Pharmacological profile of mangrove endophytes - A review

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 6-15

  Salini, G ^a  

^a AMRITA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Bioactive compound; Endophyte; Mangrove; Secondary metabolite

Indexed keywords

ACANTHACEAE; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY; ANTI ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; APOCYNACEAE; ASPERGILLUS; BIODIVERSITY; DRUG ACTIVITY; ECOSYSTEM; ENDOPHYTE; EUPENICILLIUM; EUPHORBIACEAE; FABACEAE; FUSARIUM; HYPOCREA; LYTHRACEAE; MALVACEAE; MANGROVE; MELIACEAE; MICROSPORIDIA; NIGROSPORA; NONHUMAN; PAECILOMYCES; PENICILLIUM; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PRIMULACEAE; REVIEW; RHIZOPHORACEAE; STREPTOMYCES; TALAROMYCES;

EID: 84937579343     PISSN: None     EISSN: 09751491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Alvin A, Miller KI, Neilan BA. Exploring the potential of endophytes from medicinal plants as sources of antimycobacterial compounds. Microbiol Res 2014;169:483-95.
2. Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. Indian J Nat Prod 2010;75:311-35.
3. Stierle A, Strobel G, Stierle D. Taxol and taxane production by Taxomyces andreanae, an endophytic fungus of Pacific yew. Sci 1993;260(5105):214-6.
4. Wani MC, Taylor HL, Wall ME, Coggon P, McPhail AT. Plant antitumor agents. VI. The isolation and structure of taxol, a novel antileukemic and antitumor agent from Taxus brevifolia. J Am Chem Soc 1971;93(9):2325-7.
5. Puri SC, Verma V, Amna T, Qazi GN, Spiteller M. An endophytic fungus from Nothapodytes foetida that produces camptothecin. J Nat Prod 2005;68(12):1717-9.
6. Puri SC, Nazir A, Chawla R, Arora R, Hasan RUS, Amna T, et al. The endophytic fungus Trametes hirsuta as a novel alternative source of podophyllotoxin and related aryl tetralin lignans. J Biotechnol 2006;122(4):494-510.
7. Bacon CW, White JF. Microbial endophytes. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 2000.
8. Tudzynski B. Fungal phytohormones in pathogenic and mutualistic associations. In: Carroll GC, Tudzynski P,editors. The Mycota V: plant relationships part A. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1997. p. 167-84.
9. O’Sullivan DJ, O’Gara F. Traits of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. involved in suppression of plant root pathogens. Microbiol Rev 1992;56:662-76.
10. Richardson AE, Barea JM, McNeill AM, Prigent-Combaret C. Acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by microorganisms. Plant Soil 2009;321:305-39.
11. Glick BR, Penrose DM, Li JP. A model for the lowering of plant ethylene concentrations by plant growth promoting bacteria. J Theor Biol 1998;190:63-8.
12. Ryan RP, Germaine K, Franks A, Ryan DJ, Dowling DN. Bacterial endophytes: recent developments and applications. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008;278:1-9.
13. Carroll G. Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: from latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont. Ecol 1988;69:2-9.
14. Strobel G, Daisy B, Castillo U, Harper J. Natural Products from endophytic microorganisms. J Nat Prod 2004;67:257-68.
15. Heinig U, Scholz S, Jennewein S. Getting to the bottom of Taxol biosynthesis by fungi. Fungal Diversity 2013;60:161-70.
16. Bara RA. Natural products from endophytic fungus Talaromyces wortmannii: their structure elucidation and mechanism of actions. PhD thesis. The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf; 2012.
17. Kathiresan K, Bingham BL. Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystem. Adv Mar Biol 2001;40:81-251.
18. Bandaranayake WM. Bioactivities, bioactive compounds and chemical constituents of mangrove plants. Wetlands Ecol Manage 2002;10:421-52.
19. Kjer J. New natural products from endophytic fungi from mangrove plants- structure elucidation and biological screening. Phd thesis. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf; 2009.
20. Sahoo K, Dhal NK. Potential microbial diversity in mangrove ecosystem: a review. Indian J Mar Sci 2009;38(2):249-56.
21. Thatoi H, Behera BC, Mishra RR, Dutta SK. Biodiversity and biotechnological potential of microorganisms from mangrove ecosystems: a review. Ann Microbiol 2013;63:1-19.
22. Xing XK, Chen J, Wu MJ, Lin WH, Guo SX. Fungal endophytes associated with Sonneratia (Sonneratiaceae) mangrove plants on the south coast of China. Forest Pathol 2011;41(4):334-40.
23. Pang KL, Vrijmoed LLP, Goh TK, Plaingam N, Jones GEB. Fungal endophytes associated with Kandelia candel (Rhizophoraceae) in Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong. Bot Mar 2008;51:171-8.
24. Anada K, Sridhar KR. Diversity of endophytic fungi in the roots of mangrove species on the west coast of India. Can J Microbiol 2002;48:871-8.
25. Revathi P, Senthinath TJ, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P, Prabhu N. Medicinal properties of mangrove plants-an overview. Int J Bio 2013;02(12):1597-600.
26. Bandaranayake WM. Traditional and medicinal uses of mangroves. Mangroves Salt Marshes 1998;2:133-48.
27. Kokpol U, Miles DH, Payne AM, Chittawong V. Chemical constituents and bioactive compounds from mangrove plants. In: Atta-ur-Rahman, Editor. Studies in Nat Prod Chemistry, Vol 7. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V; 1990. p. 175-95.
28. Chaudhuri P, Guha S. Potentiality of mangrove plant extracts for biocontrol of a pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum. Sci Cult 2010;76:271-4.
29. Chakraborty T, Bhuniya D, Chatterjee M, Rahaman M, Singha D, Chatterjee BN, et al. Acanthus ilicifolius plant extract prevents DNA alterations in a transplantable Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing murine model. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:6538-48.
30. Jongsuvat Y. Investigation of anticancer from Acanthus illicifolius. MS Thesis. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 1981.
31. Banerjee D, Chakrabarti S, Hazra AK, Banerjee S, Ray J, Mukherjee B. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics of some mangroves in Sunderbans. Afr J Biotechnol 2008;7:805-10.
32. Senthil Kumar KT, Gorain B, Roy DK, Zothanpuia, Samanta SK, Pal M, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of Acanthus ilicifolius. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;120:7-12.
33. Islam MA, Saifuzzaman M, Ahmed F, Rahman MM, Sultana NA, Naher K. Antinociceptive activity of methanolic extract of Acanthus ilicifolius Linn leaves. Turk J Pharm Sci 2012;9:51-60.
34. Senthil Kumar KT, Puia Z, Samanta SK, Barik R, Dutta A, Gorain B, et al. The gastroprotective role of Acanthus ilicifolius-a study to unravel the underlying mechanism of anti-ulcer activity. Sci Pharm 2012;80:701-17.
35. Roome T, Dar A, Ali S, Naqvi S, Choudhary MI. A study on antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective actions of Aegiceras corniculatum (stem) extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;118:514-21.
36. Roome T, Dar A, Naqvi A. Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Aegiceras corniculatum stems extracts and its possible mechanism of action in rodents, J Ethnopharmacol 2011;135:351-8.
37. Gurudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T, Balasubramanian T. Antibiabetic effect of a black mangorve species Aegiceras corniculatum in alloxan induced diabetic rat. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2012;3:52-6.
38. Fauvel MT, Taoubi K, Gleye J, Fouraste I. Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Avicennia marina. Planta Med 1993;59(4):387.
39. Zhu F, Chen X, Yuan Y, Huang M, Sun H, Xiang W. The chemical investigations of the mangrove plant Avicennia marina and its endophytes. Open Nat Prod J 2009;2:24-32.
40. Han L, Huang XS, Dahse HM, Moellmann U, Grabley S, Lin WH, et al. New abietane diterpenoids from the mangrove Avicennia marina. Planta Med 2008;74:432-7.
41. Han L, Huang XS, Dahse HM, Moellmann U, Fu HZ, Grabley S, et al. Unusual naphthoquinone derivatives from the twigs of Avicennia marina. J Nat Prod 2007;70:923-7.
42. Sharaf M, El-Ansari MA, Saleh NAM. New flavonoids from Avicennia marina. Fitoterapia 2000;71:274-7.
43. Abeysinghe PD. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal mangroves against antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria. Indian J Pharm Sci 2010;72(2):167-72.
44. Sutton D, Gillan FT, Susic M. Naphthofuranone phytoalexins from the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina. Phytochem 1985;24:2877-9.
45. Feng Y, Li XM, Duan XJ, Wang BG. Iridoid glucosides and flavones from the aerial parts of Avicennia marina. Chem Biodivers 2006;3:799-806.
46. Feng Y, Li XM, Duan XJ, Wang BG. A new acylated iridoid glucoside from Avicennia marina. Chin Chem Let 2006;17:1201-4.
47. Sharma M, Garg HS. Iridoid glycosides from Avicennia officinalis. Ind J Chem 1996;35:459-62.
48. Madhu K, Madhu R. Biotoxicity of mangroves on fingerlings of Liza macrolepis (Smith). J Andaman Sci Assoc 1997;13:59-65.
49. Tumu berau: Bruguiera sexangula; Family Rhizophoraceae, Wild fact sheets; Available from: http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/plants/mangrove/bruguiera/sexangula.htm (accessed on 1stJuly 2014).
50. Hogg RW, Gillan FT. Fatty acids, sterols and hydrocarbons in the leaves from eleven species of mangrove. Phytochem 1984;23:93-7.
51. Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Barua J, Rouf R. Antinociceptive activity of Ceriops decandra leaf and pneumatophore. Fitoterapia 2005;76:261-3.
52. Ghosh A, Misra S, Dutta AK, Choudhury A. Pentacyclic triterpenoids and sterols from seven species of mangrove. Phytochem 1985;24:1725-7.
53. Uddin SJ, Rouf R, Shilpi JA, Alamgir M, Nahar L, Sarker SD. Screening of some Bangladeshi plants for in vitro antibacterial activity. Orient Pharm Exp Med 2008;6:316-21.
54. Simlai A, Roy A. Analysis of and correlation between phytochemical and antimicrobial constituents of Ceriops decandra, a medicinal mangrove plant, from Indian Sundarban estuary. J Med Plants Res 2012;6:4755-65.
55. Hossain H, Moniruzzaman S, Nimmi I, Kawsar H, Hossain A, Islam A, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou bark. Orient Pharm Exp Med 2011;11:215-20.
56. Nabeel MA, Kathiresan K, Manivannan S. Antidiabetic activity of the mangrove species Ceriops decandra in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes 2010;2:97-103.
57. Molyneux F. Derris-a natural pesticide. Aust Chem Proc Enging 1972;25:9-12.
58. Erickson KL, Beutler JA, Cardellina JH, McMahon JB, Newman DJ, Boyd MR. A novel phorbol ester from Excoecaria agallocha. J Nat Prod 1995;58:769-72.
59. Anjaneyulu AS, Rao VL. Five diterpenoids (agallochins A-E) from the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha Linn. Phytochem 2000;55:891-901.
60. Anjaneyulu AS, Rao VL, Sreedhar K. Ent-Kaurane and beyerane diterpenoids from Excoecaria agallocha. J Nat Prod 2002;65:382-5.
61. Anjaneyulu AS, Rao VL. Seco diterpenoids from Excoecaria agallocha L. Phytochem 2003;62:585-9.
62. Anjaneyulu AS, Rao VL, Sreedhar K. Agallochins J-L, new isopimarane diterpenoids from Excoecaria agallocha L. Nat Prod Res 2003;17:27-32.
63. Konishi T, Konoshima T, Fujiwara Y, Kiyosawa S. Excoecarins DE and K, from Excoecaria agallocha. J Nat Prod 2000;63:344-6.
64. Konishi T, Konoshima T, Fujiwara Y, Maoka T. Novel diterpenes, excoecarins M and N from the resinous wood of Excoecaria agallocha. Tetrahedron Lett 2000;41:3419-22.
65. Konishi T, Yamazoe K, Konoshima T, Fujiwara Y. Seco-labdane type diterpenes from Excoecaria agallocha. Phytochem 2003;64:835-40.
66. Konishi T, Yamazoe K, Kanzato M, Konoshima T, Fujiwara Y. Three diterpenoids (excoecarins V1-V3) and a flavanone glycoside from the fresh stem of Excoecaria agallocha. Chem Pharm Bull 2003;51:1142-6.
67. Wang JD, Li ZY, Xiang W., Guo YW. Further new secoatisane diterpenoids from the Chinese mangrove Excoecaria agallocha L. Helv Chim Acta 2006;89:1367-72.
68. Zou JH, Dai J, Chen X, Yuan JQ. Pentacyclic triterpenoids from leaves of Excoecaria agallocha. Chem Pharm Bull 2006;54:920-1.
69. Sahoo G, Mulla NSS, Ansari ZA, Mohandass C. Antibacterial activity of mangrove leaf extracts against human pathogens. Indian J Pharm Sci 2012;74(4):348-51.
70. Sivaperumal P, Ramasamy P, Inbaneson SJ, Ravikumar S. Screening of antibacterial activity of mangrove leaf bioactive compounds against antibiotic resistant clinical isolates. World J Fish Mar Sci 2010;2(5):348-55.
71. Subhan N, Alam A, Ahmed F, Shahid IZ. Antinociceptive and gastroprotective effect of the crude ethanolic extracts of Excoecaria agallocha Linn. Turk J Pharm Sci 2008;5:143-54.
72. Subhan N, Alam MA, Ahmed F, Shahid IJ, Nahar L, Sarker SD. Bioactivity of Excoecaria agallocha. Braz J Pharm 2008;18:521-6.
73. Konishi T, Takasaki M, Tokuda H, Kiyosawa S, Konoshima T. Anti tumor promoting activity of diterpenes from Excoecaria agallocha. Biol Pharm Bull 1998;21:993-6.
74. Subhan N, Alam MA, Ahmed F, Awal MA, Nahar L, Sarker SD. In vitro antioxidant property of the extract of Excoecaria agallocha(Euphorbiaceae). DARU J Pharm Sci 2008;16:149-54.
75. Masuda T, Yonemori S, Oyama Y, Takeda Y, Tanaka T, Andoh T, et al. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of environmental plants: activity of the leaf extracts from seashore plants. J Agric Food Chem 1999;47:1749-54.
76. Hossain SJ, Aoshima H, El-Sayed M, Ahmed F. Antioxidative and anti-histamine-release activities of Excoecaria agallocha L. Pharmacol Online 2009;2:927-36.
77. Rahman M, Siddika A, Bhadra B, Rahman S, Agarwala B, Chowdhury MH, et al. Antihyperglycemic activity studies on methanol extract of Petrea volubilis L. (Verbenaceae) leaves and Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae) stems. Adv Nat Appl Sci 2010;4:361-4.
78. Padmakumar K, Ayyakkannu K. Antiviral activity of marine plants. Indian J Vir 1997;13:33-6.
79. Premnathan M, Chandra K, Bajpai SK, Kathiresan K. A survey of some Indian marine plants for antiviral activity. Bot Marin 1992;35:321-4.
80. Ramamurthi R, Jayasundaramma B, Rayjam CL, Prasad DVLN, Varalakshmi C. Studies on Marine bioactive metabolism on crabs. In: Thompson MF, Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R. editors. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms: an Indo-United States symposium. Rotterdam: AA Balkema; 1991. p. 255-9.
81. Wiriyachitra P, Hajiwangoh H, Boonton P, Adolf W, Opferkuch HJ, Hecker E. Investigations of medicinal plants of euphorbiaceae and thymelaeacae occurring and used in thailand; ii. cryptic irritants of the diterpene ester type from three excoecaria species. Planta Med 1985;5:368-71.
82. Christopher R, Nyandoro SS, Chacha M, de Koning CB. A new cinnamoylglycoflavonoid, antimycobacterial and antioxidant constituents from Heritiera littoralis leaf extracts. Nat Prod Res 2014;28(6):351-8.
83. Miles DH, Chittawong V, Lho DS, Payne AM, De La Cruz AA, Gomez ED, et al. Toxicants from mangrove plants, VIII. Vallapin and vallapianin, novel sesquiterpene lactones from the mangrove plant Heritiera littoralis. J Nat Prod (Lioydia) 1991;54:286-9.
84. Uses of mangrove plant products, Bioinformatics centre, National Institute of Oceanography; Available from:http://www.niobioinformatics.in/mangroves/MANGCD/uses.htm#candel (accessed on 1stJuly 2014).
85. Revathi P, Senthinath TJ, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P, Prabhu N. An overview of antidiabetic profile of mangrove plants. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6(3):1-5.
86. Wei SD, Zhou HC, Lin YM. Antioxidant activities of extract and fractions from the hypocotyls of the mangrove plant Kandelia candel. Int J Mol Sci 2010;11(10):4080-93.
87. Zhang LL, Lin Y., Zhou HC, Wei SD, Chen JH. Condensed tannins from mangrove species Kandelia candel and Rhizophora mangle and their antioxidant activity. Molecule 2010;15:420-31.
88. Perera LMS, Escobar A, Souccar C, Remigio MA, Mancebo B. Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Rhizophora mangale L. as a potential antiulcerogenic drug: chemical composition of active extract. J Pharmacogn Phytother 2010;2(4):56-63.
89. Williams LA. Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) triterpenoids with insecticidal activity. Naturwiss 1999;86:450-2.
90. Alarcon AFJ, Roman RR, Perez GS, Aguilar CA, Contreras WCC, Flores SJL. Study of the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of plants used as antidiuretics. J Ethanopharm 1998;61:101-10.
91. Ramanathan T, Hariharan B, Ganesan K. Antidiabetic activity of a coastal mangrove leaves of Rhizophora mucronata. Int J Plant Res Plant Arch 2008;8:931-3.
92. Wangensteen H, Alamgir M, Rajia S, Samuelsen AB, Malterud KE. Rotenoids and isoflavones from Sarcolobus globosus. Planta Med 2005;71:754-8.
93. Wangensteen H, Miron A, Alamgir M, Rajia S, Samuelsen AB, Malterud KE. Antioxidant and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of rotenoids, isoflavones and phenolic glycosides from Sarcolobus globosus. Fitoterapia 2006;77:290-5.
94. Wangensteen H, Alamgir M, Duong GM, Gronhaug TE, Samuelsen AB, Malterud KE. Chemical and biological studies of medicinal plants from the Sundarbans mangrove forest. In: Eddouks M, editor. Advances in phytotherapy research. India: Research Signpost; 2009. p. 59-78.
95. Kuddus MR, Aktar F, Miah MK, Baki MA, Rashid MA. Polyphenols content, cytotoxic, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities of Sarcolobus globosus: A medicinal plant from Sundarban forest. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plant Med Aromat 2011;10:363-8.
96. Bose AK, Urbanczyk-Lipkowska Z, Subbaraju GV, Manhas MS, Ganguly SN. An unusual secondary metabolite from an Indian mangrove plant, Sonneratia acida, Linn. In: Desai BN, editor. Oceanography of the Indian Ocean. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH; 1992. p. 407-11.
97. Hogg RW, Gillan FT. Fatty acids, sterols and hydrocarbons in the leaves from eleven species of mangrove. Phytochem 1984;23:93-7.
98. Sadhu S, Ahmed F, Ohtsuki T, Ishibashi M. Flavonoids from Sonneratia caseolaris. J Nat Med 2006;60:264-5.
99. Tiwari AK, Viswanadh V, Gowri PM, Ali AZ, Radhakrishnan SVS, Agawane SB, et al. Oleanolic acid-an a-glucosidase inhibitory and antihyperglycemic active compound from the fruits of Sonneratia caseolaris. Open Access J Med Aromat Plants 2010;1(1):19-23.
100. Mubassara S, Takasugi M, Iga R, Hossain SJ, Aoshima H. Inhibition of the histamine and leukotriene B 4release from rat peritoneal exudate cells by six Bangladeshi plants. Pharmacol Online 2011;2:76-85.
101. Howlader MSI, Dey SK, Hira A, Ahmed A. Evaluation of antinociceptive and antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extract of Sonneratia caseolaris leaves. Der Pharm Sin 2012;3(5):536-41.
102. Ahmed R, Moushumi SJ, Ahmed H, Ali M, Haq WM, Jahan R, et al. Serum glucose and lipid profiles in rats following administration of Sonneratia caseolaris (L)Engl. (Sonneratiaceae) leaf powder in diet. Adv Nat Appl Sci 2010;4:171-3.
103. Yompakdee C, Thunyaharn S, Phaechamud T. Bactericidal activity of methanol extracts of crabapple mangrove tree (Sonneratia caseolaris Linn) against multi-drug resistant pathogens. Indian J Pharm Sci 2012;74:230-6.
104. Goyal MM, Rani KK. Antibacterial activity of the natural products from the leaves of Thespesia populnea. Acta Cienc Indica Chem 1989;15:117-24.
105. Hewage CM, Bandara BM, Karunaratne V, Wannigama GP, Pinto MRM, Wijesundara DSA. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. J Nat Sci Counc Sri Lanka 1998;26:27-34.
106. Milbrodt M, Konig WA, Hausen BM. 7-hydroxy-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-3,6,9-trimethylnaphtho[1,8-B,C] pyran-4,8-dione from Thespesia populnea. Phytochem 1997;45:1523-5.
107. Wangensteen H, Duong GM, Alamgir M, Sarder M, Samuelsen AB, Malterud KE. Biological activities of limonoids, catechins, procyanidins and extracts from Xylocarpus granatum. Nat Prod Commun 2006;1:985-90.
108. Alamgir M, Alam SM, Alaul M, Rashid M, Hasan M, Choudhuri MS. Preliminary evaluation of some medicinal plants of Sundarbans mangrove forest on central nervous system. Orient Pharm Exp Med 2006;6:215-20.
109. Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Delazar A, Nahar L, Sarker SD. Free radical scavenging activity of some Bangladeshi plant extracts. Orient Pharm Exp Med 2004;4:187-95.
110. Uddin SJ, Nahar L, Shilpi JA, Shoeb M, Borkowski T, Gibbons S, et al. Gedunin, a limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum, inhibits the growth of CaCo-2 colon cancer cell line in vitro. Phytother Res 2007;21:757-61.
111. Rouf R, Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Alamgir M. Assessment of antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of Xylocarpus granatum bark in mice model. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;109:539-42.
112. Daula AF, Basher MA. Phytochemical screening, plant growth inhibition and antimicrobial activity studies of Xylocarpus granatum. Malays J Pharm Sci 2009;7:9-21.
113. Alam MA, Sarder M, Awal MA, Sikder MMH, Daulla KA. Antibacterial activity of the crude ethanolic extract of Xylocarpus granatum stem barks. Bangladesh J Vet Med 2006;4:69-72.
114. Uddin SJ, Grice ID, Tiralongo E. Cytotoxic effects of Bangladeshi medicinal plant extracts. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011:1-7.
115. Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Alam SM, Alamgir M, Rahman MT, Sarker SD. Antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of the barks of Xylocarpus moluccensis in castor oil and magnesium sulphate induced diarrhoea models in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;101:139-43.
116. Haque ME, Islam MN, Rahman MH, Mohamad AU. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the crude extracts and isolated compounds of Xylocarpus mollucensis. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci 2007;6:109-12.
117. Mondal S, Paul SK, Uddin SJ, Nahar L, Auzi AA, Sarker SD. A comparative study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of the pneumatophores of Heritiera fomes and Xylocarpus moluccensis. Ars Pharm 2008;49:51-6.
118. Sarker SD, Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Rouf R, Ferdous ME, Nahar L. Neuropharmacological properties of Xylocarpus moluccensis. Fitoterapia 2007;78:107-11.
119. Shukla ST, Habbu PV, Kulkarni VH, Jagadish KS, Pandey AR, Sutariya VN. Endophytic microbes: a novel source for biologically/pharmacologically active secondary metabolites. Asian J Pharmacol Toxicol 2014;2(3):1-16.
120. Lin W, Li L, Fu H, Sattler I, Huang X, Grabley S. New cyclopentnone derivatives from an endophytic Streptomyces sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Aegiceras corniculatum. J Antibiot 2005;58(9):594-8.
121. Koyama N, Saga Wa H, Kobayashi E, Enoki T, Wu HK, Nishiyama E, et al. Cyclopentenones, process for preparing the same, and the use thereof. US patent no; 2000.
122. Xu QY, Huang YJ, Zheng ZH, Song SY, Zhang YM, Su WJ. Purification, elucidation and activities study of cytosporone B. J Xiamen Univ Nat Sci 2005;44:425-8.
123. Lin Z, Zhu T, Fang Y, Gu Q, Zhu W. Polyketides from Penicillium sp. JP-1, an endophytic fungus associated with the mangrove plant Aegiceras corniculatum. Phytochem 2008;69(5):1273-8.
124. Lin ZJ, Zhang GJ, Zlru TJ, Liu R, We HJ, Gu QQ. Bioactive cytochalasins from Aspergillus flavipes, an endophytic fungus associated with the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius. Helv Chim Acta 2009;92:1538-44.
125. Liu F, Cai XL, Yang H, Xia XK, Guo ZY, Yuan J, et al. The bioactive metabolites of the mangrove endophytic fungus Talaromyces sp. ZH-154 isolated from Kandelia candel (L.). Planta Med 2010;76:185-9.
126. Wen L, Chen G, She Z, Yan C, Cai J, Mu L. Two new paeciloxocins from a mangrove endophytic fungus Paecilomyces sp. Russ Chem Bull Int Ed 2010;59:1656-9.
127. Chokpaiboon S, Sommit D, Teerawatananond T, Muangsin N, Bunyapaiboonsri T, Pudhom K. Cytotoxic nor-chamigrane and chamigrane endoperoxides from a basidiomycetous fungus. J Nat Prod 2010;73:1005-7.
128. Shao CL, Wang CY, Gu YC, Wei MY, Pan JH, Deng DS, et al. Penicinoline, a new pyrrolyl 4-quinolinone alkaloid with an unprecedented ring system from an endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010;20:3284-6.
129. Lu Z, Zhu H, Fu P, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Lin H, et al. Cytotoxic polyphenols from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium expansum. J Nat Prod 2010;73:911-4.
130. Huang Z, Yang J, She Z, Lin Y. Isoflavones from the mangrove endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. (ZZF41). Nat Prod Commun 2010;5:1771-3.
131. Li KK, Lu YJ, Song XH, She ZG, Wu XW, An LK, Ye CX, et al. The metabolites of mangrove endophytic fungus Zh6-B1 from the South China Sea. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010;20:3326-8.
132. Huang ZJ, Yang RY, Yin XH, She ZG, Lin YC. Structure elucidation and NMR assignments for two xanthone derivatives from a mangrove endophytic fungus (No. ZH19) Zhongjing Huang. Magn Reson Chem 2010;48:80-2.
133. Lin C, Lu C, Shen Y. Three new 2-pyranone derivatives from mangrove endophytic actinomycete strain Nocardiopsis sp. A00203. Rec Nat Prod 2010:4(4):176-9.
134. Ding L, Munch J, Goerls H, Maier A, Fiebig HH, Lin WH, et al. Xiamycin, a pentacyclic indolosesquiterpene with selective anti-HIV activity from a bacterial mangrove endophyte. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010;20(22):6685-7.
135. Zhou H, Zhu T, Cai S, Gu Q, Li D. Drimane sesquiterpenoids from the mangrove-derived fungus Aspergillus ustus. Chem Pharm Bull 2011;59:762-6.
136. Li H, Huang H, Shao C, Huang H, Jiang J, Zhu X, et al. Cytotoxic norsesquiterpene peroxides from the endophytic fungus Talaromyces flavus isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia apetala. J Nat Prod 2011;74:1230-5.
137. Ebrahim W, Kjer J, El Amrani M, Wray V, Lin W, Ebel R, et al. Pullularins E and F, two new peptides from the endophytic fungus Bionectria ochroleuca isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia caseolaris. Marine Drugs 2012;10(5):1081-91.
138. Elavarasi A, Sathiya Rathna G, Kalaiselvam M. Taxol producing mangrove endophytic fungi Fusarium oxysporum from Rhizophora annamalayana. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012:S1081-5.
139. Joel EL, Bhimba BV. Fungi from mangrove plants: their antimicrobial and anticancer potentials. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2012;4 Suppl 3:139-42.
140. Bhimba BV, Franco DAAD, Mathew JM, Jose GM, Joel EL, Thangaraj M. Anticancer and antimicrobial activity of mangrove derived fungi Hypocrea lixii VB1. Chinese J Nat Med 2012;10(1):77-80.
141. Ling OM. Screening of mangrove endophytic fungi for bioactive compounds. Masters of Science (by Research) thesis. Swinburne University of Technology; 2013.
142. Wang J, Cox DG, Ding W, Huang G, Lin Y, Li C. Three new resveratrol derivatives from the mangrove endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. Mar Drugs 2014;12:2840-50.
143. Song JH. What’s new on the antimicrobial horizon? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;32(4):S207-13.
144. Ding L, Armin M, Heinz-Herbert F, Wen-Han L, Christian H. A family of multi-cyclic indolosesquiterpenes from a bacterial endophyte. Org Biomol Chem 2011;9:4029-31.
145. Maria GL, Sridhar KR, Raviraja NS. Antimicrobial and enzyme activity of mangrove endophytic fungi of southwest coast of India. J Agric Technol 2005;1:67-80.
146. Kjer J, Wray V, Edrada-Ebel RA, Ebel R, Pretsch A, Lin WH, et al. Xanalteric acids I and II and related phenolic compounds from an endophytic Alternaria sp. isolated from the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba. J Nat Prod 2009;72:2053-7.
147. Gayathri S, Saravanan D, Radhakrishnan M, Balagurunathan R, Kathiresan K. Bioprospecting potential of fast growing endophytic bacteria from leaves of mangrove and salt-marsh plant species. Indian J Biotechnol 2010;9:397-402.
148. Prihanto AA, Firdaus M, Nurdiani R. Endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove(Rhizophora mucronata) and its antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. J Food Sci Eng 2011;1:386-9.
149. Silva MRO, Almeida AC, Arruda FVF, Gusmao N. Endophytic fungi from brazilian mangrove plant Laguncularia racemosa (L.)Gaertn.(Combretaceae): their antimicrobial potential. In: A Mendez-Vilas, editor. Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances. Vol 2. Badajoz: Formatex Research Center; 2011. p. 1260-6.
150. Klaiklay S, Rukachaisirikul V, Tadpetch K, Sukpondma Y, Phongpaichit S, Buatong J, et al. Chlorinated chromone and diphenyl ether derivatives from the mangrove-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. PSU-MA69. Tetrahedron 2012;68:2299-305.
151. Khrueayu D, Pilantanapak A. Antifungal activity of bioactive compound from endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove leaves. 1st Mae Fah Luang University International Conference Electronic proceeding; 2012.
152. Devi P, Rodrigues C, Naik CG, D’Souza L. Isolation and characterization of antibacterial compound from a mangrove-endophytic fungus, Penicillium chrysogenum MTCC 5108. Indian J Microbiol 2012;52(4):617-23.
153. Gayathri P, Muralikrishnan V. Antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria isolated from mangrove plant. Int J Res Pharm Nano Sci 2013;2(4):530-5.
154. Babu A, Asok AK, Jisha MS. Bioactive metabolite from Aphyllophorales sp. an endophytic fungus isolated from Breguiera cylindrica. Int J Agric Environ Biotechnol 2013;6:745-52.
155. Jose AC, Christy PH. Assessment of antimicrobial potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from Rhizophora mucronata. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2013;2(10):188-94.
156. Elavarasi A, Peninal S, Sathiya Rathna G, Kalaiselvam M. Studies on antimicrobial compounds isolated from mangrove endophytic fungi. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;3(8):734-44.
157. Yuliar. The effect of suppression of endophytic mangrove bacteria on leaf blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Global J Biol Agric Health Sci 2014;3(1):1-7.
158. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39(1):44-84.
159. Huang WY, Cai YZ, Xing J, Corke H, Sun M. A potential antioxidant resource: endophytic fungi from medicinal plants. Econ Bot 2007;61(1):14-30.
160. Bharathidasan R, Panneerselvam A. Antioxidant activity of the endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove environment of Karankadu, Ramanathapuram district. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2012;3(8):2866-9.
161. Kandasamy S, Kandasamy K. Antioxident activity of the mangrove endophytic fungus (Trichoderma sp). J Coastal Life Med 2014;2(7):566-70.
162. Salm JL. Anti-malarial activity exhibited by Florida mangrove endophytes. Honors Thesis. University of South Florida; 2011.
163. Calcul L, Waterman C, Ma WS, Lebar MD, Harter C, Mutka T, et al. Screening mangrove endophytic fungi for antimalarial natural products. Mar Drugs 2013;11:5036-50.
164. Zhang G, Sun S, Zhu T, Lin Z, Gu J, Li D, et al. Antiviral isoindolone derivatives from an endophytic fungus Emericella sp. associated with Aegiceras corniculatum. Phytochem 2011;72:1436-42.
165. Toeller M. α-Glucosidase inhibitors in diabetes: efficacy in NIDDM subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 1994;24 Suppl 3:31-5.
166. Huang H, Feng X, Xiao Z, Liu L, Li H, Ma L, et al. Azaphilones and p-terphenyls from the mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium chermesinum (ZH4-E2) isolated from the South China Sea. J Nat Prod 2011;74:997-1002.
167. Song Y, Wang J, Huang H, Ma L, Wang J, Gu Y, et al. Four eremophilane sesquiterpenes from the mangrove endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. BL321. Mar Drugs 2012;10:340-8.
168. Liu Y, Xia G, Li H, Ma L, Ding B, Lu Y, et al. Vermistatin derivatives with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from the mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. HN29-3B1. Planta Med 2014;80(11):912-7.
169. Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Houghton PJ. Screening of Indian medicinal plants for acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Phytother Res 2007;12:1142-5.
170. Wen L, Cai X, Xu F, She Z, Chan WL, Vrijmoed LLP, et al. Three metabolites from the mangrove endophytic fungus Sporothrix sp. (#4335) from the South China Sea. J Org Chem 2009;74(3):1093-8.
171. Huang X, Sun X, Ding B, Lin M, Liu L, Huang H, et al. A new anti-acetyl cholinesterase α-pyrone meroterpene, arigsugacin I, from mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. sk5GW1L of Kandelia candel. Planta Med 2013;79(16):1572-5.
172. Huang XS, Yang B, Sun XF, Xia GP, Liu YY, Ma L, et al. A new polyketide from the mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. sk14JW2P. Helv Chim Acta 2014;97(5):664-8.
173. Joel EL, Bhimba BV. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of mangrove associated fungi. J Pharm Res 2011;4(9):2900-1.
174. Pan JH, Chen Y, Huang YH, Tao YW, Wang J, Li Y, et al. Antimycobacterial activity of Fusaric acid from a mangrove endophyte and its metal complexes. Arch Pharm Res 2011;34(7):1177-81.
175. Jung S, Kleinheinz J. Angiogenesis-The key to regeneration. In: Andrades JA, editor. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. InTech; 2013. p. 453-73.
176. Yang J, Xu F, Huang C, Li J, She Z, Pei Z, et al. Metabolites from the mangrove endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. (#zsu-H76). Eur J Org Chem 2010:3692-5.
177. Calcium channel blockers for high blood pressure, WebMD medical reference from healthwise; Available from:http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/calcium-channel-blockers-for-high-blood-pressure [accessed on 8thAugust 2014].
178. Yousef WM, Omar AH, Morsy MD, Wahed MMA, Ghanayem NM. The mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Int J Diabetes Metabol 2005;13:76-82.
179. Wu XY, Liu XH, Lin Y., Luo JH, She ZG, Houjin L, et al. Xyloketal F: A strong L-calcium channel blocker from the mangrove fungus Xylaria sp. (#2508) from the South China Sea coast. Eur J Org Chem 2005;19:4061-4.