Is the association between Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk confounded by obesity? Evidence from the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study (APCAPS)

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2015, Pages

  Paul Baker, Christopher ^a   Kulkarni, Bharati ^b   Radhakrishna, K V ^b   Charyulu, M S ^b   Gregson, John ^a   Matsuzaki, Mika ^a   Taylor, Amy E ^c   Prabhakaran, Dorairaj ^d   Mamidi, Raja Sriswan ^b   Wells, Jonathan ^e   Wilkinson, Ian ^f   McEniery, Carmel ^f   Yasmin, ^f   Smith, George Davey ^c   Ben Shlomo, Yoav ^c   Kuper, Hannah ^a   Kinra, Sanjay ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NUTRITION   (India)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^d Centre for chronic disease control (CoE CARRS)   (India)

^e UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIFEDIOL; CHOLESTEROL; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; VITAMIN D;

ADULT; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ARTICLE; AUGMENTATION INDEX; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY FAT; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INDIA; INDIAN; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL INACTIVITY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PULSE WAVE; RURAL AREA; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; YOUNG ADULT; ADOLESCENT; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COHORT STUDIES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; VITAMIN D; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84937945777     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129468     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Marz W, Drechsler C, Ritz E, Zittermann A, et al. Vitamin D, cardiovascular disease and mortality. Clinical endocrinology. 2011; 75(5):575-84. Epub 2011/06/21. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2265.2011.04147.x PMID: 21682758.
2. Wang L, Song Y, Manson JE, Pilz S, Marz W, Michaelsson K, et al. Circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circulation Cardiovascular quality and outcomes. 2012; 5(6):819-29. Epub 2012/11/15. doi: 10.1161/circoutcomes.112.967604 PMID: 23149428; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3510675.
3. Sokol SI, Tsang P, Aggarwal V, Melamed ML, Srinivas VS. Vitamin D status and risk of cardiovascular events: lessons learned via systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiology in review. 2011; 19(4): 192-201. Epub 2011/06/08. doi: 10.1097/CRD.0b013e31821da9a5 PMID: 21646873.
4. Pittas AG, Chung M, Trikalinos T, Mitri J, Brendel M, Patel K, et al. Systematic review: Vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Annals of internal medicine. 2010; 152(5):307-14. Epub 2010/03/03. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00009 PMID: 20194237; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3211092.
5. Grandi NC, Breitling LP, Brenner H. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Preventive medicine. 2010; 51(3-4):228-33. Epub 2010/07/06. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.06.013 PMID: 20600257.
6. Parker J, Hashmi O, Dutton D, Mavrodaris A, Stranges S, Kandala NB, et al. Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2010; 65(3):225-36. Epub 2009/12/25. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.013 PMID: 20031348.
7. Theodoratou E, Tzoulaki I, Zgaga L, Ioannidis JP. Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2014; 348:g2035. Epub 2014/04/03. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g2035 PMID: 24690624; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3972415.
8. Kienreich K, Tomaschitz A, Verheyen N, Pieber T, Gaksch M, Grubler MR, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2013; 5(8):3005-21. Epub 2013/08/06. doi: 10.3390/nu5083005 PMID: 23912328; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3775239.
9. Harvey NC, Cooper C. Vitamin D: some perspective please. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2012; 345: e4695. Epub 2012/07/21. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e4695 PMID: 22815431.
10. Vimaleswaran KS, Berry DJ, Lu C, Tikkanen E, Pilz S, Hiraki LT, et al. Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts. PLoS medicine. 2013; 10(2):e1001383. Epub 2013/02/09. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001383 PMID: 23393431; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3564800.
11. Smith GD, Ebrahim S. 'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? International journal of epidemiology. 2003; 32(1):1-22. Epub 2003/04/12. PMID: 12689998.
12. Afzal S, Brondum-Jacobsen P, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Vitamin D concentration, obesity, and risk of diabetes: a mendelian randomisation study. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology. 2014; 2(4): 298-306. Epub 2014/04/08. doi: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70200-6 PMID: 24703048.
13. Afzal S, Brondum-Jacobsen P, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Genetically low vitamin D concentrations and increased mortality: mendelian randomisation analysis in three large cohorts. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2014; 349:g6330. Epub 2014/11/20. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g6330 PMID: 25406188; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc4238742.
14. Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Beyond body mass index. Obesity reviews: an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001; 2(3):141-7. Epub 2002/07/18. PMID: 12120099.
15. Cawthon PM, Parimi N, Barrett-Connor E, Laughlin GA, Ensrud KE, Hoffman AR, et al. Serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and mortality in older men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2010; 95(10):4625-34. Epub 2010/07/16. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-0638 PMID: 20631024; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3050100.
16. Kinra S, Radha Krishna K, Kuper H, Rameshwar Sarma K, Prabhakaran P, Gupta V, et al. Cohort Profile: Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study (APCAPS). International journal of epidemiology. 2013. Epub 2013/09/11. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt128 PMID: 24019421.
17. Kinra S, Rameshwar Sarma KV, Ghafoorunissa, Mendu VV, Ravikumar R, Mohan V, et al. Effect of integration of supplemental nutrition with public health programmes in pregnancy and early childhood on cardiovascular risk in rural Indian adolescents: long term follow-up of Hyderabad nutrition trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2008; 337:a605. Epub 2008/07/29. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a605 PMID: 18658189; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc2500199.
18. Macro IIfPSIaO. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), 1998-99: India. Mumbai: IIPS; 2000.
19. Sullivan R, Kinra S, Ekelund U, Bharathi AV, Vaz M, Kurpad A, et al. Evaluation of the Indian Migration Study Physical Activity Questionnaire (IMS-PAQ): a cross-sectional study. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. 2012; 9:13. Epub 2012/02/11. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-13 PMID: 22321669; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3296617.
20. Taylor AE, Kuper H, Varma RD, Wells JC, Bell JD, K VR, et al. Validation of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measures of abdominal fat by comparison with magnetic resonance imaging in an Indian population. PloS one. 2012; 7(12):e51042. Epub 2012/12/29. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051042 PMID: 23272086; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3522679.
21. VanItallie TB, Yang MU, Heymsfield SB, Funk RC, Boileau RA. Height-normalized indices of the body's fat-free mass and fat mass: potentially useful indicators of nutritional status. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1990; 52(6):953-9. Epub 1990/12/01. PMID: 2239792.
22. Hickson SS, Butlin M, Broad J, Avolio AP, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM. Validity and repeatability of the Vicorder apparatus: a comparison with the SphygmoCor device. Hypertension research: official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. 2009; 32(12):1079-85. Epub 2009/09/26. doi: 10.1038/hr. 2009.154 PMID: 19779487.
23. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical chemistry. 1972; 18(6): 499-502. Epub 1972/06/01. PMID: 4337382.
24. Trinder P. Determination of blood glucose using an oxidase-peroxidase system with a non-carcinogenic chromogen. Journal of clinical pathology. 1969; 22(2):158-61. Epub 1969/03/01. PMID: 5776547; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc474026.
25. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. The New England journal of medicine. 2007; 357(3):266-81. Epub 2007/07/20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra070553 PMID: 17634462.
26. Harinarayan CV, Ramalakshmi T, Prasad UV, Sudhakar D, Srinivasarao PV, Sarma KV, et al. High prevalence of low dietary calcium, high phytate consumption, and vitamin D deficiency in healthy south Indians. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2007; 85(4):1062-7. Epub 2007/04/07. PMID: 17413106.
27. Goswami R, Gupta N, Goswami D, Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Kochupillai N. Prevalence and significance of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy subjects in Delhi. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2000; 72(2):472-5. Epub 2000/08/02. PMID: 10919943.
28. Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Reddy DR, Aggarwal R, Singh R, Sawhney RC, et al. Vitamin D and bone mineral density status of healthy schoolchildren in northern India. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005; 82(2):477-82. Epub 2005/08/10. PMID: 16087996.
29. Vupputuri MR, Goswami R, Gupta N, Ray D, Tandon N, Kumar N. Prevalence and functional significance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Asian Indians. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2006; 83(6):1411-9. Epub 2006/06/10. PMID: 16762954.
30. Zargar AH, Ahmad S, Masoodi SR, Wani AI, Bashir MI, Laway BA, et al. Vitamin D status in apparently healthy adults in Kashmir Valley of Indian subcontinent. Postgraduate medical journal. 2007; 83(985): 713-6. Epub 2007/11/09. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2007.059113 PMID: 17989271; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc2659966.
31. Bolland MJ, Bacon CJ, Horne AM, Mason BH, Ames RW, Wang TK, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and health outcomes over 5 y in older women. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2010; 91(1):82-9. Epub 2009/11/13. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28424 PMID: 19906799.
32. Arunabh S, Pollack S, Yeh J, Aloia JF. Body fat content and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2003; 88(1):157-61. Epub 2003/01/10. doi: 10.1210/jc.2002-020978 PMID: 12519845.
33. Pilz S, Dobnig H, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Stehouwer CD, Snijder MB, et al. Vitamin D and mortality in older men and women. Clinical endocrinology. 2009; 71(5):666-72. Epub 2009/02/20. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2265.2009.03548.x PMID: 19226272.
34. Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, Deeg DJ, Dekker JM, Bouter LM, et al. Adiposity in relation to vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels: a population-based study in older men and women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2005; 90(7):4119-23. Epub 2005/04/28. doi: 10. 1210/jc.2005-0216 PMID: 15855256.
35. Scragg R, Holdaway I, Jackson R, Lim T. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its relation to physical activity and other heart disease risk factors in the general population. Annals of epidemiology. 1992; 2(5): 697-703. Epub 1992/09/01. PMID: 1342321.
36. Miettinen ME, Kinnunen L, Leiviska J, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Korpi-Hyovalti E, Niskanen L, et al. Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with lifestyle factors and metabolic and cardiovascular disease markers: population-based cross-sectional study (FIN-D2D). PloS one. 2014; 9(7):e100235. Epub 2014/07/08. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100235 PMID: 25000408; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc4085035.
37. Gunta SS, Thadhani RI, Mak RH. The effect of vitamin D status on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Nature reviews Nephrology. 2013; 9(6):337-47. Epub 2013/04/24. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2013.74 PMID: 23609564.
38. Annuzzi G, Della Pepa G, Vetrani C. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: is there evidence to support the bandwagon? Current atherosclerosis reports. 2012; 14(6):525-34. Epub 2012/09/11. doi: 10. 1007/s11883-012-0281-9 PMID: 22961073.
39. Clemens TL, Adams JS, Henderson SL, Holick MF. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3. Lancet. 1982; 1(8263):74-6. Epub 1982/01/09. PMID: 6119494.
40. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Jama. 2005; 293(18):2257-64. Epub 2005/05/12. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.18.2257 PMID: 15886381.