Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: Definition, incidence, and epidemiology: Proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference

Pediatric Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2015, Pages S23-S40

  Khemani, Robinder G ^a,b   Smith, Lincoln S ^c   Zimmerman, Jerry J ^c,d   Erickson, Simon ^e  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL LOS ANGELES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c SEATTLE CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Lung injury; Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome; Pediatric intensive care units; Respiratory insufficiency

Indexed keywords

ACUTE LUNG INJURY; ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE; AGE; ASSISTED VENTILATION; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEART DISEASE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HUMAN; LUNG COMPLIANCE; LUNG DEAD SPACE; LUNG DISEASE; MORBIDITY; OXYGEN SATURATION; OXYGEN SUPPLY; OXYGENATION; PNEUMONIA; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULSE OXIMETRY; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEPSIS; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; VENTILATED PATIENT; ACUTE DISEASE; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; HEART DISEASES; INCIDENCE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; LUNG VOLUME; OXIMETRY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PULMONARY EDEMA; RADIOGRAPHY; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN; RISK FACTOR; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TIME;

ACUTE DISEASE; AGE FACTORS; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, PEDIATRIC; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; LUNG VOLUME MEASUREMENTS; OXIMETRY; POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION; PULMONARY EDEMA; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84937636800     PISSN: 15297535     EISSN: 19473893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000432     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (105)

1. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al: The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:818-824
2. Ferguson ND, Fan E, Camporota L, et al: The Berlin definition of ARDS: An expanded rationale, justification, and supplementary material. Intensive Care Med 2012;38:1573-1582
3. Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, et al; ARDS Definition Task Force: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The Berlin Definition. JAMA 2012;307:2526-2533
4. Thomas NJ, Jouvet P, Willson D: Acute lung injury in children-Kids really aren't just "little adults". Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14:429-432
5. Erickson S, Schibler A, Numa A, et al; Paediatric Study Group; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society: Acute lung injury in pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand: A prospective, multicenter, observational study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007;8:317-323
6. Khemani RG, Conti D, Alonzo TA, et al: Effect of tidal volume in children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 2009;35:1428-1437
7. Ghuman AK, Newth CJ, Khemani RG: The association between the end tidal alveolar dead space fraction and mortality in pediatric acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012;13:11-15
8. Flori HR, Glidden DV, Rutherford GW, et al: Pediatric acute lung injury: Prospective evaluation of risk factors associated with mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:995-1001
9. Kneyber MC, Brouwers AG, Caris JA, et al: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Is it underrecognized in the pediatric intensive care unit? Intensive Care Med 2008;34:751-754
10. Curley MA, Hibberd PL, Fineman LD, et al: Effect of prone positioning on clinical outcomes in children with acute lung injury: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294:229-237
11. López-Fernández Y, Azagra AM, De La Oliva P, et al; Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Epidemiology and Natural History (PED-ALIEN) Network: Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Epidemiology and Natural History study: Incidence and outcome of the acute respiratory distress syndrome in children. Crit Care Med 2012;40:3238-3245
12. Spicer A, Lo V, Khemani RG, et al: Oxygenation index independently predicts mortality in pediatric acute lung injury in the era of low tidal volume ventilation. Pediatr Acad Soc Conf 2013;2912
13. Bersten AD, Edibam C, Hunt T, et al; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group: Incidence and mortality of acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome in three Australian States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:443-448
14. Li G, Malinchoc M, Cartin-Ceba R, et al: Eight-year trend of acute respiratory distress syndrome: A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:59-66
15. Luhr OR, Antonsen K, Karlsson M, et al: Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. The ARF Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1849-1861
16. Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Peabody E, et al: Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1685-1693
17. Bindl L, Dresbach K, Lentze MJ: Incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome in German children and adolescents: A populationbased study. Crit Care Med 2005;33:209-312
18. Zimmerman JJ, Akhtar SR, Caldwell E, et al: Incidence and outcomes of pediatric acute lung injury. Pediatrics 2009;124:87-95
19. Brun-Buisson C, Minelli C, Bertolini G, et al; ALIVE Study Group: Epidemiology and outcome of acute lung injury in European intensive care units. Results from the ALIVE study. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:51-61
20. Li Y, Wang Q, Chen H, et al: Epidemiological features and risk factor analysis of children with acute lung injury. World J Pediatr 2012;8:43-46
21. Dahlem P, Van Aalderen WM, Hamaker ME, et al: Incidence and shortterm outcome of acute lung injury in mechanically ventilated children. Eur Respir J 2003;22:980-985
22. Bindl L, Buderus S, Dahlem P, et al; ESPNIC ARDS Database Group: Gender-based differences in children with sepsis and ARDS: The ESPNIC ARDS Database Group. Intensive Care Med 2003;29:1770-1773
23. Santschi M, Jouvet P, Leclerc F, et al; PALIVE Investigators; Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators Network (PALISI); European Society of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC): Acute lung injury in children: Therapeutic practice and feasibility of international clinical trials. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2010;11:681-689
24. Johnston CJ, Rubenfeld GD, Hudson LD: Effect of age on the development of ARDS in trauma patients. Chest 2003;124:653-659
25. Erickson SE, Shlipak MG, Martin GS, et al; National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network: Racial and ethnic disparities in mortality from acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2009;37:1-6
26. Kangelaris KN, Sapru A, Calfee CS, et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ARDS Network: The association between a Darc gene polymorphism and clinical outcomes in African American patients with acute lung injury. Chest 2012;141:1160-1169
27. Hu X, Qian S, Xu F, et al; Chinese Collaborative Study Group for Pediatric Respiratory Failure: Incidence, management and mortality of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome from a prospective study of Chinese paediatric intensive care network. Acta Paediatr 2010;99:715-721
28. Yu WL, Lu ZJ, Wang Y, et al; Collaborative Study Group of Pediatric Respiratory Failure: The epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome in pediatric intensive care units in China. Intensive Care Med 2009;35:136-143
29. Agarwal R, Srinivas R, Nath A, et al: Is the mortality higher in the pulmonary vs the extrapulmonary ARDS? A meta analysis. Chest 2008;133:1463-1473
30. Sevransky JE, Martin GS, Mendez-Tellez P, et al: Pulmonary vs nonpulmonary sepsis and mortality in acute lung injury. Chest 2008;134:534-538
31. Flori H, Dahmer MK, Anil Sapru A, et al; for the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Group: Comorbidities and assessment of severity of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: Proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015;16:(Suppl):S41-S50
32. Smith LS, Zimmerman JJ, Martin TR: Mechanisms of acute respiratory distress syndrome in children and adults: A review and suggestions for future research. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14:631-643
33. ad hoc Statement Committee, American Thoracic Society: Mechanisms and limits of induced postnatal lung growth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:319-343
34. Warburton D, Schwarz M, Tefft D, et al: The molecular basis of lung morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2000;92:55-81
35. Whitsett JA, Wert SE, Chernick V, et al: Molecular determinants of lung development. In: Kendig's Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children. Vol. 6. Wilmott RW (Ed). Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1998, pp 3-19
36. Burri PH, West JB, Crystal RG, et al: Postnatal development and growth. In: The Lung: Scientific Foundations. Vol. 2. Crystal RG, West JB (Eds). Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997
37. Warburton D, Bellusci S: The molecular genetics of lung morphogenesis and injury repair. Paediatr Respir Rev 2004;5(Suppl A):S283-S287
38. Warburton D, Tefft D, Mailleux A, et al: Do lung remodeling, repair, and regeneration recapitulate respiratory ontogeny? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:S59-S62
39. Whitsett JA: Intrinsic and innate defenses in the lung: Intersection of pathways regulating lung morphogenesis, host defense, and repair. J Clin Invest 2002;109:565-569
40. Alvira CM, Abate A, Yang G, et al: Nuclear factor-kappaB activation in neonatal mouse lung protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:805-815
41. Yang G, Abate A, George AG, et al: Maturational differences in lung NF-kappaB activation and their role in tolerance to hyperoxia. J Clin Invest 2004;114:669-678
42. Copland IB, Martinez F, Kavanagh BP, et al: High tidal volume ventilation causes different inflammatory responses in newborn versus adult lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:739-748
43. Kornecki A, Tsuchida S, Ondiveeran HK, et al: Lung development and susceptibility to ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:743-752
44. Yan SR, Qing G, Byers DM, et al: Role of MyD88 in diminished tumor necrosis factor alpha production by newborn mononuclear cells in response to lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 2004;72:1223-1229
45. Smith LS, Gharib SA, Frevert CW, et al: Effects of age on the synergistic interactions between lipopolysaccharide and mechanical ventilation in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010;43:475-486
46. Sapru S, Flori H, Quasney MW, et al; for the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Group: Pathobiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015;16:(Suppl):S6-S22
47. Kochanek KD, Xu J, Murphy SL, et al: Deaths: Final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2011;60:1-116
48. Black RE, Cousens S, Johnson HL, et al; Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF: Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: A systematic analysis. Lancet 2010;375:1969-1987
49. World Health Organization: Causes of Death 2008 Summary Tables. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011
50. Hudson LD, Milberg JA, Anardi D, et al: Clinical risks for development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:293-301
51. Irish Critical Care Trials Group: Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome in Ireland: A prospective audit of epidemiology and management. Crit Care 2008;12:R30
52. Iscimen R, Cartin-Ceba R, Yilmaz M, et al: Risk factors for the development of acute lung injury in patients with septic shock: An observational cohort study. Crit Care Med 2008;36:1518-1522
53. Gajic O, Dabbagh O, Park PK, et al; U. S. Critical Illness and Injury Trials Group: Lung Injury Prevention Study Investigators (USCIITGLIPS): Early identification of patients at risk of acute lung injury: Evaluation of lung injury prediction score in a multicenter cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:462-470
54. Shari G, Kojicic M, Li G, et al: Timing of the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome: A population-based study. Respir Care 2011;56:576-582
55. Gajic O, Moore SB: Transfusion-related acute lung injury. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:766-770
56. Marik PE, Corwin HL: Acute lung injury following blood transfusion: Expanding the definition. Crit Care Med 2008;36:3080-3084
57. Sedý J, Zicha J, Kunes J, et al: Mechanisms of neurogenic pulmonary edema development. Physiol Res 2008;57:499-506
58. Meyer RJ, Theodorou AA, Berg RA: Childhood drowning. Pediatr Rev 2006;27:163-168; quiz 169
59. Kaufman BD, Shaddy RE, Shirali GS, et al: Assessment and management of the failing heart in children. Cardiol Young 2008;18(Suppl 3):63-71
60. Vagima Y, Avigdor A, Goichberg P, et al: MT1-MMP and RECK are involved in human CD34+ progenitor cell retention, egress, and mobilization. J Clin Invest 2009;119:492-503
61. Gardin JM, Iseri LT, Elkayam U, et al: Evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Am Heart J 1983;106:1057-1065
62. Henry WL, Ware J, Gardin JM, et al: Echocardiographic measurements in normal subjects. Growth-related changes that occur between infancy and early adulthood. Circulation 1978;57:278-285
63. Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Popp RL: Relation of transmitral flow velocity patterns to left ventricular diastolic function: New insights from a combined hemodynamic and Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:426-440
64. Wind BE, Snider AR, Buda AJ, et al: Pulsed Doppler assessment of left ventricular diastolic filling in coronary artery disease before and immediately after coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:1041-1046
65. Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, et al: Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967;2:319-323
66. Thille AW, Esteban A, Fernández-Segoviano P, et al: Comparison of the Berlin definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome with autopsy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;187:761-767
67. Angoulvant F, Llor J, Alberti C, et al: Inter-observer variability in chest radiograph reading for diagnosing acute lung injury in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008;43:987-991
68. Meade MO, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, et al: Interobserver variation in interpreting chest radiographs for the diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:85-90
69. Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Granton J, et al: Interobserver variability in applying a radiographic definition for ARDS. Chest 1999;116:1347-1353
70. Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Wand A, et al: Accuracy and efficacy of chest radiography in the intensive care unit. Radiol Clin North Am 1996;34:21-31
71. Gluecker T, Capasso P, Schnyder P, et al: Clinical and radiologic features of pulmonary edema. Radiographics 1999;19:1507-1531; discussion 1532-1533
72. Halperin BD, Feeley TW, Mihm FG, et al: Evaluation of the portable chest roentgenogram for quantitating extravascular lung water in critically ill adults. Chest 1985;88:649-652
73. Zimmerman JE, Goodman LR, Shahvari MB: Effect of mechanical ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on chest radiograph. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1979;133:811-815
74. Lichtenstein D, Goldstein I, Mourgeon E, et al: Comparative diagnostic performances of auscultation, chest radiography, and lung ultrasonography in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 2004;100:9-15
75. Bombino M, Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, et al: The value of portable chest roentgenography in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Comparison with computed tomography. Chest 1991;100:762-769
76. Sheard S, Rao P, Devaraj A: Imaging of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care 2012;57:607-612
77. Desai SR: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Imaging of the injured lung. Clin Radiol 2002;57:8-17
78. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Pelosi P, et al: What has computed tomography taught us about the acute respiratory distress syndrome? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1701-1711
79. Caironi P, Langer T, Gattinoni L: Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome pathophysiology: What we have learned from computed tomography scanning. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008;14:64-69
80. David M, Karmrodt J, Bletz C, et al: Analysis of atelectasis, ventilated, and hyperinflated lung during mechanical ventilation by dynamic CT. Chest 2005;128:3757-3770
81. Constantin JM, Grasso S, Chanques G, et al: Lung morphology predicts response to recruitment maneuver in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2010;38:1108-1117
82. Elmali M, Baydin A, Nural MS, et al: Lung parenchymal injury and its frequency in blunt thoracic trauma: The diagnostic value of chest radiography and thoracic CT. Diagn Interv Radiol 2007;13:179-182
83. Bellani G, Messa C, Guerra L, et al: Lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome show diffuse inflammation in normally aerated regions: A [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET/CT study. Crit Care Med 2009;37:2216-2222
84. Luhr OR, Karlsson M, Thorsteinsson A, et al: The impact of respiratory variables on mortality in non-ARDS and ARDS patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:508-517
85. Roupie E, Lepage E, Wysocki M, et al: Prevalence, etiologies and outcome of the acute respiratory distress syndrome among hypoxemic ventilated patients. SRLF Collaborative Group on Mechanical Ventilation. Société de Réanimation de Langue Française. Intensive Care Med 1999;25:920-929
86. Zhu YF, Xu F, Lu XL, et al; Chinese Collaborative Study Group for Pediatric Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Mortality and morbidity of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in infants and young children. Chin Med J (Engl) 2012;125:2265-2271
87. Trachsel D, McCrindle BW, Nakagawa S, et al: Oxygenation index predicts outcome in children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:206-211
88. 2 based markers of lung disease severity for children with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2012;40:1309-1316
89. Thomas NJ, Shaffer ML, Willson DF, et al: Defining acute lung disease in children with the oxygenation saturation index. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2010;11:12-17
90. 2 metrics in mechanically ventilated children: Berlin definition of ARDS and mortality risk. Intensive Care Med 2015;41:94-102
91. 2 criteria in the definition of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2011;39:2025-2030
92. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301-1308
93. Khemani RG, Sward K, Morris A, et al; NICHD Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN): Variability in usual care mechanical ventilation for pediatric acute lung injury: The potential benefit of a lung protective computer protocol. Intensive Care Med 2011;37:1840-1848
94. Willson DF, Thomas NJ, Markovitz BP, et al; Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators: Effect of exogenous surfactant (calfactant) in pediatric acute lung injury: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293:470-476
95. Briel M, Meade M, Mercat A, et al: Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2010;303:865-873
96. Quartin AA, Campos MA, Maldonado DA, et al: Acute lung injury outside of the ICU: Incidence in respiratory isolation on a general ward. Chest 2009;135:261-268
97. Ferguson ND, Frutos-Vivar F, Esteban A, et al: Clinical risk conditions for acute lung injury in the intensive care unit and hospital ward: A prospective observational study. Crit Care 2007;11:R96
98. 2/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio in children. Chest 2009;135:662-668
99. Essouri S, Carroll C; for the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Group: Noninvasive support and ventilation for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: Proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015;16:(Suppl):S102-S110
100. Khemani RG, Newth CJ: The design of future pediatric mechanical ventilation trials for acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:1465-1474
101. Kallstrom TJ; American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC): AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: Oxygen therapy for adults in the acute care facility-2002 revision & update. Respir Care 2002;47:717-720
102. Wettstein RB, Shelledy DC, Peters JI: Delivered oxygen concentrations using low-flow and high-flow nasal cannulas. Respir Care 2005;50:604-609
103. Pruitt WC, Jacobs M: Breathing lessons: Basics of oxygen therapy. Nursing 2003;33:43-45
104. Levitt JE, Calfee CS, Goldstein BA, et al: Early acute lung injury: Criteria for identifying lung injury prior to the need for positive pressure ventilation. Crit Care Med 2013;41:1929-1937
105. Ware LB, Matthay MA: The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1334-1349