547-3551
    • Pope, J.1    McBain, D.2    Petrlich, L.3
  • 40
    • 77954222367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled trial of bosentan in interstitial lung disease secondary to systemic sclerosis
    • Seibold J.R., Denton C.P., Furst D.E., et al. Randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled trial of bosentan in interstitial lung disease secondary to systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2010, 62:2101-2108.
    • (2010) Arthritis Rheum , vol.62 , pp. 2101-2108
    • Seibold, J.R.1    Denton, C.P.2    Furst, D.E.3
  • 41
    • 69949138488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open-label pilot study of infliximab therapy in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis
    • Denton C.P., Engelhart M., Tvede N., et al. An open-label pilot study of infliximab therapy in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009, 68:1433-1439.
    • (2009) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.68 , pp. 1433-1439
    • Denton, C.P.1    Engelhart, M.2    Tvede, N.3
  • 42
    • 84899047993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential use of TNF-α inhibitors in systemic sclerosis
    • Murdaca G., Spano F., Contatore M., et al. Potential use of TNF-α inhibitors in systemic sclerosis. Immunotherapy 2014, 6:283-289.
    • (2014) Immunotherapy , vol.6 , pp. 283-289
    • Murdaca, G.1    Spano, F.2    Contatore, M.3
  • 43
    • 45349109299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral type I collagen treatment in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: I. Oral type I collagen does not improve skin in all patients, but may improve skin in late-phase disease
    • Postlethwaite A.E., Wong W.K., Clements P., et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral type I collagen treatment in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: I. Oral type I collagen does not improve skin in all patients, but may improve skin in late-phase disease. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 58:1810-1822.
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum , vol.58 , pp. 1810-1822
    • Postlethwaite, A.E.1    Wong, W.K.2    Clements, P.3
  • 44
    • 0142059804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic and cell type-specific gene expression patterns in scleroderma skin
    • Whitfield M.L., Finlay D.R., Murray J.I., et al. Systemic and cell type-specific gene expression patterns in scleroderma skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:12319-12324.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.100 , pp. 12319-12324
    • Whitfield, M.L.1    Finlay, D.R.2    Murray, J.I.3
  • 45
    • 33748788266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B-lymphocyte depletion reduces skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in the tight-skin mouse model for systemic sclerosis
    • Hasegawa M., Hamaguchi Y., Yanaba K., et al. B-lymphocyte depletion reduces skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in the tight-skin mouse model for systemic sclerosis. Am J Pathol 2006, 169:954-966.
    • (2006) Am J Pathol , vol.169 , pp. 954-966
    • Hasegawa, M.1    Hamaguchi, Y.2    Yanaba, K.3
  • 46
    • 73449095775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: an open-label clinical and histopathological study
    • Smith V., Van Praet J.T., Vandooren B., et al. Rituximab in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: an open-label clinical and histopathological study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010, 69:193-197.
    • (2010) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.69 , pp. 193-197
    • Smith, V.1    Van Praet, J.T.2    Vandooren, B.3
  • 47
    • 84934991714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects and safety of rituximab in systemic sclerosis: an analysis from the European Scleroderma Trial and Research (EUSTAR) group
    • Jordan S., Distler J.H., Maurer B., on behalf of the EUSTAR Rituximab Study Group, et al. Effects and safety of rituximab in systemic sclerosis: an analysis from the European Scleroderma Trial and Research (EUSTAR) group. Ann Rheum Dis 2014, 74:1188-1194.
    • (2014) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.74 , pp. 1188-1194
    • Jordan, S.1    Distler, J.H.2    Maurer, B.3
  • 48
    • 77950443096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experience with rituximab in scleroderma: results from a 1-year, proof-of-principle study
    • Daoussis D., Liossis S.N., Athanassios C., et al. Experience with rituximab in scleroderma: results from a 1-year, proof-of-principle study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010, 49:271-280.
    • (2010) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.49 , pp. 271-280
    • Daoussis, D.1    Liossis, S.N.2    Athanassios, C.3
  • 49
    • 9644258488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine and chemokine levels in systemic sclerosis: relationship with cutaneous and internal organ involvement
    • Scala E., Pallotta S., Frezzolini A., et al. Cytokine and chemokine levels in systemic sclerosis: relationship with cutaneous and internal organ involvement. Clin Exp Immunol 2004, 138:540-546.
    • (2004) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.138 , pp. 540-546
    • Scala, E.1    Pallotta, S.2    Frezzolini, A.3
  • 50
    • 84862520877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and pathological significance of interleukin 6 overexpression in systemic sclerosis
    • Khan K., Xu S., Nihtyanova S., et al. Clinical and pathological significance of interleukin 6 overexpression in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012, 71:1235-1242.
    • (2012) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.71 , pp. 1235-1242
    • Khan, K.1    Xu, S.2    Nihtyanova, S.3
  • 51
    • 84878404903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of patients with systemic sclerosis-associated polyarthritis and myopathy treated with tocilizumab or abatacept: a EUSTAR observational study
    • Elhai M., Meunier M., Matucci-Cerinic M., EUSTAR (EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research group), et al. Outcomes of patients with systemic sclerosis-associated polyarthritis and myopathy treated with tocilizumab or abatacept: a EUSTAR observational study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013, 72:1217-1220.
    • (2013) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.72 , pp. 1217-1220
    • Elhai, M.1    Meunier, M.2    Matucci-Cerinic, M.3
  • 52
    • 78049421175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The skin of patients with systemic sclerosis softened during the treatment with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab
    • Shima Y., Kuwahara Y., Murota H., et al. The skin of patients with systemic sclerosis softened during the treatment with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010, 49:2408-2412.
    • (2010) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.49 , pp. 2408-2412
    • Shima, Y.1    Kuwahara, Y.2    Murota, H.3
  • 54
    • 1542343965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin modulates cutaneous involvement and reduces skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: an open-label study
    • Levy Y., Amital H., Langevitz P., et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin modulates cutaneous involvement and reduces skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: an open-label study. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:1005-1007.
    • (2004) Arthritis Rheum , vol.50 , pp. 1005-1007
    • Levy, Y.1    Amital, H.2    Langevitz, P.3
  • 55
    • 0344341646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fibrosis regression induced by intravenous gammaglobulin treatment
    • Amital H., Rewald E., Levy Y., et al. Fibrosis regression induced by intravenous gammaglobulin treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 2003, 62:175-177.
    • (2003) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.62 , pp. 175-177
    • Amital, H.1    Rewald, E.2    Levy, Y.3
  • 56
    • 84937992292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and effectiveness of mycophenolate in systemic sclerosis: a systemic review
    • [abstract]
    • Omair M., Alahmadi A., Johnson S.R. Safety and effectiveness of mycophenolate in systemic sclerosis: a systemic review. Arthritis Rheum 2013, 65(Suppl 10):2599. [abstract].
    • (2013) Arthritis Rheum , vol.65 , pp. 2599
    • Omair, M.1    Alahmadi, A.2    Johnson, S.R.3
  • 57
    • 75649109604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective open-label study of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of diffuse systemic sclerosis
    • Derk C.T., Grace E., Shenin M., et al. A prospective open-label study of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of diffuse systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48:1595-1599.
    • (2009) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.48 , pp. 1595-1599
    • Derk, C.T.1    Grace, E.2    Shenin, M.3
  • 58
    • 84861821762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective observational study of mycophenolate mofetil treatment in progressive diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis of recent onset
    • Medoza F.A., Nagle S.J., Lee J.B., et al. A prospective observational study of mycophenolate mofetil treatment in progressive diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis of recent onset. J Rheumatol 2012, 39:1241-1247.
    • (2012) J Rheumatol , vol.39 , pp. 1241-1247
    • Medoza, F.A.1    Nagle, S.J.2    Lee, J.B.3
  • 59
    • 84864095990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of systemic sclerosis complications: what to use when first-line treatment fails-a consensus of systemic sclerosis experts
    • participating members of the Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium (SCTC)
    • Walker K.M., Pope J., Canadian Scleroderma Research Group (CSRG) Treatment of systemic sclerosis complications: what to use when first-line treatment fails-a consensus of systemic sclerosis experts. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012, 42:42-55. participating members of the Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium (SCTC).
    • (2012) Semin Arthritis Rheum , vol.42 , pp. 42-55
    • Walker, K.M.1    Pope, J.2
  • 60
    • 84889677536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of diffuse systemic sclerosis with hyperimmune caprine serum (AIMSPRO): a phase II double-blind placebo-controlled trial
    • Quillinan N.P., McIntosh D., Vernes J., et al. Treatment of diffuse systemic sclerosis with hyperimmune caprine serum (AIMSPRO): a phase II double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2014, 73:56-61.
    • (2014) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.73 , pp. 56-61
    • Quillinan, N.P.1    McIntosh, D.2    Vernes, J.3
  • 61
    • 0024574059 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of intravenous infusions of iloprost and oral nifedipine in treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis: a double blind randomised study
    • Rademaker M., Cooke E.D., Almond N.E., et al. Comparison of intravenous infusions of iloprost and oral nifedipine in treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis: a double blind randomised study. BMJ 1989, 298:561-564.
    • (1989) BMJ , vol.298 , pp. 561-564
    • Rademaker, M.1    Cooke, E.D.2    Almond, N.E.3
  • 62
    • 0034837756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term cyclic iloprost therapy in systemic sclerosis with Raynaud's phenomenon. A randomized, controlled study
    • Scorza R., Caronni M., Mascagni B., et al. Effects of long-term cyclic iloprost therapy in systemic sclerosis with Raynaud's phenomenon. A randomized, controlled study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001, 19:503-508.
    • (2001) Clin Exp Rheumatol , vol.19 , pp. 503-508
    • Scorza, R.1    Caronni, M.2    Mascagni, B.3
  • 63
    • 0031947367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral iloprost treatment in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study
    • Wigley F.M., Korn J.H., Csuka M.E., et al. Oral iloprost treatment in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Arthritis Rheum 1998, 41:670-677.
    • (1998) Arthritis Rheum , vol.41 , pp. 670-677
    • Wigley, F.M.1    Korn, J.H.2    Csuka, M.E.3
  • 64
    • 78549284312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of tadalafil in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilator therapy: a double-blind randomized cross-over trial
    • Shenoy P.D., Kumar S., Jha L.K., et al. Efficacy of tadalafil in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilator therapy: a double-blind randomized cross-over trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010, 49:2420-2428.
    • (2010) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.49 , pp. 2420-2428
    • Shenoy, P.D.1    Kumar, S.2    Jha, L.K.3
  • 65
    • 79953696248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modified-release sildenafil reduces Raynaud's phenomenon attack frequency in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis
    • Herrick A.L., van den Hoogen F., Gabrielli A., et al. Modified-release sildenafil reduces Raynaud's phenomenon attack frequency in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2011, 63:775-782.
    • (2011) Arthritis Rheum , vol.63 , pp. 775-782
    • Herrick, A.L.1    van den Hoogen, F.2    Gabrielli, A.3
  • 66
    • 84865682812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vardenafil for the treatment of Raynaud phenomenon: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study
    • Caglayan E., Axmann S., Hellmich M., et al. Vardenafil for the treatment of Raynaud phenomenon: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Arch Intern Med 2012, 172:1182-1184.
    • (2012) Arch Intern Med , vol.172 , pp. 1182-1184
    • Caglayan, E.1    Axmann, S.2    Hellmich, M.3
  • 67
    • 61649118817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MQX-503, a novel formulation of nitroglycerin, improves the severity of Raynaud's phenomenon: a randomized, controlled trial
    • Chung L., Shapiro L., Fiorentino D., et al. MQX-503, a novel formulation of nitroglycerin, improves the severity of Raynaud's phenomenon: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60:870-877.
    • (2009) Arthritis Rheum , vol.60 , pp. 870-877
    • Chung, L.1    Shapiro, L.2    Fiorentino, D.3
  • 68
    • 0033511724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Losartan therapy for Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial
    • Dziadzio M., Denton C.P., Smith R., et al. Losartan therapy for Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:2646-2655.
    • (1999) Arthritis Rheum , vol.42 , pp. 2646-2655
    • Dziadzio, M.1    Denton, C.P.2    Smith, R.3
  • 69
    • 84921430435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prazosin for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis
    • Pope J., Fenlon D., Thompson A., et al. Prazosin for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, (2). CD000956.
    • (2000) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.2
    • Pope, J.1    Fenlon, D.2    Thompson, A.3
  • 70
    • 0034794451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine
    • Coleiro B., Marshall S.E., Denton C.P., et al. Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001, 40:1038-1043.
    • (2001) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.40 , pp. 1038-1043
    • Coleiro, B.1    Marshall, S.E.2    Denton, C.P.3
  • 71
    • 84908150933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of the use of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome associated with scleroderma
    • Uppal L., Dhaliwal K., Butler P.E. A prospective study of the use of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome associated with scleroderma. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2014, 39:876-880.
    • (2014) J Hand Surg Eur Vol , vol.39 , pp. 876-880
    • Uppal, L.1    Dhaliwal, K.2    Butler, P.E.3
  • 72
    • 79952038069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two faces of the same coin: Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis
    • Galluccio F., Matucci-Cerinic M. Two faces of the same coin: Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2011, 10:241-243.
    • (2011) Autoimmun Rev , vol.10 , pp. 241-243
    • Galluccio, F.1    Matucci-Cerinic, M.2
  • 73
    • 78650678451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to systemic sclerosis: results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Matucci-Cerinic M., Denton C.P., Furst D.E., et al. Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to systemic sclerosis: results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2011, 70:32-38.
    • (2011) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.70 , pp. 32-38
    • Matucci-Cerinic, M.1    Denton, C.P.2    Furst, D.E.3
  • 74
    • 0026722410 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous iloprost treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemic ulcers secondary to systemic sclerosis
    • Wigley F.M., Seibold J.R., Wise R.A., et al. Intravenous iloprost treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemic ulcers secondary to systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1992, 19:1407-1414.
    • (1992) J Rheumatol , vol.19 , pp. 1407-1414
    • Wigley, F.M.1    Seibold, J.R.2    Wise, R.A.3
  • 75
    • 84872500030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digital ischemic ulcers in scleroderma treated with oral treprostinil diethanolamine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study
    • [abstract]
    • Seibold J.R., Wigley F.M., Schiopu E., et al. Digital ischemic ulcers in scleroderma treated with oral treprostinil diethanolamine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Arthritis Rheum 2011, 63(Suppl):S968. [abstract].
    • (2011) Arthritis Rheum , vol.63 , pp. S968
    • Seibold, J.R.1    Wigley, F.M.2    Schiopu, E.3
  • 76
    • 33746686290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ischemic scleroderma wounds successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    • Markus Y.M., Bell M.J., Evans A.W. Ischemic scleroderma wounds successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Rheumatol 2006, 33:1694-1696.
    • (2006) J Rheumatol , vol.33 , pp. 1694-1696
    • Markus, Y.M.1    Bell, M.J.2    Evans, A.W.3
  • 77
    • 70350306575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E gel reduces time of healing of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis
    • Fiori G., Galluccio F., Braschi F., et al. Vitamin E gel reduces time of healing of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009, 27:51-54.
    • (2009) Clin Exp Rheumatol , vol.27 , pp. 51-54
    • Fiori, G.1    Galluccio, F.2    Braschi, F.3
  • 78
    • 54049086247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins: potentially useful in therapy of systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers
    • Abou-Raya A., Abou-Raya S., Helmii M. Statins: potentially useful in therapy of systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers. J Rheumatol 2008, 35:1801-1808.
    • (2008) J Rheumatol , vol.35 , pp. 1801-1808
    • Abou-Raya, A.1    Abou-Raya, S.2    Helmii, M.3
  • 79
    • 77957018108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic sclerosis: bilateral improvement of Raynaud's phenomenon with unilateral digital sympathectomy
    • Wasserman A., Brahn E. Systemic sclerosis: bilateral improvement of Raynaud's phenomenon with unilateral digital sympathectomy. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010, 40:137-146.
    • (2010) Semin Arthritis Rheum , vol.40 , pp. 137-146
    • Wasserman, A.1    Brahn, E.2
  • 80
    • 0034994658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgery for ischemic pain and Raynaud's phenomenon in scleroderma: a description of treatment protocol and evaluation of results
    • Tomaino M.M., Goitz R.J., Medsger T.A. Surgery for ischemic pain and Raynaud's phenomenon in scleroderma: a description of treatment protocol and evaluation of results. Microsurgery 2001, 21:75-79.
    • (2001) Microsurgery , vol.21 , pp. 75-79
    • Tomaino, M.M.1    Goitz, R.J.2    Medsger, T.A.3
  • 81
    • 0020081345 scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous calcinosis of scleroderma. Successful treatment with intralesional adrenal steroids
    • Hazen P.G., Walker A.E., Carney J.F., et al. Cutaneous calcinosis of scleroderma. Successful treatment with intralesional adrenal steroids. Arch Dermatol 1982, 118:366-367.
    • (1982) Arch Dermatol , vol.118 , pp. 366-367
    • Hazen, P.G.1    Walker, A.E.2    Carney, J.F.3
  • 82
    • 0029987458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digital calcification in systemic sclerosis: effective treatment with good tissue preservation using the carbon dioxide laser
    • Bottomley W.W., Goodfield M.J., Sheehan-Dare R.A. Digital calcification in systemic sclerosis: effective treatment with good tissue preservation using the carbon dioxide laser. Br J Dermatol 1996, 135:302-304.
    • (1996) Br J Dermatol , vol.135 , pp. 302-304
    • Bottomley, W.W.1    Goodfield, M.J.2    Sheehan-Dare, R.A.3
  • 83
    • 84857448344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of calcinosis cutis by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
    • Sultan-Bichat N., Menard J., Perceau G., et al. Treatment of calcinosis cutis by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012, 66:424-429.
    • (2012) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.66 , pp. 424-429
    • Sultan-Bichat, N.1    Menard, J.2    Perceau, G.3
  • 84
    • 84888204135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgical management of digital calcinosis in CREST syndrome
    • Merlino G., Germano S., Carlucci S. Surgical management of digital calcinosis in CREST syndrome. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2013, 37:1214-1219.
    • (2013) Aesthetic Plast Surg , vol.37 , pp. 1214-1219
    • Merlino, G.1    Germano, S.2    Carlucci, S.3
  • 85
    • 84904883083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of intense pulsed light and laser treatment of telangiectases in patients with systemic sclerosis: a within-subject randomized trial
    • Dinsdale G., Murray A., Moore T., et al. A comparison of intense pulsed light and laser treatment of telangiectases in patients with systemic sclerosis: a within-subject randomized trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014, 53:1422-1430.
    • (2014) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.53 , pp. 1422-1430
    • Dinsdale, G.1    Murray, A.2    Moore, T.3
  • 86
    • 84861224387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of systemic sclerosis-associated calcinosis: a case report of rituximab-induced regression of CREST-related calcinosis and review of the literature
    • Daoussis D., Antonopoulos I., Liossis S.N., et al. Treatment of systemic sclerosis-associated calcinosis: a case report of rituximab-induced regression of CREST-related calcinosis and review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012, 41:822-829.
    • (2012) Semin Arthritis Rheum , vol.41 , pp. 822-829
    • Daoussis, D.1    Antonopoulos, I.2    Liossis, S.N.3
  • 87
  • 88
    • 84929464423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A patient with localized scleroderma successfully treated with etretinate
    • Shima Y., Yamamoto Y., Ikeda T., et al. A patient with localized scleroderma successfully treated with etretinate. Case Rep Dermatol 2014, 6:200-206.
    • (2014) Case Rep Dermatol , vol.6 , pp. 200-206
    • Shima, Y.1    Yamamoto, Y.2    Ikeda, T.3
  • 90
    • 0031925482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of subcutaneous calcinosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. Does diltiazem induce its regression?
    • Vayssairat M., Hidouche D., Abdoucheli-Baudot N., et al. Clinical significance of subcutaneous calcinosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. Does diltiazem induce its regression?. Ann Rheum Dis 1998, 57:252-254.
    • (1998) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.57 , pp. 252-254
    • Vayssairat, M.1    Hidouche, D.2    Abdoucheli-Baudot, N.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.