A cognitive theory and therapy for chronic insomnia

Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 41-59

  Harvey, Allison G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Attention; Beliefs; Cognitive therapy; Insomnia; Sleep

Indexed keywords

AROUSAL; ATTENTION; AWARENESS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; EVALUATION; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; MENTAL DISEASE; PERCEPTION; REVIEW; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; SLEEP; THEORETICAL MODEL; THEORY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 20544463569     PISSN: 08898391     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/jcop.19.1.41.66332     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Ancoli-Israel, S., & Roth, T. (1999). Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: Results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. I. Sleep, 22(Suppl. 2), S347-S353.
2. Arntz, A., Rauner, M., & van den Hout, M. (1995). "If I feel anxious there must be danger": Ex-consequentia reasoning in inferring danger in anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 917-925.
3. Arntz, A., & van den Hout, M. (1996). Psychological treatments of panic disorder without agoraphobia: Cognitive therapy versus applied relaxation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 113-121.
4. Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
5. Beck, J. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford.
6. Bélanger, L., Morin, C. M., Gendron, L., & Blais, F. C. (2005). Presleep cognitive activity and thought control strategies in insomnia. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19, 19-28.
7. Bennett-Levy, J., Butler, G., Fennell, M. J. V., Hackmann, A., Mueller, M., & Westbrook, D. (2004). Oxford guide to behavioural experiments in cognitive therapy. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
8. Bonnet, M. H. (1990). The perception of sleep onset in insomniacs and normal sleepers. In R. R. Bootzin, J. F. Kihlstrom, & D. L. Schacter (Eds.), Sleep and cognition (pp. 148-158). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
9. Bootzin, R. R. (1972). Stimulus control treatment for insomnia. Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, 7, 395-396.
10. Bootzin, R. R., Manber, R., Perus, M. L., Salvio, M. A., & Wyatt, J. K. (1993). Sleep disorders. In P. B. Sutker & H. E. Adams (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 531-561). New York: Plenum Press.
11. Borkovec, T. D. (1982). Insomnia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 880-895.
12. Chambers, M. J., & Keller, B. (1993). Alert insomniacs: Are they really sleep deprived? Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 667-682.
13. Chesson, A. L., Anderson, W. M., Littner, M., Davila, D., Hartse, K., Johnson, S., et al. (1999). Practice parameters for the nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. Sleep, 22, 1128-1133.
14. Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461-470.
15. Clark, D. M. (1997). Panic disorder and social phobia. In D. M. Clark & C. G. Fairburn, Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy (pp. 121-153). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
16. Clark, D. M. (1999). Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, S5-S27.
17. Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Fennell, M., Campbell, H., et al. (2003). Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in generalized social phobia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1058-1067.
18. Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Hackmann, A., Middleton, H., Anastasiades, P., & Gelder, M. G. (1994). A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 759-769.
19. Dalgleish, T., & Watts, F. N. (1990). Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 589-604.
20. Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.
21. Edinger, J. D., Stout, A. L., & Hoelscher, T. J. (1988). Cluster analysis of insomniacs' MMPI profiles: Relation of subtypes to sleep history and treatment outcome. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 77-87.
22. Edinger, J. D., Wohlgemuth, W. K., Radtke, R. A., Marsh, G. R., & Quillian, R. E. (2001a). Cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of chronic primary insomnia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1856-1864.
23. Edinger, J. D., Wohlgemuth, W. K., Radtke, R. A., Marsh, G. R., & Quillian, R. E. (2001b). Does cognitive-behavioral insomnia therapy alter dysfunctional beliefs about sleep? Sleep: Journal of Sleep & Sleep Disorders Research, 24, 591-599.
24. Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C, et al. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1024-1032.
25. Espie, C. A. (2002). Insomnia: Conceptual issues in the development, persistence, and treatment of sleep disorder in adults. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 215-243.
26. Espie, C. A., Inglis, S. J., Harvey, L., & Tessier, S. (2000). Insomniacs' attributions: Psychometric properties of the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale and the Sleep Disturbance Questionnaire. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48, 141-148.
27. Espie, C. A., Inglis, S. J., Tessier, S., & Harvey, L. (2001). The clinical effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic insomnia: Implementation and evaluation of a sleep clinic in general medical practice. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 45-60.
28. Eysenck, M. W. (1982). Attention and arousal: Cognition and performance. New York: Springer-Verlag.
29. Fichten, C. S., Libman, E., Creti, L., Amsel, R., Tagalakis, V., & Brender, W. (1998). Thoughts during awake times in older good and poor sleepers-The self-statement test: 60+. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 1-20.
30. Hall, M., Buysse, D. J., Nowell, P. D., Nofzinger, E. A., Houck, P., Reynolds, C. F., et al. (2000). Symptoms of stress and depression as correlates of sleep in primary insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 227-230.
31. Hall, M., Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Kupfer, D. J., & Baum, A. (1994). Stress-related intrusive thoughts disrupt sleep onset and continuity. Sleep Research, 25, 163.
32. Harvey, A. G. (2000). Pre-sleep cognitive activity: A comparison of sleep-onset insomniacs and good sleepers. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 275-286.
33. Harvey, A. G. (2001). Insomnia: Symptom or diagnosis? Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 1037-1059.
34. Harvey, A. G. (2002a). A cognitive model of insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 869-893.
35. Harvey, A. G. (2002b). Trouble in bed: The role of pre-sleep worry and intrusions in the maintenance of insomnia. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 16, 161-177.
36. Harvey, A. G. (2002c). Identifying safety behaviors in insomnia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 16-21.
37. Harvey, A. G. (2003a). The attempted suppression of pre-sleep cognitive activity in insomnia. Cognitive Research and Therapy, 27, 593-602.
38. Harvey, A. G. (2003b). Beliefs about the utility of pre-sleep worry: An investigation of insomniacs and good sleepers. Cognitive Research and Therapy, 27, 403-414.
39. Harvey, A. G. (2004). Unwanted intrusive thought in insomnia. In D. A. Clark (Ed.), The nature and treatment of unwanted intrusive thoughts in clinical disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
40. Harvey, A. G., & Payne, S. (2002). The management of unwanted pre-sleep thoughts in insomnia: Distraction with imagery versus general distraction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 267-277.
41. Hauri, P. J., & Fisher, J. (1986). Persistent psychophysiological (learned) insomnia. Sleep, 9, 38-53.
42. Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
43. Kales, A., & Kales, J. D. (1984). Evaluation and treatment of insomnia. New York: Oxford University Press.
44. Lamarche, C. H., & Ogilvie, R. D. (1997). Electrophysiological changes during the sleep onset period of psychophysiological insomniacs, psychiatric insomniacs, and normal sleepers. Sleep, 20, 724-733.
45. Lichstein, K. L., & Rosenthal, T. L. (1980). Insomniacs' perceptions of cognitive versus somatic determinants of sleep disturbance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 105-107.
46. Lundh, L. G. (1998). Cognitive-behavioural analysis and treatment of insomnia. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 27, 10-29.
47. McCrae, C. S., & Lichstein, K. L. (2001). Secondary insomnia: A heuristic model and behavioral approaches to assessment, treatment, and prevention. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 10, 107-123.
48. Mendelson, W. B., James, S. P., Garnett, D., Sack, D. A., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1986). A psychophysiological study of insomnia. Psychiatry Research, 19, 267-284.
49. Mercer, J. D., Bootzin, R. R., & Lack, L. C. (2002). Insomniacs' perception of wake instead of sleep. Sleep, 25, 564-571.
50. Morin, C. M. ( 1993). Insomnia: Psychological assessment and management. New York: Guilford Press.
51. Morin, C. M., Blais, F., & Savard, J. (2002). Are changes in beliefs and attitudes about sleep related to sleep improvements in the treatment of insomnia? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 741-752.
52. Morin, C. M., Colecchi, C., Stone, J., Sood, R., & Brink, D. (1999). Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 991-999.
53. Morin, C. M., Culbert, J. P., & Schwartz, S. M. (1994). Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: A meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1172-1180.
54. Morin, C. M., & Espie, C. A. (2003). Insomnia. A clinical guide to assessment and treatment. New York: Plenum.
55. Morin, C. M., Hauri, P. J., Espie, C. A., Spielman, A. J., Buysse, D. J., & Bootzin, R. R. (1999). Nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review. Sleep, 22, 1134-1156.
56. Morrison, A. P. (2001). The interpretation of intrusions in psychosis: An integrative cognitive approach to hallucinations and delusions. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 257-276.
57. Murtagh, D. R., & Greenwood, K. M. (1995). Identifying effective psychological treatments for insomnia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 79-89.
58. Neitzert Semler, C., & Harvey, A. G. (2004a). An investigation of monitoring for sleep-related threat in primary insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1403-1420.
59. Neitzert Semler, C., & Harvey, A. G. (in press). Does subjective perception of sleep contribute to daytime processes in primary insomnia? Behaviour Research and Therapy.
60. Neitzert Semler, C., & Harvey, A. G. (2004b). Monitoring of sleep-related threat in primary insomnia: Development and validation of the sleep associated monitoring inventory (SAMI). Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 242-250.
61. Nelson, J., & Harvey, A.G. (2002). An experimental manipulation of thinking about a pre-sleep emotional topic in images or verbal thought. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 665-669.
62. Nelson, J., & Harvey, A. G. (2003). Pre-sleep imagery under the microscope: A comparison of patients with insomnia and good sleepers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 273-284.
63. Ohayon, M, M., Caulet, M., Philip, P., Guilleminault, C, & Priest, R, G. (1997). How sleep and mental disorders are related to complaints of daytime sleepiness. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157, 2645-2652.
64. Padesky, C. A., & Greenberger, D. (1995). Clinician's guide to mind over mood. New York: Guilford Press.
65. Perlis, M. L., Giles, D. E., Mendelson, W. B., Bootzin, R. R., & Wyatt, J. K. (1997). Psychophysiological insomnia: The behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. Journal of Sleep Research, 6, 179-188.
66. Perlis, M. L., Junqquist, C. R., Smith, M. T., & Posner, D. (in press). The cognitive behavioral treatment of insomnia: A treatment manual. New York: Springer Verlag.
67. Ree, M. J., & Harvey, A. G. (2004a). Investigating safety behaviours in insomnia: The development of the Sleep-Related Behaviours Questionnaire (SRBQ). Behaviour Change.
68. Ree, M. J., & Harvey, A. G. (2004b). Behavioural experiments in chronic insomnia. In J. Bennett-Levy, G. Butler, M. J. V. Fennell, A. Hackmann, M. Mueller, & D. Westbrook (Eds.), Oxford guide to behavioural experiments in cognitive therapy (pp. 287-308). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
69. Ree, M. J., Harvey, A. G., Blake, R., Tang, N. K. Y., & Shawe-Taylor, M. (in press). Attempts to control unwanted thoughts in the night: Development of the Thought Control Questionnaire-Insomnia Revised (TCQI-R). Behaviour Research and Therapy.
70. Roehrs, T., & Roth, T. (2001). Sleep, sleepiness and alcohol use. Alcohol Research and Health, 25, 101-109.
71. Roth, T., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (1999). Daytime consequences and correlates of insomnia in the United States: Results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. II. Sleep, 22(Suppl. 2), S354-S358.
72. Salin-Pascual, R. J., Roehrs, T. A., Merlotti, L. A., Zorick, F., & Roth, T. ( 1992). Long-term study of the sleep of insomnia patients with sleep state misperception and other insomnia patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 904-908.
73. Salkovskis, P. M. (1991). The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 19, 6-19.
74. Salkovskis, P. M. (1996). Frontiers of cognitive therapy. New York: Guilford.
75. Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). Empirically grounded clinical interventions: Cognitive-behavioural therapy progresses through a multi-dimensional approach to clinical science. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 3-9.
76. Salkovskis, P. M., & Bass, C. (1997). Hypochondriasis. In D. M. Clark & C. G. Fairburn (Eds.), Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy (pp. 341-358). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
77. Smith, M. T., Huang, M. I., & Manber, R. (in press). The psychological treatment of chronic insomnia occurring within the context of medical and psychiatric disorders. Clinical Psychology Review.
78. Spielman, A. J., Caruso, L. S., & Glovinsky, P. B. (1987). A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 10, 541-553.
79. Tang, N. K. Y., & Harvey, A. G. (2004a). Effects of cognitive arousal and physiological arousal on sleep perception. Sleep, 27, 69-78.
80. Tang, N. K. Y., & Harvey, A. G. (2004b). Correcting distorted perception of sleep in insomnia: A novel behavioural experiment? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 27-39.
81. Tang, N. K. Y., Harvey, A. G., & Schmidt, D. A. (2004). Sleeping with the enemy: Clock monitoring in the maintenance of insomnia. Manuscript submitted for publication.
82. Taylor, L. M., Espie, C. A., & White, C. A. (2003). Attentional bias in people with acute versus persistent insomnia secondary to cancer. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 1, 200-212.
83. Thomas, E. A. C., & Cantor, N. E. (1975), On the duality of simultaneous time and size perception. Perceptual Psychophysics, 18, 44-48.
84. Watkins, E., & Baracaia, S. (2002). Rumination and social problem-solving in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1179-1189.
85. Wegner, D. M. (1989). White bears and other unwanted thoughts: Suppression, obsession and the psychology of mental control New York: Viking.
86. Wells, A. (1995). Meta-cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalised anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 301-320.
87. Wicklow, A., & Espie, C. A. (2000). Intrusive thoughts and their relationship to actigraphic measurement of sleep: Towards a cognitive model of insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 679-693.
88. Woolfolk, R. L., & McNulty, T. F. (1983). Relaxation training for insomnia: A component analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 495-503.