Sleep problems may mediate associations between rumination and PTSD and depressive symptoms among OIF/OEF veterans

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 76-84

  Borders, Ashley ^a   Rothman, David J ^a   Mcandrew, Lisa M ^a  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

depression; PTSD; rumination; sleep problems; veterans

Indexed keywords

ADULT; COMPLICATION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SLEEP DISORDER; THINKING; VETERAN; WAR; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSION; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003-2011; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; QUESTIONNAIRES; SLEEP DISORDERS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; THINKING; VETERANS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84937795783     PISSN: 19429681     EISSN: 1942969X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0036937     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author
2. Baer R. A., Peters J. R., Eisenlohr-Moul T. A., Geiger P. J., & Sauer S. E. (2012). Emotion-related cognitive processes in borderline personality disorder: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 359-369. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.03.002
3. Baglioni C., Battagliese G., Feige B., Spiegelhalder K., Nissen C., Voderholzer U., Riemann D. (2011). Insomnia as a predictor of depression: A meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135, 10-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jad .2011.01.011
4. Blanchard E. B., Jones-Alexander J., Buckley T. C., & Forneris C. A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 669-673. doi: 10.1016/0005- 7967(96)00033-2
5. Borders A., McAndrew L., Quigley K. S., & Chandler H. K. (2012). Rumination moderates the associations between psychiatric symptoms and risky behaviors in Veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 583-586. doi: 10.1002/jts.21733
6. Brosschot J. F., Gerin W., & Thayer J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 113-124. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074
7. Buysse D. J., Reynolds C. F., Monk T. H., Berman S. R., & Kupfer D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193-213. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
8. Canafax D. M., Bhanegaonkar A., Bharmal M., & Calloway M. (2011). Validation of the post Sleep Questionnaire for assessing subjects with restless legs syndrome: Results from two double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trials. BMC Neurology, 11, 48. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-48
9. Carlson L. E., & Garland S. N. (2005). Impact of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on sleep, mood, stress and fatigue symptoms in cancer outpatients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 278-285. doi: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1204-9
10. Carney C. E., Edinger J. D., Meyer B., Lindman L., & Istre T. (2006). Symptom-focused rumination and sleep disturbance. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 4, 228-241. doi: 10.1207/s15402010bsm0404-3
11. Carney C. E., Harris A. L., Moss T. G., & Edinger J. D. (2010). Distinguishing rumination from worry in clinical insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 540-546. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.004
12. Chellappa S. L., Schröder C., & Cajochen C. (2009). Chronobiology, excessive daytime sleepiness and depression: Is there a link?. Sleep Medicine, 10, 505-514. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.05.010
13. Ciesla J. A., Dickson K. S., Anderson N. L., & Neal D. J. (2011). Negative repetitive thought and college drinking: Angry rumination, depressive rumination, co-rumination, and worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 142-150. doi: 10.1007/s10608-011-9355-1
14. Ehlers A., & Clark D. A. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
15. Ehring T., Frank S., & Ehlers A. (2008). The role of rumination and reduced concreteness in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 488-506. doi: 10.1007/s10608-006-9089-7
16. Frencham K. A. R., Fox A. M., & Maybery M. T. (2005). Neuropsychological studies of mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analytic review of research since 1995. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 334-351. doi: 10.1080/13803390490520328
17. Gellis L. A. (2012). An investigation of a cognitive refocusing technique to improve sleep. Psychotherapy, 49, 251-257. doi: 10.1037/a0025746
18. Guastella A. J., & Moulds M. L. (2007). The impact of rumination on sleep quality following a stressful life event. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 1151-1162. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.028
19. Hall M., Buysse D. J., Nowell P. D., Nofzinger E. A., Houck P., Reynolds C., & Kupfer D. J. (2000). Symptoms of stress and depression as correlates of sleep in primary insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 227-230
20. Harvey A. G. (2002). A cognitive model of insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 869-893. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00061-4
21. Harvey A. G. (2005). A cognitive theory of and therapy for chronic insomnia. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19, 41-60. doi: 10.1891/jcop.19.1.41.66332
22. Hays R. D., Martin S. A., Sesti A. M., & Spritzer K. L. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep measure. Sleep Medicine, 6, 41-44. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2004.07.006
23. Hays R. D., & Stewart A. (1992). Sleep measures. Measuring functioning and well-being: The medical outcomes study approach (pp. 235-259). Durham, NC: Duke University Press
24. Helmer D. A., Rossignol M., Blatt M., Agarwal R., Teichman R., & Lange G. (2007). Health and exposure concerns of veterans deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49, 475-480. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318042d682
25. Holman E. A., & Silver R. (1998). Getting 'stuck' in the past: Temporal orientation and coping with trauma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1146-1163. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1146
26. Jackowska M., Dockray S., Hendrickx H., & Steptoe A. (2011). Psychosocial factors and sleep efficiency: Discrepancies between subjective and objective evaluations of sleep. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 810-816. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182359e77
27. Kearney D. J., McDermott K., Malte C., Martinez M., & Simpson T. L. (2012). Association of participation in a mindfulness program with measures of PTSD, depression and quality of life in a veteran sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 101-116. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20853
28. Koren D., Arnon I., Lavie P., & Klein E. (2002). Sleep complaints as early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder: A 1-Year prospective study of injured survivors of motor vehicle accidents. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 855-857. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.855
29. Kraaij V., & Garnefski N. (2006). The role of intrusion, avoidance, and cognitive coping strategies more than 50 years after war. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 19, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/10615800500412449
30. Kroenke K., Strine T. W., Spitzer R. L., Williams J. W., Berry J. T., & Mokdad A. H. (2009). The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114, 163-173. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026
31. Lavie P., Hefez A., Halperin G., & Enoch D. (1979). Long-term effects of traumatic war-related events on sleep. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 175-178
32. Lim J., & Dinges D. F. (2010). A meta-analysis of the impact of shortterm sleep deprivation on cognitive variables. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 375-389. doi: 10.1037/a0018883
33. McLay R. N., Klam W. P., & Volkert S. L. (2010). Insomnia is the most commonly reported symptom and predicts other symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. service members returning from military deployments. Military Medicine, 175, 759-762. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20968266. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00193
34. Michael T., Ehlers A. A., Halligan S. L., & Clark D. M. (2005). Unwanted memories of assault: What intrusion characteristics are associated with PTSD?. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 613-628. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.04.006
35. Nolen-Hoeksema S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504-511. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504
36. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Wisco B. E., & Lyubomirsky S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400-424. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
37. Palesh O. G., Collie K., Batiuchok D., Tilston J., Koopman C., Perlis M. L., Spiegel D. (2007). A longitudinal study of depression, pain, and stress as predictors of sleep disturbance among women with metastatic breast cancer. Biological Psychology, 75, 37-44. doi: 10.1016/j .biopsycho.2006.11.002
38. Picchioni D., Cabrera O. A., McGurk D., Thomas J. L., Castro C. A., Balkin T. J., Hoge C. W. (2010). Sleep symptoms as a partial mediator between combat stressors and other mental health symptoms in Iraq war veterans. Military Psychology, 22, 340-355. doi: 10.1080/08995605.2010.491844
39. Pilcher J. J., Ginter D. R., & Sadowsky B. (1997). Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: Relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 42, 583-596. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00004-4
40. Preacher K. J., & Hayes A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
41. Ramel W., Goldin P. R., Carmona P. E., & McQuaid J. R. (2004). The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive processes and affect in patients with past depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 433-455. doi: 10.1023/B: COTR.0000045557.15923.96
42. Riemann D., Spiegelhalder K., Nissen C., Hirscher V., Baglioni C., & Feige B. (2012). REM sleep instability: A new pathway for insomnia?. Pharmacopsychiatry, 45, 167-176. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1299721
43. Seal K. H., Metzler T. J., Gima K. S., Bertenthal D., Maguen S., & Marmar C. R. (2009). Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002-2008. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1651-1658. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150284
44. Siegle G. J., Moore P. M., & Thase M. E. (2004). Rumination: One construct, many features in healthy individuals, depressed individuals, and individuals with lupus. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 645-668. doi: 10.1023/B: COTR.0000045570.62733.9f
45. Spritzer K. L., & Hays R. D. (2003, November). MOS Sleep Scale: A manual for use and scoring, version 1.0. Los Angeles, CA: RAND Corporation
46. Stoia-Caraballo R., Rye M. S., Pan W., Kirschman K., Lutz-Zois C., & Lyons A. M. (2008). Negative affect and anger rumination as mediators between forgiveness and sleep quality. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 478-488. doi: 10.1007/s10865-008-9172-5
47. Takano K., Iijima Y., & Tanno Y. (2012). Repetitive thought and selfreported sleep disturbance. Behavior Therapy, 43, 779-789. doi: 10.1016/j .beth.2012.04.002
48. Tang N. K., & Harvey A. G. (2004). Effects of cognitive arousal and physiological arousal on sleep perception. Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, 27, 69-78
49. Tanielian T., & Jaycox L. H. (Eds.). (2008). Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation
50. Thomsen C. J., Stander V. A., McWhorter S. K., Rabenhorst M. M., & Milner J. S. (2011). Effects of combat deployment on risky and selfdestructive behavior among active duty military personnel. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1321-1331. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.04.003
51. Trapnell P. D., & Campbell J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 284-304. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284
52. Walker M. P., & van der Helm E. (2009). Overnight therapy?. The role of sleep in emotional brain processing. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 731-748. doi: 10.1037/a0016570
53. Weathers F. W., Litz B. T., Herman D. S., Huska J. A., & Keane T. M. (1993). The PTSD checklist: Reliability, validity, & diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX, October
54. Wright K. M., Britt T. W., Bliese P. D., Adler A. B., Picchioni D., & Moore D. (2011). Insomnia as predictor versus outcome of PTSD and depression among Iraq combat veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 1240-1258. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20845
55. Zoccola P. M., Dickerson S. S., & Lam S. (2009). Rumination predicts longer sleep onset latency after an acute psychosocial stressor. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 771-775. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181ae58e8
56. Zoccola P. M., Dickerson S. S., & Zaldivar F. P. (2008). Rumination and cortisol responses to laboratory stressors. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 661-667. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817bbc77