Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—Status Quo and Perspective

Translational Stroke Research

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 167-170

  Etminan, Nima ^a  

^a HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENT;

BRAIN ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE;

ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; HUMANS; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE;

EID: 84937762721     PISSN: 18684483     EISSN: 1868601X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0398-6     Document Type: Editorial

References (62)

1. de Rooij NK, Linn FH, van der Plas JA, Algra A, Rinkel GJ. Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(12):1365–72. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.117655.
2. Lovelock CE, Rinkel GJ, Rothwell PM. Time trends in outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage: population-based study and systematic review. Neurology. 2010;74(19):1494–501. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181dd42b3.
3. Fergusen S, Macdonald RL. Predictors of cerebral infarction in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(4):658–67. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000255396.23280.31. discussion 67.
4. Vergouwen MD, Ilodigwe D, Macdonald RL. Cerebral infarction after subarachnoid hemorrhage contributes to poor outcome by vasospasm-dependent and -independent effects. Stroke. 2011;42(4):924–9. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.597914.
5. Bruder N, Rabinstein A, Participants in the International Multi-Disciplinary Consensus Conference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid H. Cardiovascular and pulmonary complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(2):257–69. doi:10.1007/s12028-011-9598-4.
6. Larsen CC, Astrup J. Rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a literature review. World Neurosurg. 2013;79(2):307–12. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2012.06.023.
7. Macdonald RL. Delayed neurological deterioration after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(1):44–58. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.246.
8. Fujii M, Yan J, Rolland WB, Soejima Y, Caner B, Zhang JH. Early brain injury, an evolving frontier in subarachnoid hemorrhage research. Transl Stroke Res. 2013;4(4):432–46. doi:10.1007/s12975-013-0257-2.
9. Etminan N, Beseoglu K, Eicker SO, Turowski B, Steiger HJ, Hanggi D. Prospective, randomized, open-label phase II trial on concomitant intraventricular fibrinolysis and low-frequency rotation after severe subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013;44(8):2162–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001790.
10. Dreier JP, Korner K, Ebert N, Gorner A, Rubin I, Back T, et al. Nitric oxide scavenging by hemoglobin or nitric oxide synthase inhibition by N-nitro-L-arginine induces cortical spreading ischemia when K+ is increased in the subarachnoid space. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998;18(9):978–90. doi:10.1097/00004647-199809000-00007.
11. Dreier JP, Major S, Manning A, Woitzik J, Drenckhahn C, Steinbrink J, et al. Cortical spreading ischaemia is a novel process involved in ischaemic damage in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 7):1866–81. doi:10.1093/brain/awp102.
12. Etminan N, Vergouwen MD, Macdonald RL. Angiographic vasospasm versus cerebral infarction as outcome measures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2013;115:33–40. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1192-5_8.
13. Friedrich B, Muller F, Feiler S, Scholler K, Plesnila N. Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage causes early and long-lasting microarterial constriction and microthrombosis: an in-vivo microscopy study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32(3):447–55. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.154.
14. Park KW, Metais C, Dai HB, Comunale ME, Sellke FW. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction and its mechanism in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Anesth Analg. 2001;92(4):990–6.
15. Vergouwen MD, Vermeulen M, Coert BA, Stroes ES, Roos YB. Microthrombosis after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an additional explanation for delayed cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2008;28(11):1761–70. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2008.74.
16. Vergouwen MD, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ, Wijdicks EF, Muizelaar JP, et al. Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies: proposal of a multidisciplinary research group. Stroke. 2010;41(10):2391–5. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.589275.
17. Yundt KD, Grubb Jr RL, Diringer MN, Powers WJ. Autoregulatory vasodilation of parenchymal vessels is impaired during cerebral vasospasm. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998;18(4):419–24. doi:10.1097/00004647-199804000-00010.
18. Brathwaite S, Macdonald RL. Current management of delayed cerebral ischemia: update from results of recent clinical trials. Transl Stroke Res. 2014;5(2):207–26. doi:10.1007/s12975-013-0316-8.
19. Etminan N, Vergouwen MD, Ilodigwe D, Macdonald RL. Effect of pharmaceutical treatment on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and clinical outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31(6):1443–51. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.7.
20. Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, Mayer SA, Molyneux A, Raabe A, et al. Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(7):618–25.
21. Vergouwen MD. Vasospasm versus delayed cerebral ischemia as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(2):308–11. doi:10.1007/s12028-011-9586-8.
22. Vergouwen MD, Etminan N, Ilodigwe D, Macdonald RL. Lower incidence of cerebral infarction correlates with improved functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31(7):1545–53. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.56.
23. Chen S, Ma Q, Krafft PR, Chen Y, Tang J, Zhang J, et al. P2X7 receptor antagonism inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and ameliorates neuronal apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(12):e466–74. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829a8246.
24. Chou SH, Feske SK, Simmons SL, Konigsberg RG, Orzell SC, Marckmann A, et al. Elevated peripheral neutrophils and matrix metalloproteinase 9 as biomarkers of functional outcome following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res. 2011;2(4):600–7. doi:10.1007/s12975-011-0117-x.
25. Fujii M, Sherchan P, Soejima Y, Hasegawa Y, Flores J, Doycheva D, et al. Cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist attenuates apoptosis by activation of phosphorylated CREB-Bcl-2 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Exp Neurol. 2014;261:396–403. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.005.
26. Murakami K, Koide M, Dumont TM, Russell SR, Tranmer BI, Wellman GC. Subarachnoid hemorrhage induces gliosis and increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine high mobility group box 1 protein. Transl Stroke Res. 2011;2(1):72–9. doi:10.1007/s12975-010-0052-2.
27. Shao AW, Wu HJ, Chen S, Ammar AB, Zhang JM, Hong Y. Resveratrol attenuates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage through inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent inflammatory/MMP-9 pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014;20(2):182–5. doi:10.1111/cns.12194.
28. Shiba M, Fujimoto M, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yoshida T, Taki W, Suzuki H. Tenascin-C causes neuronal apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Transl Stroke Res. 2014;5(2):238–47. doi:10.1007/s12975-014-0333-2.
29. Simard JM, Tosun C, Ivanova S, Kurland DB, Hong C, Radecki L, et al. Heparin reduces neuroinflammation and transsynaptic neuronal apoptosis in a model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res. 2012;3 Suppl 1:155–65. doi:10.1007/s12975-012-0166-9.
30. Yan J, Manaenko A, Chen S, Klebe D, Ma Q, Caner B, et al. Role of SCH79797 in maintaining vascular integrity in rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013;44(5):1410–7. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.678474.
31. Etminan N, Macdonald RL, Davis C, Burton K, Steiger HJ, Hanggi D. Intrathecal application of the nimodipine slow-release microparticle system eg-1962 for prevention of delayed cerebral ischemia and improvement of outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:281–6. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04981-6_47.
32. Kasuya H. Clinical trial of nicardipine prolonged-release implants for preventing cerebral vasospasm: multicenter cooperative study in Tokyo. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2011;110(Pt 2):165–7. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0356-2_30.
33. Lei Q, Li S, Zheng R, Xu K, Li S. Endothelin-1 expression and alterations of cerebral microcirculation after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2015;57(1):63–70. doi:10.1007/s00234-014-1435-y.
34. Tso MK, Macdonald RL. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review of experimental studies on the microcirculation and the neurovascular unit. Transl Stroke Res. 2014;5(2):174–89. doi:10.1007/s12975-014-0323-4.
35. Buhler D, Schuller K, Plesnila N. Protocol for the induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice by perforation of the Circle of Willis with an endovascular filament. Transl Stroke Res. 2014;5(6):653–9. doi:10.1007/s12975-014-0366-6.
36. Guresir E, Schuss P, Borger V, Vatter H. Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: double cisterna magna injection rat model-assessment of delayed pathological effects of cerebral vasospasm. Transl Stroke Res. 2015. doi:10.1007/s12975-015-0392-z.
37. Kikkawa Y, Kurogi R, Sasaki T. The single and double blood injection rabbit subarachnoid hemorrhage model. Transl Stroke Res. 2015;6(1):88–97. doi:10.1007/s12975-014-0375-5.
38. Mori K. Double cisterna magna blood injection model of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs. Transl Stroke Res. 2014;5(6):647–52. doi:10.1007/s12975-014-0356-8.
39. Pluta RM, Bacher J, Skopets B, Hoffmann V. A non-human primate model of aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Transl Stroke Res. 2014;5(6):681–91. doi:10.1007/s12975-014-0371-9.
40. Baharoglu MI, Germans MR, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, et al. Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8, CD001245. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001245.pub2.
41. Germans MR, Post R, Coert BA, Rinkel GJ, Vandertop WP, Verbaan D. Ultra-early tranexamic acid after subarachnoid hemorrhage (ULTRA): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013;14:143. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-143.
42. Cremers CH, van der Schaaf IC, Wensink E, Greving JP, Rinkel GJ, Velthuis BK, et al. CT perfusion and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34(2):200–7. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2013.208.
43. Rawal S, Barnett C, John-Baptiste A, Thein HH, Krings T, Rinkel GJ. Effectiveness of diagnostic strategies in suspected delayed cerebral ischemia: a decision analysis. Stroke. 2015;46(1):77–83. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005916.
44. Washington CW, Zipfel GJ. Detection and monitoring of vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia: a review and assessment of the literature. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(2):312–7. doi:10.1007/s12028-011-9594-8.
45. Etminan N, Beseoglu K, Heiroth HJ, Turowski B, Steiger HJ, Hanggi D. Early perfusion computerized tomography imaging as a radiographic surrogate for delayed cerebral ischemia and functional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013;44(5):1260–6. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.675975.
46. Dhar R, Scalfani MT, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Derdeyn CP, Diringer MN. Comparison of induced hypertension, fluid bolus, and blood transfusion to augment cerebral oxygen delivery after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(3):648–56. doi:10.3171/2011.9.JNS11691.
47. Treggiari MM, Deem S. Which H is the most important in triple-H therapy for cerebral vasospasm? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2009;15(2):83–6. doi:10.1097/MCC.0b013e32832922d1.
48. Treggiari MM, Participants in the International Multi-disciplinary Consensus Conference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid H. Hemodynamic management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(2):329–35. doi:10.1007/s12028-011-9589-5.
49. Abruzzo T, Moran C, Blackham KA, Eskey CJ, Lev R, Meyers P, et al. Invasive interventional management of post-hemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurointerv Surg. 2012;4(3):169–77. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2011-010248.
50. Dorhout Mees SM, Rinkel GJ, Feigin VL, Algra A, van den Bergh WM, Vermeulen M, et al. Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3, CD000277. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000277.pub3.
51. Kirkpatrick PJ, Turner CL, Smith C, Hutchinson PJ, Murray GD, Collaborators S. Simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (STASH): a multicentre randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(7):666–75. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70084-5.
52. Wong GK, Chan DY, Siu DY, Zee BC, Poon WS, Chan MT, et al. High-dose simvastatin for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: multicenter randomized controlled double-blinded clinical trial. Stroke. 2015;46(2):382–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007006.
53. Kreiter KT, Mayer SA, Howard G, Knappertz V, Ilodigwe D, Sloan MA, et al. Sample size estimates for clinical trials of vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2362–7. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.547331.
54. Jaja BN, Attalla D, Macdonald RL, Schweizer TA, Cusimano MD, Etminan N, et al. The Subarachnoid Hemorrhage International Trialists (SAHIT) Repository: advancing clinical research in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):551–9. doi:10.1007/s12028-014-9990-y.
55. Macdonald RL, Cusimano MD, Etminan N, Hanggi D, Hasan D, Ilodigwe D, et al. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage International Trialists data repository (SAHIT). World Neurosurg. 2013;79(3–4):418–22. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2013.01.006.
56. Macdonald RL, Jaja B, Cusimano MD, Etminan N, Hanggi D, Hasan D, et al. SAHIT Investigators—on the outcome of some subarachnoid hemorrhage clinical trials. Transl Stroke Res. 2013;4(3):286–96. doi:10.1007/s12975-012-0242-1.
57. Al-Khindi T, Macdonald RL, Schweizer TA. Cognitive and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2010;41(8):e519–36. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.581975.
58. Sheldon S, Macdonald RL, Cusimano M, Spears J, Schweizer TA. Long-term consequences of subarachnoid hemorrhage: examining working memory. J Neurol Sci. 2013;332(1–2):145–7. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.06.021.
59. Sheldon S, Macdonald RL, Schweizer TA. Free recall memory performance after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Int Neuropsychol Soc: JINS. 2012;18(2):334–42. doi:10.1017/S1355617711001780.
60. Hanggi D, Etminan N, Macdonald RL, Steiger HJ, Mayer SA, Aldrich F, et al. NEWTON: Nimodipine Microparticles to Enhance Recovery While Reducing Toxicity After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2015. doi:10.1007/s12028-015-0112-2.
61. Rasmussen R, Juhler M, Wetterslev J. Effects of continuous prostacyclin infusion on regional blood flow and cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage: statistical analysis plan for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:228. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-228.
62. Westermaier T, Stetter C, Vince GH, Pham M, Tejon JP, Eriskat J, et al. Prophylactic intravenous magnesium sulfate for treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(5):1284–90. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d9da1e.