Electrochemical Analysis of Neurotransmitters

Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 8, Issue , 2015, Pages 239-261

  Bucher, Elizabeth S ^a   Wightman, R Mark ^a  

^a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

Author keywords

Amperometry; Biosensors; Carbon fiber microelectrodes; Catecholamines; Exocytosis; Voltammetry

Indexed keywords

AMINES; BIOSENSORS; CARBON FIBERS; CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY; METABOLITES; MICROELECTRODES; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; VOLTAMMETRY;

AMPEROMETRY; CARBON FIBER MICRO-ELECTRODE; CATECHOLAMINES; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES; EXOCYTOSIS; EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY; FAST SCAN CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY;

NOREPINEPHRINE;

AGENTS INTERACTING WITH TRANSMITTER, HORMONE OR DRUG RECEPTORS;

ANIMAL; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; GENETIC PROCEDURES; HUMAN; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS;

EID: 84937437114     PISSN: 19361327     EISSN: 19361335     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040426     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Janezic S, Threlfell S, Dodson PD, Dowie MJ, Taylor TN, et al. 2013. Deficits in dopaminergic transmission precede neuron loss and dysfunction in a new Parkinson model. PNAS 110:E4016-25
2. Koob GF. 2013. Addiction is a reward deficit and stress surfeit disorder. Front. Psychiatry 4:72
3. Weinshenker D. 2008. Functional consequences of locus coeruleus degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 5:342-45
4. Jacobsen JP, Medvedev IO, Caron MG. 2012. The 5-HT deficiency theory of depression: perspectives from a naturalistic 5-HTdeficiencymodel, the tryptophan hydroxylase 2Arg439His knockinmouse. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 367:2444-59
5. Adams RN. 1976. Probing brain chemistry with electroanalytical techniques. Anal. Chem. 48:1126A-38A
6. Kissinger PT, Hart JB, Adams RN. 1973. Voltammetry in brain tissue: a new neurophysiological measurement. Brain Res. 55:209-13
7. Justice JB, ed. 1987. Voltammetry in the Neurosciences. Clifton, NJ: Humana
8. Kawagoe KT, Garris PA, Wiedemann DJ, Wightman RM. 1992. Regulation of transient dopamine concentration gradients in the microenvironment surrounding nerve terminals in the rat striatum. Neuroscience 51:55-64
9. Robinson DL,Hermans A, Seipel AT,WightmanRM. 2008. Monitoring rapid chemical communication in the brain. Chem. Rev. 108:2554-84
10. Mosharov EV, Sulzer D. 2005. Analysis of exocytotic events recorded by amperometry. Nat. Methods 2:651-58
11. Mellander LJ, Trouillon R, Svensson MI, Ewing AG. 2012. Amperometric post spike feet reveal most exocytosis is via extended kiss-and-run fusion. Sci. Rep. 2:907
12. Petrovic J, Walsh PL, Thornley KT,MillerCE, Wightman RM. 2010. Real-time monitoring of chemical transmission in slices of the murine adrenal gland. Endocrinology 151:1773-83
13. Westerink RH, Ewing AG. 2008. The PC12 cell as model for neurosecretion. Acta Physiol. 192:273-85
14. Manning BM, Hebbel RP, Gupta K, Haynes CL. 2012. Carbon-fiber microelectrode amperometry reveals sickle-cell-induced inflammation and chronic morphine effects on single mast cells. ACS Chem. Biol. 7:543-51
15. Borisovska M, Bensen AL, Chong G, Westbrook GL. 2013. Distinct modes of dopamine and GABA release in a dual transmitter neuron. J. Neurosci. 33:1790-96
16. Pothos EN. 2002. Regulation of dopamine quantal size in midbrain and hippocampal neurons. Behav. Brain Res. 130:203-7
17. Park J, Takmakov P, Wightman RM. 2011. In vivo comparison of norepinephrine and dopamine release in rat brain by simultaneous measurements with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. J. Neurochem. 119:932-44
18. Venton BJ, Michael DJ, Wightman RM. 2003. Correlation of local changes in extracellular oxygen and pH that accompany dopaminergic terminal activity in the rat caudate-putamen. J. Neurochem. 84:373-81
19. Bunin MA, Prioleau C, Mailman RB, Wightman RM. 1998. Release and uptake rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the dorsal raphe and substantia nigra reticulata of the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 70:1077-87
20. Wightman RM, Zimmerman JB. 1990. Control of dopamine extracellular concentration in rat striatum by impulse flow and uptake. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 15:135-44
21. Wightman RM, Amatore C, Engstrom RC, Hale PD, Kristensen EW, et al. 1988. Real-time characterization of dopamine overflow and uptake in the rat striatum. Neuroscience 25:513-23
22. McElligott ZA, FoxME, Walsh PL, Urban DJ, FerrelMS, et al. 2013. Noradrenergic synaptic function in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis varies in animal models of anxiety and addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:1665-73
23. Hashemi P, Dankoski EC, Lama R, Wood KM, Takmakov P, Wightman RM. 2012. Brain dopamine and serotonin differ in regulation and its consequences. PNAS 109:11510-15
24. CalipariES, FerrisMJ, Jones SR. 2014. Extended access of cocaine self-administration results in tolerance to the dopamine-elevating and locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine. J. Neurochem. 128:224-32
25. Bergstrom BP, Sanberg SG, Andersson M, Mithyantha J, Carroll FI, Garris PA. 2011. Functional reorganization of the presynaptic dopaminergic terminal in parkinsonism. Neuroscience 193:310-22
26. Riday TT, Dankoski EC, KrouseMC, Fish EW,Walsh PL, et al. 2012. Pathway-specific dopaminergic deficits in a mouse model of Angelman syndrome. J. Clin. Investig. 122:4544-54
27. Owesson-White CA, Cheer JF, Beyene M, Carelli RM, Wightman RM. 2008. Dynamic changes in accumbens dopamine correlate with learning during intracranial self-stimulation. PNAS 105:11957-62
28. Carelli RM. 2004. Nucleus accumbens cell firing and rapid dopamine signaling during goal-directed behaviors in rats. Neuropharmacology 47(Suppl. 1):180-89
29. Addy NA, Daberkow DP, Ford JN, Garris PA, Wightman RM. 2010. Sensitization of rapid dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens core and shell after repeated cocaine in rats. J. Neurophysiol. 104:922-31
30. Owesson-White CA, Ariansen J, Stuber GD, Cleaveland NA, Cheer JF, et al. 2009. Neural encoding of cocaine-seeking behavior is coincident with phasic dopamine release in the accumbens core and shell. Eur. J. Neurosci. 30:1117-27
31. Ehrich JM, Phillips PE, Chavkin C. 2014. Kappa opioid receptor activation potentiates the cocaineinduced increase in evoked dopamine release recorded in vivo in the mouse nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 39:3036-48
32. Park J, Bucher ES, Fontillas K, Owesson-White C, Ariansen JL, et al. 2013. Opposing catecholamine changes in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during intracranial self-stimulation and its extinction. Biol. Psychiatry 74:69-76
33. Park J, Kile BM, Wightman RM. 2009. In vivo voltammetric monitoring of norepinephrine release in the rat ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and anteroventral thalamic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 30:2121-33
34. Dankoski EC, Agster KL, Fox ME, Moy SS, Wightman RM. 2014. Facilitation of serotonin signaling by SSRIs is attenuated by social isolation. Neuropsychopharmacology 39:2928-37
35. Hashemi P, Dankoski EC, Petrovic J, Keithley RB, Wightman RM. 2009. Voltammetric detection of 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the rat brain. Anal. Chem. 81:9462-71
36. Wilson GS, Johnson MA. 2008. In-vivo electrochemistry: What can we learn about living systems? Chem. Rev. 108:2462-81
37. Kiyatkin EA, Wakabayashi KT, Lenoir M. 2013. Physiological fluctuations in brain temperature as a factor affecting electrochemical evaluations of extracellular glutamate and glucose in behavioral experiments. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 4:652-65
38. Kiyatkin EA, LenoirM. 2012. Rapid fluctuations in extracellular brain glucose levels induced by natural arousing stimuli and intravenous cocaine: fueling the brain during neural activation. J. Neurophysiol. 108:1669-84
39. OldenzielWH, Westerink BH. 2005. Improving glutamatemicrosensors by optimizing the composition of the redox hydrogel. Anal. Chem. 77:5520-28
40. Sarter M, Parikh V, Howe WM. 2009. Phasic acetylcholine release and the volume transmission hypothesis: time to move on. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10:383-90
41. Parikh V, Pomerleau F, Huettl P, Gerhardt GA, Sarter M, Bruno JP. 2004. Rapid assessment of in vivo cholinergic transmission by amperometric detection of changes in extracellular choline levels. Eur. J. Neurosci. 20:1545-54
42. Schmitt LI, Sims RE, Dale N, Haydon PG. 2012. Wakefulness affects synaptic and network activity by increasing extracellular astrocyte-derived adenosine. J. Neurosci. 32:4417-25
43. Sanford AL, Morton SW, Whitehouse KL, Oara HM, Lugo-Morales LZ, et al. 2010. Voltammetric detection of hydrogen peroxide at carbon fiber microelectrodes. Anal. Chem. 82:5205-10
44. Lugo-Morales LZ, Loziuk PL, Corder AK,Toups JV,Roberts JG, et al. 2013. Enzyme-modified carbonfiber microelectrode for the quantification of dynamic fluctuations of nonelectroactive analytes using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Anal. Chem. 85:8780-86
45. Cunha RA. 2001. Adenosine as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic regulator in the nervous system: different roles, different sources and different receptors. Neurochem. Int. 38:107-25
46. Swamy BE, Venton BJ. 2007. Subsecond detection of physiological adenosine concentrations using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Anal. Chem. 79:744-50
47. Street SE, Walsh PL, Sowa NA, Taylor-Blake B, Guillot TS, et al. 2011. PAP and NT5E inhibit nociceptive neurotransmission by rapidly hydrolyzing nucleotides to adenosine. Mol. Pain 7:80
48. Street SE, Kramer NJ, Walsh PL, Taylor-Blake B, Yadav MC, et al. 2013. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase acts redundantly with PAP and NT5E to generate adenosine in the dorsal spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 33:11314-22
49. Pajski ML, Venton BJ. 2013. The mechanism of electrically stimulated adenosine release varies by brain region. Purinergic Signal. 9:167-74
50. Pajski ML, Venton BJ. 2010. Adenosine release evoked by short electrical stimulations in striatal brain slices is primarily activity dependent. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 1:775-87
51. Cechova S, Venton BJ. 2008. Transient adenosine efflux in the rat caudate-putamen. J. Neurochem. 105:1253-63
52. Ross AE, Nguyen MD, Privman E, Venton BJ. 2014. Mechanical stimulation evokes rapid increases in extracellular adenosine concentration in the prefrontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 130:50-60
53. Ross AE, Venton BJ. 2014. Sawhorse waveform voltammetry for selective detection of adenosine, ATP, and hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem. 86:7486-93
54. GlanowskaKM, Venton BJ,Moenter SM. 2012. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry as a novel method for detection of real-time gonadotropin-releasing hormone release inmouse brain slices. J. Neurosci. 32:14664-69
55. Belchetz PE, Plant TM, Nakai Y, Keogh EJ, Knobil E. 1978. Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Science 202:631-33
56. Chen P, Moenter SM. 2009. GABAergic transmission to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons is regulated by GnRH in a concentration-dependent manner engagingmultiple signaling pathways. J. Neurosci. 29:9809-18
57. SchmidtAC, Dunaway LE, Roberts JG, McCartyGS, SombersLA. 2014. Multiple scan rate voltammetry for selective quantification of real-time enkephalin dynamics. Anal. Chem. 86:7806-12
58. Bodnar RJ. 2013. Endogenous opiates and behavior:2012. Peptides 50:55-95
59. Stamford JA. 1989. In vivo voltammetry: prospects for the next decade. Trends Neurosci. 12:407-12
60. Ponchon JL, Cespuglio R, Gonon F, Jouvet M, Pujol JF. 1979. Normal pulse polarography with carbon fiber electrodes for in vitro and in vivo determination of catecholamines. Anal. Chem. 51:1483-86
61. HuffmanML, Venton BJ. 2009. Carbon-fibermicroelectrodes for in vivo applications. Analyst 134:18-24
62. Heien ML, Phillips PE, Stuber GD, Seipel AT, Wightman RM. 2003. Overoxidation of carbon-fiber microelectrodes enhances dopamine adsorption and increases sensitivity. Analyst 128:1413-19
63. Hermans A, Seipel AT, Miller CE, Wightman RM. 2006. Carbon-fiber microelectrodes modified with 4-sulfobenzene have increased sensitivity and selectivity for catecholamines. Langmuir 22:1964-69
64. Putzbach W, Ronkainen NJ. 2013. Immobilization techniques in the fabrication of nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors: a review. Sensors 13:4811-40
65. Jacobs CB, Peairs MJ, Venton BJ. 2010. Review: carbon nanotube based electrochemical sensors for biomolecules. Anal. Chim. Acta 662:105-27
66. Swamy BE, Venton BJ. 2007. Carbon nanotube-modified microelectrodes for simultaneous detection of dopamine and serotonin in vivo. Analyst 132:876-84
67. Xiao N, Venton BJ. 2012. Rapid, sensitive detection of neurotransmitters at microelectrodes modified with self-assembled SWCNT forests. Anal. Chem. 84:7816-22
68. De Volder MF, Tawfick SH, Baughman RH, Hart AJ. 2013. Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications. Science 339:535-39
69. Zhao J, Zhang X, Di J, Xu G, Yang X, et al. 2010. Double-peak mechanical properties of carbonnanotube fibers. Small 6:2612-17
70. Jacobs CB, Ivanov IN, Nguyen MD, Zestos AG, Venton BJ. 2014. High temporal resolution measurements of dopamine with carbon nanotube yarn microelectrodes. Anal. Chem. 86:5721-27
71. Schmidt AC, Wang X, Zhu Y, Sombers LA. 2013. Carbon nanotube yarn electrodes for enhanced detection of neurotransmitter dynamics in live brain tissue. ACS Nano 7:7864-73
72. Zestos AG, Jacobs CB, Trikantzopoulos E, Ross AE, Venton BJ. 2014. Polyethyleneimine carbon nanotube fiber electrodes for enhanced detection of neurotransmitters. Anal. Chem. 86:8568-75
73. Swiergiel AH, Palamarchouk VS, Dunn AJ. 1997. A new design of carbon fiber microelectrode for in vivo voltammetry using fused silica. J. Neurosci. Methods 73:29-33
74. Gerhardt GA, Ksir C, Pivik C, Dickinson SD, Sabeti J, Zahniser NR. 1999. Methodology for coupling local application of dopamine and other chemicals with rapid in vivo electrochemical recordings in freely-moving rats. J. Neurosci. Methods 87:67-76
75. Plotsky P. 1987. Probing pathways of neuroendocrine regulation with voltammetric microelectrodes. See Ref. 7, pp. 273-309
76. Clark JJ, Sandberg SG,Wanat MJ, Gan JO, Horne EA, et al. 2010. Chronic microsensors for longitudinal, subsecond dopamine detection in behaving animals. Nat. Methods 7:126-29
77. Duff A, O'Neill RD. 1994. Effect of probe size on the concentration of brain extracellular uric acid monitored with carbon paste electrodes. J. Neurochem. 62:1496-502
78. Kruk ZL, Cheeta S, Milla J, Muscat R, Williams JE, Willner P. 1998. Real time measurement of stimulated dopamine release in the conscious rat using fast cyclic voltammetry: Dopamine release is not observed during intracranial self stimulation. J. Neurosci. Methods 79:9-19
79. Wightman RM, Heien ML, Wassum KM, Sombers LA, Aragona BJ, et al. 2007. Dopamine release is heterogeneous within microenvironments of the rat nucleus accumbens. Eur. J. Neurosci. 26:2046-54
80. Schroeder TJ, Jankowski JA, Senyshyn J, Holz RW,Wightman RM. 1994. Zones of exocytotic release on bovine adrenal medullary cells in culture. J. Biol. Chem. 269:17215-20
81. Zhang B,Heien ML, Santillo MF,Mellander L, Ewing AG. 2011. Temporal resolution in electrochemical imaging on single PC12 cells using amperometry and voltammetry at microelectrode arrays. Anal. Chem. 83:571-77
82. Lin Y,Trouillon R, SvenssonMI, Keighron JD, Cans AS, Ewing AG. 2012. Carbon-ring microelectrode arrays for electrochemical imaging of single cell exocytosis: fabrication and characterization. Anal. Chem. 84:2949-54
83. Cui HF, Ye JS, Chen Y, Chong SC, Sheu FS. 2006. Microelectrode array biochip: tool for in vitro drug screening based on the detection of a drug effect on dopamine release from PC12 cells. Anal. Chem. 78:6347-55
84. Berberian K, Kisler K, Fang Q, Lindau M. 2009. Improved surface-patterned platinum microelectrodes for the study of exocytotic events. Anal. Chem. 81:8734-40
85. Carabelli V, Gosso S, Marcantoni A, Xu Y, Colombo E, et al. 2010. Nanocrystalline diamond microelectrode arrays fabricated on sapphire technology for high-time resolution of quantal catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells. Biosens. Bioelectron. 26:92-98
86. Wang J, Trouillon R, Dunevall J, Ewing AG. 2014. Spatial resolution of single-cell exocytosis by microwell-based individually addressable thin film ultramicroelectrode arrays. Anal. Chem. 86:4515-20
87. Wang J, Trouillon R, Lin Y, Svensson MI, Ewing AG. 2013. Individually addressable thin-film ultramicroelectrode array for spatial measurements of single vesicle release. Anal. Chem. 85:5600-8
88. Zachek MK, Takmakov P, Park J, Wightman RM, McCarty GS. 2010. Simultaneous monitoring of dopamine concentration at spatially different brain locations in vivo. Biosens. Bioelectron. 25:1179-85
89. Zachek MK, Park J, Takmakov P, Wightman RM, McCarty GS. 2010. Microfabricated FSCVcompatible microelectrode array for real-time monitoring of heterogeneous dopamine release. Analyst 135:1556-63
90. Zhang DA, Rand E, Marsh M, Andrews RJ, Lee KH, et al. 2013. Carbon nanofiber electrode for neurochemical monitoring. Mol. Neurobiol. 48:380-85
91. Owesson-White CA, RoitmanMF, Sombers LA, Belle AM, Keithley RB, et al. 2012. Sources contributing to the average extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. J. Neurochem. 121:252-62
92. KulaginaNV, ZigmondMJ, Michael AC. 2001. Glutamate regulates the spontaneous and evoked release of dopamine in the rat striatum. Neuroscience 102:121-28
93. Borland LM, Michael AC. 2004. Voltammetric study of the control of striatal dopamine release by glutamate. J. Neurochem. 91:220-29
94. Chen KC, Budygin EA. 2007. Extracting the basal extracellular dopamine concentrations from the evoked responses: re-analysis of the dopamine kinetics. J. Neurosci. Methods 164:27-42
95. Bath BD,Michael DJ, Trafton BJ, Joseph JD, Runnels PL,Wightman RM. 2000. Subsecond adsorption and desorption of dopamine at carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Anal. Chem. 72:5994-6002
96. Dengler AK, McCarty GS. 2013. Microfabricated microelectrode sensor for measuring background and slowly changing dopamine concentrations. J. Electroanal. Chem. 693:28-33
97. Atcherley CW, Laude ND, Parent KL, HeienML. 2013. Fast-scan controlled-adsorption voltammetry for the quantification of absolute concentrations and adsorption dynamics. Langmuir 29:14885-92
98. Atcherley CW, Wood KM, Parent KL, Hashemi P, Heien ML. 2015. The coaction of tonic and phasic dopamine dynamics. Chem. Commun. 51:2235-38
99. LadaMW,VickroyTW, Kennedy RT. 1997. High temporal resolution monitoring of glutamate and aspartate in vivo using microdialysis on-line with capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 69:4560-65
100. Hogan BL, Lunte SM, Stobaugh JF, Lunte CE. 1994. On-line coupling of in vivomicrodialysis sampling with capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 66:596-602
101. Thompson JE, Vickroy TW, Kennedy RT. 1999. Rapid determination of aspartate enantiomers in tissue samples by microdialysis coupled on-line with capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 71:2379-84
102. Wang M, Roman GT, Schultz K, Jennings C, Kennedy RT. 2008. Improved temporal resolution for in vivo microdialysis by using segmented flow. Anal. Chem. 80:5607-15
103. Wang M, Slaney T, Mabrouk O, Kennedy RT. 2010. Collection of nanoliter microdialysate fractions in plugs for off-line in vivo chemical monitoring with up to 2 s temporal resolution. J. Neurosci. Methods 190:39-48
104. Slaney TR, Nie J, Hershey ND, Thwar PK, Linderman J, et al. 2011. Push-pull perfusion sampling with segmented flow for high temporal and spatial resolution in vivo chemical monitoring. Anal. Chem. 83:5207-13
105. Armstrong-James M, FoxK,Kruk ZL, Millar J. 1981. Quantitative ionophoresis of catecholamines using multibarrel carbon fibre microelectrodes. J. Neurosci. Methods 4:385-406
106. Millar J, BarnettTG. 1988. Basic instrumentation for fast cyclic voltammetry. J. Neurosci.Methods 25:91-95
107. Stamford JA, Palij P, Davidson C, Jorm CM, Millar J. 1993. Simultaneous "real-time" electrochemical and electrophysiological recording in brain slices with a single carbon-fibre microelectrode. J. Neurosci. Methods 50:279-90
108. Belle AM, Owesson-White C, Herr NR, Carelli RM, Wightman RM. 2013. Controlled iontophoresis coupled with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry/electrophysiology in awake, freelymoving animals. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 4:761-71
109. Herr NR, Wightman RM. 2013. Improved techniques for examining rapid dopamine signaling with iontophoresis. Front. Biosci. 5:249-57
110. Herr NR, Kile BM, Carelli RM, Wightman RM. 2008. Electroosmotic flow and its contribution to iontophoretic delivery. Anal. Chem. 80:8635-41
111. Takmakov P, McKinney CJ, Carelli RM, Wightman RM. 2011. Instrumentation for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry combined with electrophysiology for behavioral experiments in freely moving animals. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82:074302
112. Bucher ES, Brooks K, Verber MD, Keithley RB, Owesson-White C, et al. 2013. Flexible software platform for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry data acquisition and analysis. Anal. Chem. 85:10344-53
113. Murray B, Shizgal P. 1994. Evidence implicating both slow-and fast-conducting fibers in the rewarding effect of medial forebrain bundle stimulation. Behav. Brain Res. 63:47-60
114. HernandezG,Hamdani S, Rajabi H, Conover K, Stewart J, et al. 2006. Prolonged rewarding stimulation of the rat medial forebrain bundle: neurochemical and behavioral consequences. Behav. Neurosci. 120:888-904
115. Wise RA. 1996. Addictive drugs and brain stimulation reward. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19:319-40
116. Sunsay C, Rebec GV. 2014. Extinction and reinstatement of phasic dopamine signals in the nucleus accumbens core during Pavlovian conditioning. Behav. Neurosci. 128:579-87
117. Cheer JF, Aragona BJ, HeienML, Seipel AT, Carelli RM,Wightman RM. 2007. Coordinated accumbal dopamine release and neural activity drive goal-directed behavior. Neuron 54:237-44
118. Cheer JF,Heien ML,Garris PA, Carelli RM,Wightman RM. 2005. Simultaneous dopamine and singleunit recordings reveal accumbens GABAergic responses: implications for intracranial self-stimulation. PNAS 102:19150-55
119. Kirkpatrick DC, Edwards MA, Flowers PA,WightmanRM. 2014. Characterization of solute distribution following iontophoresis from a micropipet. Anal. Chem. 86:9909-16
120. Sang JH. 2001. Drosophila melanogaster: the fruit fly. In Encyclopedia of Genetics, ed. ECR Reeve, pp. 157-162 London: Fitzroy Dearborn
121. Ito M, Masuda N, Shinomiya K, Endo K, Ito K. 2013. Systematic analysis of neural projections reveals clonal composition of the Drosophila brain. Curr. Biol. 23:644-55
122. Sokolowski MB. 2001. Drosophila: Genetics meets behaviour. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:879-90
123. Monastirioti M. 1999. Biogenic amine systems in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Microsc. Res. Tech. 45:106-21
124. Berglund EC, Makos MA, Keighron JD, Phan N, Heien ML, Ewing AG. 2013. Oral administration of methylphenidate blocks the effect of cocaine on uptake at the Drosophila dopamine transporter. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 4:566-74
125. Makos MA, Han KA, Heien ML, Ewing AG. 2010. Using in vivo electrochemistry to study the physiological effects of cocaine and other stimulants on the Drosophila melanogaster dopamine transporter. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 1:74-83
126. Makos MA, Kim YC, Han KA, Heien ML, Ewing AG. 2009. In vivo electrochemical measurements of exogenously applied dopamine in Drosophila melanogaster. Anal. Chem. 81:1848-54
127. Xiao N, Privman E, Venton BJ. 2014. Optogenetic control of serotonin and dopamine release in Drosophila larvae. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 5:666-73
128. Vickrey TL, Condron B, Venton BJ. 2009. Detection of endogenous dopamine changes in Drosophila melanogaster using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Anal. Chem. 81:9306-13
129. Borue X, Cooper S, Hirsh J, Condron B, Venton BJ. 2009. Quantitative evaluation of serotonin release and clearance in Drosophila. J. Neurosci. Methods 179:300-8
130. VickreyTL, Venton BJ. 2011. Drosophila dopamine2-like receptors function as autoreceptors. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2:723-29
131. Johannessen JN, Chiueh CC, Burns RS, Markey SP. 1985. Differences in the metabolism of MPTP in the rodent and primate parallel differences in sensitivity to its neurotoxic effects. Life Sci. 36:219-24
132. Schober A. 2004. Classic toxin-induced animal models of Parkinson's disease:6-OHDA andMPTP. Cell Tissue Res. 318:215-24
133. Cragg SJ, Hille CJ, Greenfield SA. 2000. Dopamine release and uptake dynamics within nonhuman primate striatum in vitro. J. Neurosci. 20:8209-17
134. Cragg SJ, Hille CJ,Greenfield SA. 2002. Functional domains in dorsal striatum of the nonhuman primate are defined by the dynamic behavior of dopamine. J. Neurosci. 22:5705-12
135. Cragg SJ. 2003. Variable dopamine release probability and short-term plasticity between functional domains of the primate striatum. J. Neurosci. 23:4378-85
136. LindsayWS, Herndon JG Jr, Blakely RD, Justice JB Jr, Neill DB. 1981. Voltammetric recording from neostriatum of behaving rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 220:391-96
137. Gerhardt GA, Cass WA, Hudson J, Henson M, Zhang Z, et al. 1996. In vivo electrochemical studies of dopamine overflow and clearance in the striatum of normal and MPTP-treated rhesus monkeys. J. Neurochem. 66:579-88
138. Yoshimi K, Naya Y, Mitani N, Kato T, Inoue M, et al. 2011. Phasic reward responses in the monkey striatum as detected by voltammetry with diamond microelectrodes. Neurosci. Res. 71:49-62
139. Earl CD, Sautter J, Xie J, Kruk ZL, Kupsch A, Oertel WH. 1998. Pharmacological characterisation of dopamine overflow in the striatum of the normal and MPTP-treated commonmarmoset, studied in vivo using fast cyclic voltammetry, nomifensine and sulpiride. J. Neurosci. Methods 85:201-9
140. Hearn J. 1983. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). In Reproduction in New World Primates, ed. J Hearn, pp. 181-215. Netherlands: Springer
141. GrandTI. 1977. Body weight: its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, andmotor function II. Development of Macaca mulatta. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 47:241-48
142. Ariansen JL, Heien ML, Hermans A, Phillips PE, Hernadi I, et al. 2012. Monitoring extracellular pH, oxygen, and dopamine during reward delivery in the striatum of primates. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 6:36
143. Heales DS. 1999. pH and brain function. Brain 122:1794-96
144. Schluter EW, Mitz AR, Cheer JF, Averbeck BB. 2014. Real-time dopamine measurement in awake monkeys. PLOS ONE 9:e98692
145. Stefurak T, Mikulis D, Mayberg H, Lang AE, Hevenor S, et al. 2003. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease dissociates mood and motor circuits: a functional MRI case study. Mov. Disord. 18:1508-16
146. Sachdev PS, Mohan A, Cannon E, Crawford JD, Silberstein P, et al. 2014. Deep brain stimulation of the antero-medial globus pallidus interna for Tourette syndrome. PLOS ONE 9:e104926
147. Laxpati NG, Kasoff WS, Gross RE. 2014. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy: circuits, targets, and trials. Neurotherapeutics 11:508-26
148. Figee M, de Koning P, Klaassen S, Vulink N, Mantione M, et al. 2014. Deep brain stimulation induces striatal dopamine release in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 75:647-52
149. van Dijk A, Klompmakers AA, Feenstra MG, Denys D. 2012. Deep brain stimulation of the accumbens increases dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 123:897-903
150. Kishida KT, Sandberg SG, Lohrenz T, Comair YG, Saez I, et al. 2011. Sub-second dopamine detection in human striatum. PLOS ONE 6:e23291
151. Kasasbeh A, LeeK,BieberA,BennetK,Chang SY. 2013. Wireless neurochemical monitoring in humans. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 91:141-47
152. Chang SY, Kim I, Marsh MP, Jang DP, Hwang SC, et al. 2012. Wireless fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to monitor adenosine in patients with essential tremor during deep brain stimulation. Mayo Clin. Proc. 87:760-65