Carbon surface functionalities and SEI formation during Li intercalation

Carbon

Volumn 92, Issue , 2015, Pages 193-244

  Collins, John ^a   Gourdin, Gerald ^a   Foster, Michelle ^a   Qu, Deyang ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS BOSTON   (United States)

^b University of Wisconsin Milwaukee   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRODES; ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; ENERGY STORAGE; IONIZATION OF SOLIDS; MATERIALS PROPERTIES; SEEBECK EFFECT; SOLID ELECTROLYTES;

CARBON ELECTRODE; ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE; ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES; INTERCALATION MATERIALS; LI INTERCALATION; OXYGEN AND NITROGENS; SOLID ELECTROLYTE INTERPHASE LAYER (SEI); SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS;

STORAGE (MATERIALS);

EID: 84937425972     PISSN: 00086223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.04.007     Document Type: Review

References (322)

1. K. Xu Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries Chem Rev 104 10 2004 4303 4417 Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr030203g?journalCode=chreay
2. W.M. Haynes CRC handbook of chemistry and physics 93rd ed. 2012 CRC Press
3. M.S. Whittingham Electrical energy storage and intercalation chemistry Science 192 4244 1976 1126 1127
4. D.W. Murphy, and P.A. Christian Solid state electrodes for high energy batteries Science 205 4407 1979 651 656
5. J.J. Auborn, and Y.L. Barberio Lithium intercalation cells without metallic lithium: MoO2/LiCoO2 and WO2/LiCoO2 J Electrochem Soc 134 3 1987 638 641
6. B. Scrosati Lithium rocking chair batteries: an old concept? J Electrochem Soc 139 10 1992 2776 2781
7. T. Nagaura, and K. Tozawa Lithium ion rechargeable battery Prog Batteries Sol Cells 9 1990 209 217
8. M. Winter, J.O. Besenhard, M.E. Spahr, and P. Novák Insertion electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries Adv Mater 10 10 1998 725 763
9. E. Peled The electrochemical behavior of alkali and alkaline earth metals in nonaqueous battery systems - the solid electrolyte interphase model J Electrochem Soc 126 12 1979 2047
10. J.O. Besenhard, M. Winter, J. Yang, and W. Biberacher Filming mechanism of lithium-carbon anodes in organic and inorganic electrolytes J Power Sources 54 2 1995 228 231 Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/037877539402073C
11. D. Aurbach, B. Markovskya, I. Weissmana, E. Levia, and Y. Ein-Eli On the correlation between surface chemistry and performance of graphite negative electrodes for Li ion batteries Electrochim Acta 45 1-2 1999 67 86
12. D. Aurbach, A. Zaban, Y. Ein-Eli, I. Weissman, O. Chusid, B. Markovsky, and et al. Recent studies on the correlation between surface chemistry, morphology, three-dimensional structures and performance of Li and Li-C intercalation anodes in several important electrolyte systems J Power Sources 68 1 1997 91 98
13. J.S. Gnanaraj, M.D. Levi, E. Levi, G. Salitra, D. Aurbach, J.E. Fischer, and et al. Comparison between the electrochemical behavior of disordered carbons and graphite electrodes in connection with their structure J Electrochem Soc 148 6 2001 A525
14. M. Jiang, B. Key, Y.S. Meng, and C.P. Grey Electrochemical and structural study of the layered, "Li-Excess" lithium-ion battery electrode material Li[Li1/9Ni1/3Mn5/9]O2 Chem Mater 21 13 2009 2733 2745
15. G.G. Amatucci, F. Badway, A. Pasquier Du, and T. Zheng An asymmetric hybrid nonaqueous energy storage cell J Electrochem Soc 148 8 2001 A930 A939
16. A.D. Pasquier, I. Plitz, J. Gural, F. Badway, and G.G. Amatucci Power-ion battery: bridging the gap between Li-ion and supercapacitor chemistries J Power Sources 136 1 2004 160 170
17. N.-S. Choi, Z. Chen, S.A. Freunberger, X. Ji, Y.-K. Sun, K. Amine, and et al. Challenges facing lithium batteries and electrical double-layer capacitors Angew Chem Int Edit 51 40 2012 9994 10024
18. K. Naoi, S. Ishimoto, J.-I. Miyamoto, and W. Naoi Second generation "nanohybrid supercapacitor": evolution of capacitive energy storage devices Energy Environ Sci 5 11 2012 9363 9373
19. H.D. Yoo, G. Salitra, D. Sharon, and D. Aurbach On the challenge of developing advanced technologies for electrochemical energy storage and conversion Mater Today 17 3 2014 110 121
20. G. Gourdin, P.H. Smith, T. Jiang, T.N. Tran, and D. Qu Lithiation of amorphous carbon negative electrode for li ion capacitor J Electroanal Chem 688 2013 103 112 Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1572665712003384
21. L. Cheng, H.-Q. Li, and Y.-Y. Xia A hybrid nonaqueous electrochemical supercapacitor using nano-sized iron oxyhydroxide and activated carbon J Solid State Electrochem 10 6 2005 405 410
22. Y. Cai, B. Zhao, J. Wang, and Z. Shao Non-aqueous hybrid supercapacitors fabricated with mesoporous TiO2 microspheres and activated carbon electrodes with superior performance J Power Sources 253 2014 80 89
23. K. Naoi, S. Ishimoto, Y. Isobe, and S. Aoyagi High-rate nano-crystalline Li4Ti5O12 attached on carbon nano-fibers for hybrid supercapacitors J Power Sources 195 18 2010 6250 6254
24. F. Chen, R. Li, M. Hou, L. Liu, R. Wang, and Z. Deng Preparation and characterization of ramsdellite Li2Ti3O7 as an anode material for asymmetric supercapacitors Electrochim Acta 51 1 2005 61 65
25. V. Aravindan, N. Shubha, W.C. Ling, and S. Madhavi Constructing high energy density non-aqueous Li-ion capacitors using monoclinic TiO2-B nanorods as insertion host J Mater Chem A 1 20 2013 6145 6151 Available from: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/TA/c3ta11103b#!divAbstract
26. G.-X. Wang, G.-X. Wang, B.-L. Zhang, B.-L. Zhang, Z.-L. Yu, Z.-L. Yu, and et al. Manganese oxide/MWNTs composite electrodes for supercapacitors Solid State Ionics 176 11-12 2005 Mar 31 1169 1174
27. V. Aravindan, M.V. Reddy, S. Madhavi, S.G. Mhaisalkar, G.V. Subba Rao, and B.V.R. Chowdari Hybrid supercapacitor with nano-TiP2O7 as intercalation electrode J Power Sources 196 20 2011 8850 8854
28. V. Aravindan, W. Chuiling, M.V. Reddy, G.V.S. Rao, B.V.R. Chowdari, and S. Madhavi Carbon coated nano-LiTi2(PO4)3 electrodes for non-aqueous hybrid supercapacitors Phys Chem Chem Phys 14 16 2012 5808 5814 Available from: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2012/cp/c2cp40603a
29. J.-H. Kim, J.-S. Kim, Y.-G. Lim, J.-G. Lee, and Y.-J. Kim Effect of carbon types on the electrochemical properties of negative electrodes for Li-ion capacitors J Power Sources 196 23 2011 10490 10495
30. T. Aida, K. Yamada, and M. Morita An advanced hybrid electrochemical capacitor that uses a wide potential range at the positive electrode Electrochem Solid State Lett 9 12 2006 A534 A536
31. M.-S. Park, Y.-G. Lim, J.-W. Park, J.-S. Kim, J.-W. Lee, J.H. Kim, and et al. Li2RuO3 as an Additive for high-energy lithium-ion capacitors J Phys Chem C 117 22 2013 11471 11478
32. J.H. Yoon, H.J. Bang, J. Prakash, and Y.K. Sun Comparative study of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 cathode material synthesized via different synthetic routes for asymmetric electrochemical capacitor applications Mater Chem Phys 110 2-3 2008 222 227
33. H. Li, L. Cheng, and Y. Xia A hybrid electrochemical supercapacitor based on a 5 V Li-ion battery cathode and active carbon Electrochem Solid States 8 9 2005 A433 A436
34. S.-B. Ma, K.-W. Nam, W.-S. Yoon, X.-Q. Yang, K.-Y. Ahn, K.-H. Oh, and et al. A novel concept of hybrid capacitor based on manganese oxide materials Electrochem Commun 9 12 2007 2807 2811
35. X.L. Wu, L.Y. Jiang, F.F. Cao, Y.-G. Guo, and L.-J. Wan LiFePO4 nanoparticles embedded in a nanoporous carbon matrix: superior cathode material for electrochemical energy-storage devices Adv Mater 21 25-26 2009 2710 2714
36. K. Karthikeyan, S. Amaresh, K.J. Kim, S.H. Kim, K.Y. Chung, B.W. Cho, and et al. A high performance hybrid capacitor with Li2CoPO4F cathode and activated carbon anode Nanoscale 5 13 2013 5958 5964 Available from: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/NR/c3nr00760j#!divAbstract
37. K. Karthikeyan, V. Aravindan, S.B. Lee, I.C. Jang, H.H. Lim, G.J. Park, and et al. Electrochemical performance of carbon-coated lithium manganese silicate for asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors J Power Sources 195 11 2010 3761 3764
38. V. Aravindan, J. Gnanaraj, Y.-S. Lee, and S. Madhavi Insertion-type electrodes for nonaqueous Li-ion capacitors Chem Rev 2014 141118084758002
39. Y.J. Hao, Q.Y. Lai, L. Wang, X.-Y. Xu, and H.Y. Chu Electrochemical performance of a high cation-deficiency Li2Mn4O9/active carbon supercapacitor in LiNO3 electrolyte Synthetic Met 160 2010 669 674
40. V. Khomenko, E. Raymundo-Pinero, and F. Béguin High-energy density graphite/AC capacitor in organic electrolyte J Power Sources 177 2 2008 643 651
41. S.R. Sivakkumar, S.R. Sivakkumar, J.Y. Nerkar, and A.G. Pandolfo Rate capability of graphite materials as negative electrodes in lithium-ion capacitors Electrochim Acta 55 9 2010 3330 3335
42. M. Hahn, A. Würsig, R. Gallay, P. Novak, and R. Kötz Gas evolution in activated carbon/propylene carbonate based double-layer capacitors Electrochem Commun. 7 9 2005 925 930
43. L. Hardwick, P.W. Ruch, M. Hahn, W. Scheifele, R. Koetz, and P. Novák In situ Raman spectroscopy of insertion electrodes for lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors: first cycle effects J Phys Chem Solids 69 5-6 2008 1232 1237
44. S. Yang, I.-J. Kim, M.-J. Jeon, K. Kim, S.-I. Moon, H.-S. Kim, and et al. Preparation of graphite oxide and its electrochemical performance for electric double layer capacitor J Ind Eng Chem 14 3 2008 365 370
45. J.G. Zhao, F.Y. Li, and C.Q. Jin Graphitization of activated carbon under high pressures and high temperatures Solid State Commun 149 2009 818 821
46. T. Aida, I. Murayama, K. Yamada, and M. Morita Improvement in cycle performance of a high-voltage hybrid electrochemical capacitor Electrochem Solid States 10 4 2007 A93 A96
47. J. Collins, D. Zheng, T. Ngo, D. Qu, and M. Foster Partial graphitization of activated carbon by surface acidification Carbon 79 2014 500 517
48. J.R. Dahn, T. Zheng, Y. Liu, and J.S. Xue Mechanisms for lithium insertion in carbonaceous materials Science 270 5236 1995 590 593
49. N. Yabuuchi, K. Kubota, M. Dahbi, and S. Komaba Research development on sodium-ion batteries Chem Rev 2014 141201142552002
50. M.M. Doeff, Y. Ma, S.J. Visco, and L.C. De Jonghe Electrochemical insertion of sodium into carbon J Electrochem Soc 140 12 1993 L169 L170
51. D.A. Stevens, and J.R. Dahn High capacity anode materials for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries J Electrochem Soc 147 4 2000 1271 1273
52. E.J. Plichta, M. Hendrickson, R. Thompson, G. Au, W.K. Behl, M.C. Smart, and et al. Development of low temperature Li-ion electrolytes for NASA and DoD applications J Power Sources 94 2 2001 160 162
53. D. Aurbach, A. Zaban, A. Schechter, Y. Ein-Eli, E. Zinigrad, and B. Markovsky The study of electrolyte-solutions based on ethylene and diethyl carbonates for rechargeable Li batteries J Electrochem Soc 142 9 1995 2873 2882 Available from: http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/142/9/2873.abstract
54. D. Aurbach, Y. Ein-Eli, B. Markovsky, A. Zaban, S. Luski, Y. Carmeli, and et al. The study of electrolyte solutions based on ethylene and diethyl carbonates for rechargeable Li batteries J Electrochem Soc 142 9 1995 2882 2890
55. J. Vetter, and P. Novak Novel alkyl methyl carbonate solvents for lithium-ion batteries J Power Sources 119-121 2003 338 342
56. J. Vetter, H. Buqa, M. Holzapfel, and P. Novák Impact of co-solvent chain branching on lithium-ion battery performance J Power Sources 146 1-2 2005 355 359
57. K. Xu Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond Chem Rev 2014 141117082135006
58. D.P. Abraham, M.M. Furczon, S.H. Kang, D.W. Dees, and A.N. Jansen Effect of electrolyte composition on initial cycling and impedance characteristics of lithium-ion cells J Power Sources 180 1 2008 612 620 Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775308003157
59. F.-M. Wang, D.-T. Shieh, J.-H. Cheng, and C.-R. Yang An investigation of the salt dissociation effects on solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation using linear carbonate-based electrolytes in lithium ion batteries Solid State Ionics 180 40 2010 1660 1666
60. K. Chiba, T. Ueda, Y. Yamaguchi, Y. Oki, F. Saiki, and K. Naoi Electrolyte systems for high withstand voltage and durability II. Alkylated cyclic carbonates for electric double-layer capacitors J Electrochem Soc 158 12 2011 A1320 A1327
61. P. Novak, D. Goers, and M.E. Spahr Ch 7: Carbon materials in lithium-ion batteries p288 F. Frackowiak, B. Elzbieta, Carbons for electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems 2010 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 288 289
62. E. Buiel, and J.R. Dahn Li-insertion in hard carbon anode materials for Li-ion batteries Electrochim Acta 45 1999 121 130
63. C.E. Banks, T.J. Davies, G.G. Wildgoose, and R.G. Compton Electrocatalysis at graphite and carbon nanotube modified electrodes: edge-plane sites and tube ends are the reactive sites Roy Soc Chem 0 7 2005 829 841 Available from: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2005/CC/b413177k
64. D. Aurbach Identification of surface films formed on lithium surfaces in-butyrolactone solutions: II. Contaminated solutions J Electrochem Soc 136 6 1989 1611 1614
65. D. Aurbach Identification of surface films formed on lithium surfaces in-butyrolactone solutions: I. Uncontaminated solutions J Electrochem Soc 136 6 1989 1606 1610
66. D. Aurbach, and H. Gottlieb The electrochemical behavior of selected polar aprotic systems Electrochim Acta 34 2 1989 141 156
67. D. Aurbach, Y. Gofer, M. Ben-Zion, and P. Aped The behaviour of lithium electrodes in propylene and ethylene carbonate: the major factors that influence Li cycling efficiency J Electroanal Chem 339 1-2 1992 451 471
68. D. Aurbach, and O.C. Youngman The study of surface films formed on lithium and noble metal electrodes in polar aprotic systems by the use of in situ fourier transform infrared spectroscopy J Electrochem Soc 140 1 1993 L1 L4
69. D. Aurbach Impedance spectroscopy of nonactive metal electrodes at low potentials in propylene carbonate solutions J Electrochem Soc 141 7 1994 1808
70. A. Zaban, and D. Aurbach Impedance spectroscopy of lithium and nickel electrodes in propylene carbonate solutions of different lithium salts: A comparative study J Power Sources 54 2 1995 289 295
71. D. Ostrovskii, F. Ronci, B. Scrosati, and P. Jacobsson Reactivity of lithium battery electrode materials toward non-aqueous electrolytes: spontaneous reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface investigated by FTIR J Power Sources 103 1 2001 10 17
72. G.V. Zhuang, K. Xu, T.R. Jow, and P.N. Ross Study of SEI layer formed on graphite anodes in PC/LiBOB electrolyte using IR spectroscopy Electrochem Solid States 7 8 2004 A224 A227 Available from: http://esl.ecsdl.org/content/7/8/A224.abstract
73. S.-B. Lee, and S.-I. Pyun Critical assessment of a new in situ spectroelectrochemical cell designed for the study of interfacial reactions between a porous graphite anode and alkyl carbonate solution J Solid State Electrochem 7 4 2003 201 207 Available from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/qg7vapb5945tjc75/
74. A. Naji, J. Ghanbaja, B. Humbert, P. Willmann, and D. Billaud Electroreduction of graphite in LiClO4-ethylene carbonate electrolyte. Characterization of the passivating layer by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy J Power Sources 63 1 1996 33 39
75. R. Imhof, and P. Novák In situ investigation of the electrochemical reduction of carbonate electrolyte solutions at graphite electrodes J Electrochem Soc 145 4 1998 1081 1087
76. V. Eshkenazi, E. Peled, L. Burstein, and D. Golodnitsky XPS analysis of the SEI formed on carbonaceous materials Solid State Ionics 170 1-2 2004 83 91
77. D. Aurbach, I. Weissman, A. Schechter, and H. Cohen X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of lithium surfaces prepared in several important electrolyte solutions. A comparison with previous studies by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Langmuir 12 16 1996 3991 4007
78. A. Schechter, D. Aurbach, and H. Cohen X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of surface films formed on Li electrodes freshly prepared in alkyl carbonate solutions Langmuir 15 9 1999 3334 3342
79. N. Takami, A. Satoh, M. Hara, and T. Ohsaki Structural and kinetic characterization of lithium intercalation into carbon anodes for secondary lithium batteries J Electrochem Soc 142 2 1995 371
80. E. Barsoukov Effect of low-temperature conditions on passive layer growth on Li intercalation materials J Electrochem Soc 145 8 1998 2711 2717
81. T. Piao, S.M. Park, and C.H. Doh Intercalation of lithium ions into graphite electrodes studied by AC impedance measurements J Electrochem Soc 146 8 1999 2794 2798 Available from: http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/146/8/2794.abstract
82. C. Wang, A.J. Appleby, and F.E. Little Electrochemical impedance study of initial lithium ion intercalation into graphite powders Electrochim Acta 46 12 2001 1793 1813
83. S. Zhang, M.S. Ding, K. Xu, J. Allen, and T.R. Jow Understanding solid electrolyte interface film formation on graphite electrodes Electrochem Solid States 4 12 2001 A206 A208
84. M. Itagaki, N. Kobari, S. Yotsuda, and K. Watanabe In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to investigate negative electrode of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries J Power Sources 135 1-2 2004 255 261
85. S. Zhang, K. Xu, and T.R. Jow EIS study on the formation of solid electrolyte Electrochim Acta 51 8-9 2006 1636 1640
86. E. Peled, and D. Golodnitsky SEI on lithium, graphite, disordered carbons and tin-based alloys P.B. Balbuena, Y. Wang, Lithium-ion batteries: solid-electrolyte interphase 2004 Imperial College Press London 1 69
87. P. Lu, C. Li, E.W. Schneider, and S.J. Harris Chemistry, impedance, and morphology evolution in solid electrolyte interphase films during formation in lithium ion batteries J Phys Chem C 118 2 2014 896 903
88. D. Aurbach, and Y.S. Cohen Identification of surface films on electrodes in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions: spectroscopic, electronic and morphological studies P.B. Balbuena, Y. Wang, Lithium-ion batteries: solid-electrolyte interphase 2004 Imperial College Press London 70 139
89. S. Komaba, W. Murata, T. Ishikawa, N. Yabuuchi, T. Ozeki, T. Nakayama, and et al. Electrochemical Na insertion and solid electrolyte interphase for hard-carbon electrodes and application to Na-ion batteries Adv Funct Mater 21 20 2011 3859 3867
90. M. Moshkovich, Y. Gofer, and D. Aurbach Investigation of the electrochemical windows of aprotic alkali metal (Li, Na, K) salt solutions J Electrochem Soc 148 4 2001 E155
91. D. Aurbach, B. Markovsky, M.D. Levi, E. Levi, A. Schechter, M. Moshkovich, and et al. New insights into the interactions between electrode materials and electrolyte solutions for advanced nonaqueous batteries J Power Sources 81-82 1999 95 111
92. T. Li, and P.B. Balbuena Theoretical studies of the reduction of ethylene carbonate Chem Phys Lett 317 3-5 2000 421 429
93. Y. Wang, S. Nakamura, M. Ue, and P.B. Balbuena Theoretical studies to understand surface chemistry on carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries: reduction mechanisms of ethylene carbonate J Am Chem Soc 123 47 2001 11708 11718 Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ja0164529
94. Y. Wang, S. Nakamura, K. Tasaki, and P.B. Balbuena Theoretical studies to understand surface chemistry on carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries: how does vinylene carbonate play its role as an electrolyte additive? J Am Chem Soc 124 16 2002 4408 4421
95. Y. Wang, and P.B. Balbuena Theoretical insights into the reductive decompositions of propylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate: density functional theory studies J Phys Chem B 106 17 2002 4486 4495 Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jp014371t
96. Y. Wang, and P.B. Balbuena Theoretical insights into the SEI composition and formation mechanism: density functional theory studies P.B. Balbuena, Y. Wang, Lithium-ion batteries: solid-electrolyte interphase 2004 Imperial College Press London 227 275
97. R. Marom, O. Haik, D. Aurbach, and I.C. Halalay Revisiting LiClO4 as an electrolyte for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries J Electrochem Soc 157 8 2010 A972 A983
98. Z. Wang, X. Huang, and L. Chen Performance improvement of surface-modified LiCoO[sub 2] cathode materials: an infrared absorption and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigation J Electrochem Soc 150 2 2003 A199 A208
99. R. Marom, S.F. Amalraj, N. Leifer, D. Jacob, and D. Aurbach A review of advanced and practical lithium battery materials J Mater Chem 21 27 2011 9938 9954
100. G. Gourdin, D. Zheng, P.H. Smith, and D. Qu In-situ electrochemical - mass spectroscopic investigation of solid electrolyte interphase formation on the surface of a carbon electrode Electrochim Acta 112 2013 735 746
101. P. Arora, R.E. White, and M. Doyle Capacity fade mechanisms and side reactions in lithium-ion batteries J Electrochem Soc 145 10 1998 3647 3667
102. X.-G. Sun, and S. Dai Electrochemical investigations of ionic liquids with vinylene carbonate for applications in rechargeable lithium ion batteries Electrochim Acta 55 15 2010 4618 4626
103. Y. Ein-Eli, S.F. McDevitt, D. Aurbach, B. Markovsky, and A. Schechter Methyl propyl carbonate: a promising single solvent for li-ion battery electrolytes J Electrochem Soc 144 7 1997 L180
104. L.D. Xing, C.Y. Wang, M.Q. Xu, W.S. Li, and Z.P. Cai Theoretical study on reduction mechanism of 1,3-benzodioxol-2-one for the formation of solid electrolyte interface on anode of lithium ion battery J Power Sources 189 1 2009 689 692
105. W. Yao, Z. Zhang, J. Gao, J. Li, J. Xu, Z. Wang, and et al. Vinyl ethylene sulfite as a new additive in propylene carbonate-based electrolyte for lithium ion batteries Energy Environ Sci 2 10 2009 1102 1108
106. Y.S. Yun, J.H. Kim, S.-Y. Lee, E.-G. Shim, and D.-W. Kim Cycling performance and thermal stability of lithium polymer cells assembled with ionic liquid-containing gel polymer electrolytes J Power Sources 196 16 2011 6750 6755
107. S. Tsubouchi, Y. Domi, T. Doi, M. Ochida, H. Nakagawa, T. Yamanaka, and et al. Spectroscopic characterization of surface films formed on edge plane graphite in ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes containing film-forming additives J Electrochem Soc 159 11 2012 A1786 A1790
108. K. Hongyou, T. Hattori, Y. Nagai, T. Tanaka, H. Nii, and K. Shoda Dynamic in situ Fourier transform infrared measurements of chemical bonds of electrolyte solvents during the initial charging process in a Li ion battery J Power Sources 243 2013 72 77
109. H. Kim, S. Grugeon, G. Gachot, M. Armand, L. Sannier, and S. Laruelle Ethylene bis-carbonates as telltales of SEI and electrolyte health, role of carbonate type and new additives Electrochim Acta 136 2014 157 165
110. L. Bodenes, A. Darwiche, L. Monconduit, and H. Martinez The solid electrolyte interphase a key parameter of the high performance of Sb in sodium-ion batteries: comparative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of Sb/Na-ion and Sb/Li-ion batteries J Power Sources 273 2015 14 24
111. D. Aurbach, J.S. Gnanaraj, W. Geissler, and M. Schmidt Vinylene carbonate and Li salicylatoborate as additives in LiPF3(CF2CF3)3 solutions for rechargeable li-ion batteries J Electrochem Soc 151 1 2004 A23
112. L. Ouatani El, R. Dedryvère, C. Siret, P. Biensan, S. Reynaud, P. Iratçabal, and et al. The effect of vinylene carbonate additive on surface film formation on both electrodes in li-ion batteries J Electrochem Soc 156 2 2009 A103 A113 Available from: http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/156/2/A103.abstract
113. D. Aurbach, E. Zinigrad, Y. Cohen, and H. Teller A short review of failure mechanisms of lithium metal and lithiated graphite anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions Solid State Ionics 148 2002 405 416
114. M. Broussely, P. Biensan, F. Bonhomme, P. Blanchard, S. Herreyre, K. Nechev, and et al. Main aging mechanisms in Li ion batteries J Power Sources 146 1-2 2005 90 96
115. Z. Wang, X. Huang, and L. Chen Spectroscopy studies of solid-electrolyte interphase on positive and negative electrodes for lithium ion batteries P.B. Balbuena, Y. Wang, Lithium-ion batteries: solid-electrolyte interphase 2004 Imperial College Press London 140 197
116. A. Augustsson, M. Herstedt, J.H. Guo, K. Edström, G.V. Zhuang, J. P N Ross, and et al. Solid electrolyte interphase on graphite Li-ion battery anodes studied by soft X-ray spectroscopy Phys Chem Chem Phys 6 16 2004 4185 4189 Available from: http://pubs.rsc.org.ezproxy.lib.umb.edu/en/content/articlehtml/2004/cp/b313434b
117. S. Laruelle, S. Pilard, P. Guenot, S. Grugeon, and J.M. Tarascon Identification of Li-based electrolyte degradation products through DEI and ESI high-resolution mass spectrometry J Electrochem Soc 151 8 2004 A1202
118. G. Gachot, S. Grugeon, M. Armand, S. Pilard, P. Guenot, J.-M. Tarascon, and et al. Deciphering the multi-step degradation mechanisms of carbonate-based electrolyte in Li batteries J Power Sources 178 1 2008 409 421
119. M. Onuki, S. Kinoshita, Y. Sakata, M. Yanagidate, Y. Otake, M. Ue, and et al. Identification of the source of evolved gas in Li-Ion Batteries Using 13C-labeled Solvents J Electrochem Soc 155 11 2008 A794 A797
120. G.V. Zhuang, H. Yang, J. Philip N Ross, K. Xu, and T.R. Jow Lithium methyl carbonate as a reaction product of metallic lithium and dimethyl carbonate Electrochem Solid States 9 2 2006 A64 A68 Available from: http://esl.ecsdl.org/content/9/2/A64.abstract
121. L. Zhao, I. Watanabe, T. Doi, S. Okada, and J.-I. Yamaki TG-MS analysis of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphite negative-electrode in lithium-ion batteries J Power Sources 161 2 2006 1275 1280
122. I.A. Shkrob, Y. Zhu, T.W. Marin, and D. Abraham Reduction of carbonate electrolytes and the formation of solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries. 1. Spectroscopic observations of radical intermediates generated in one-electron reduction of carbonates J Phys Chem C 2013 130913123008003
123. H. Ota, Y. Sakata, A. Inoue, and S. Yamaguchi Analysis of vinylene carbonate derived SEI layers on graphite anode J Electrochem Soc 151 10 2004 A1659 A1669 Available from: http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/151/10/A1659.abstract
124. A. Xiao, L. Yang, B.L. Lucht, S.-H. Kang, and D.P. Abraham Examining the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Binder-Free Graphite Electrodes J Electrochem Soc 156 4 2009 A318 A327
125. J. Shu Study of the interface between li4ti5o12 electrodes and standard electrolyte solutions in 0.0-5.0 V Electrochem Solid States 11 12 2008 A238 A240
126. I. Watanabe, and J.-I. Yamaki Thermalgravimetry-mass spectrometry studies on the thermal stability of graphite anodes with electrolyte in lithium-ion battery J Power Sources 153 2 2006 402 404
127. H. Tavassol, M.K.Y. Chan, M.G. Catarello, J. Greeley, D.G. Cahill, and A.A. Gewirth Surface coverage and SEI induced electrochemical surface stress changes during Li deposition in a model system for Li-ion battery anodes J Electrochem Soc 160 6 2013 A888 A896
128. H. Tavassol, J.W. Buthker, G.A. Ferguson, L.A. Curtiss, and A.A. Gewirth Solvent oligomerization during SEI formation on model systems for Li-ion battery anodes J Electrochem Soc 159 6 2012 A730 A738
129. D. Aurbach, B. Markovsky, A. Shechter, Y. Ein-Eli, and H. Cohen A comparative study of synthetic graphite and Li electrodes in electrolyte solutions based on ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate mixtures J Electrochem Soc 143 12 1996 3809 3820
130. G. Gourdin, J. Collins, D. Zheng, M. Foster, and D. Qu Spectroscopic compositional analysis of electrolyte during initial SEI layer formation J Phys Chem C 118 31 2014 17383 17394
131. H. Yoshida, T. Fukunaga, T. Hazama, M. Terasaki, M. Mizutani, and M. Yamachi Degradation mechanism of alkyl carbonate solvents used in lithium-ion cells during initial charging J Power Sources 68 2 1997 311 315
132. D. Bar-Tow, E. Peled, and L. Burstein A study of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite as a model for the graphite anode in Li-ion batteries J Electrochem Soc 146 3 1999 824 832
133. D.M. Anjos, J.K. McDonough, E. Perre, G.M. Brown, S.H. Overbury, Y. Gogotsi, and et al. Pseudocapacitance and performance stability of quinone-coated carbon onions Nano Energy 2 5 2013 702 712
134. D. Qu Investigation of oxygen reduction on activated carbon electrodes in alkaline solution Carbon 2007
135. C. Tran, J. Kafle, X.-Q. Yang, and D. Qu Increased discharge capacity of a Li-air activated carbon cathode produced by preventing carbon surface passivation Carbon 49 4 2011 1266 1271
136. J. Kafle, and D. Qu Enhancement of hydrogen insertion into carbon interlayers by surface catalytic poisoning J Phys Chem C 114 44 2010 19108 19115
137. D. Qu, P. Smith, G. Gourdin, T. Jiang, and T. Tran A hydrogen-insertion asymmetric supercapacitor Chem Eur J 18 11 2012 3141 3143
138. D. Qu Studies of the activated carbons used in double-layer supercapacitors J Power Sources 109 2 2002 403 411
139. J. Collins, T. Ngo, D. Qu, and M. Foster Spectroscopic investigations of sequential nitric acid treatments on granulated activated carbon: effects of surface oxygen groups on π density Carbon 57 2013 174 183
140. F. Béguin, and E. Frackowiak Electrochemical energy storage E.J. Bottani, J.M.D. Tascón, Adsorption by carbons 2008 Elsevier Ltd
141. F. Frackowiak, and B. Elzbieta Carbons for electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems 1st ed. 2010 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL
142. D. Zheng, H.-S. Lee, X.-Q. Yang, and D. Qu Electrochemical oxidation of solid Li2O2 in non-aqueous electrolyte using peroxide complexing additives for lithium-air batteries Electrochem Commun 28 2013 17 19
143. Y. Wang, D. Zheng, X.-Q. Yang, and D. Qu High rate oxygen reduction in non-aqueous electrolytes with the addition of perfluorinated additives Energy Environ Sci 4 9 2011 3697 3702
144. Q. Wang, D. Zheng, M.E. McKinnon, X.-Q. Yang, and D. Qu Kinetic investigation of catalytic disproportionation of superoxide ions in the non-aqueous electrolyte used in Li-air batteries J Power Sources 274 2015 1005 1008
145. C.L. Mangun, K.R. Benak, M.A. Daley, and J. Economy Oxidation of activated carbon fibers: effect on pore size, surface chemistry, and adsorption properties Chem Mater 11 12 1999 3476 3483
146. A. Ferrari, S. Rodil, and J. Robertson Interpretation of infrared and Raman spectra of amorphous carbon nitrides Phys Rev B 67 15 2003 155306
147. L.R. Radovic Ch 5: Surface chemical and electrochemical properties of carbons F. Frackowiak, B. Elzbieta, Carbons for electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems 1st ed. 2010 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 163 220
148. L.R. Radovic, I.F. Silva, J.I. Ume, J.A. Menéndez, C.A.L.Y. Leon, and A.W. Scaroni An experimental and theoretical study of the adsorption of aromatics possessing electron-withdrawing and electron-donating functional groups by chemically modified activated carbons Carbon 35 9 1997 1339 1348
149. C. Moreno-Castilla Adsorption of organic molecules from aqueous solutions on carbon materials Carbon 42 1 2004 83 94
150. H.P. Boehm Carbon surface chemistry P. Delhaes, Graphite and precursors 2000 CRC Press 141 178
151. H.P. Boehm Surface oxides on carbon and their analysis: a critical assessment Carbon 40 2 2002 145 149
152. H.P. Boehm Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons Carbon 32 5 1994 759 769
153. M.V. Lopez-Ramon, F. Stoeckli, C. Moreno-Castilla, and F. Carrasco-Marin On the characterization of acidic and basic surface sites on carbons by various techniques Carbon 37 8 1999 1215 1221
154. S.S. Barton, M.J.B. Evans, E. Halliop, and J.A.F. MacDonald Acidic and basic sites on the surface of porous carbon Carbon 35 9 1997 1361 1366
155. V.A. Garten, D.E. Weiss, and J.B. Willis A new interpretation of the acidic and basic structures in carbons. I. Lactone groups of the ordinary and fluorescein types in carbons Aust J Chem 10 3 1957 295
156. V.A. Garten, D.E. Weiss, and J.B. Willis A new interpretation of the acidic and basic structures in carbons. II. The chromene-carbonium ion couple in carbon Aust J Chem 10 3 1957 309
157. J. Jaramillo, P.M. Álvarez, and V. Gómez-Serrano Oxidation of activated carbon by dry and wet methods Fuel Process Technol 91 11 2010 1768 1775
158. A. Perrard, L. Retailleau, R. Berjoan, and J.-P. Joly Liquid phase oxidation kinetics of an ex-cellulose activated carbon cloth by NaOCl Carbon 50 6 2012 2226 2234
159. P. Burg, and D. Cagniant Characterization of carbon surface chemistry L.R. Radovic, Chemistry and physics of carbon 2007 CRC Press New York 130 177
160. W. Shen, and W. Fan Nitrogen-containing porous carbons: synthesis and application J Mater Chem A 1 4 2012 999
161. J. Wei, H. Hu, H. Zeng, Z. Zhou, W. Yang, and P. Peng Effects of nitrogen substitutional doping on the electronic transport of carbon nanotube Phys E 40 3 2008 462 466
162. A. Nevidomskyy, G. Csányi, and M. Payne Chemically active substitutional nitrogen impurity in carbon nanotubes Phys Rev Lett 91 10 2003 105502
163. S.H. Yang, W.H. Shin, and J.K. Kang The nature of graphite- and pyridine like nitrogen configurations in carbon nitride nanotubes: dependence on diameter and helicity Small 4 4 2008 437 441
164. M. Kawaguchi, S. Yagi, and H. Enomoto Chemical preparation and characterization of nitrogen-rich carbon nitride powders Carbon 42 2 2004 345 350
165. H. Wang, T. Maiyalagan, and X. Wang Review on recent progress in nitrogen-doped graphene: synthesis, characterization, and its potential applications ACS Catal 2 5 2012 781 794
166. N. Li, X. Ma, Q. Zha, K. Kim, Y. Chen, and C. Song Maximizing the number of oxygen-containing functional groups on activated carbon by using ammonium persulfate and improving the temperature-programmed desorption characterization of carbon surface chemistry Carbon 49 15 2011 5002 5013
167. P. Burg, P. Fydrych, D. Cagniant, G. Nanse, J. Bimer, and A. Jankowska The characterization of nitrogen-enriched activated carbons by IR, XPS and LSER methods Carbon 40 9 2002 1521 1531
168. M.A. Alvarez-Merino, J.P. Joly, F. Carrasco-Marin, and C. Moreno-Castilla Application of ammonia intermittent temperature-programmed desorption to evaluate surface acidity of tungsten oxide supported on activated carbon J Colloid Interf Sci 260 2 2003 449 453
169. P. Brender, R. Gadiou, J.-C. Rietsch, P. Fioux, J. Dentzer, A. Ponche, and et al. Characterization of carbon surface chemistry by combined temperature programmed desorption with in situ X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and temperature programmed desorption with mass spectrometry analysis 84 5 2012 2147 2153
170. P. Chingombe, B. Saha, and R.J. Wakeman Surface modification and characterisation of a coal-based activated carbon Carbon 43 15 2005 3132 3143
171. P.E. Fanning, and M.A. Vannice A DRIFTS study of the formation of surface groups on carbon by oxidation Carbon 31 5 1993 721 730
172. A. Dandekar, R.T.K. Baker, and M.A. Vannice Characterization of activated carbon, graphitized carbon fibers and synthetic diamond powder using TPD and DRIFTS J Mater Chem 36 12 1998 1821 1831
173. C. Sellitti, J.L. Koenig, and H. Ishida Surface characterization of graphitized carbon fibers by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Carbon 28 1 1990 221 228
174. D. Rosenthal, M. Ruta, R. Schlögl, and L. Kiwi-Minsker Combined XPS and TPD study of oxygen-functionalized carbon nanofibers grown on sintered metal fibers Carbon 48 6 2010 1835 1843
175. J.-H. Zhou, Z.-J. Sui, J. Zhu, P. Li, D. Chen, Y.-C. Dai, and et al. Characterization of surface oxygen complexes on carbon nanofibers by TPD, XPS and FT-IR Carbon 45 4 2007 785 796
176. Z.R. Yue, W. Jiang, L. Wang, S.D. Gardner, and C.U. Pittman Jr. Surface characterization of electrochemically oxidized carbon fibers Carbon 37 11 1999 1785 1796
177. C. Moreno-Castilla, M.A. Ferro-Garcia, J.P. Joly, I. Bautista-Toledo, F. Carrasco-Marin, and J. Rivera-Utrilla Activated carbon surface modifications by nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonium peroxydisulfate treatments Langmuir 11 11 1995 4386 4392
178. C. Moreno-Castilla, F. Carrasco-Marin, and A. Mueden The creation of acid carbon surfaces by treatment with (NH4)2S2O8 Carbon 35 10-11 1997 1619 1626
179. N.V. Beck, S.E. Meech, P.R. Norman, and L.A. Pears Characterisation of surface oxides on carbon and their influence on dynamic adsorption Carbon 40 4 2002 531 540
180. Y. Otake, and R.G. Jenkins Characterization of oxygen-containing surface complexes created on a microporous carbon by air and nitric acid treatment Carbon 31 1 1993 109 121
181. J.A. Menéndez, J. Phillips, B. Xia, and L.R. Radovic On the modification and characterization of chemical surface properties of activated carbon: in the search of carbons with stable basic properties Langmuir 12 18 1996 4404 4410
182. S. Kohl, A. Drochner, and H. Vogel Quantification of oxygen surface groups on carbon materials via diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption Catal Today 150 1-2 2010 67 70
183. H. Ota, T. Sato, H. Suzuki, and T. Usami TPD-GC/MS analysis of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on a graphite anode in the propylene carbonate/ethylene sulfite electrolyte system for lithium batteries J Power Sources 97-98 2001 107 113
184. F. Gaillard, M. Abdat, J.P. Joly, and A. Perrard An intermittent temperature-programmed desorption method for studying kinetics of desorption from heterogeneous surfaces Appl Surf Sci 238 1-4 2004 91 96
185. F. Gaillard, A.E. Hachimi, C. Descorme, M. Besson, J.-P. Joly, E.M. Polyanskaya, and et al. Study of oxygen groups at a porous carbon surface by a new fast intermittent thermodesorption technique Carbon 49 6 2011 2062 2073
186. J.L. Figueiredo, M.F.R. Pereira, M.M.A. Freitas, and J.J.M. Órfão Characterization of active sites on carbon catalysts Ind Eng Chem Res 46 12 2007 4110 4115
187. N. Hordy, J.L. Meunier, and S. Coulombe Thermal stability of plasma generated oxygenated functionalities on carbon nanotubes Plasma Processes Polym 2014 n/a-n/a
188. R.J.J. Jansen, and H. van Bekkum XPS of nitrogen-containing functional groups on activated carbon Carbon 33 8 1995 1021 1027
189. S.R. Kelemen, and H. Freund XPS characterization of glassy-carbon surfaces oxidized by O2, CO2, and HNO3 Energy Fuel 2 2 1988 111 118
190. S. Biniak, G. Szymański, J. Siedlewski, and A. ͆wiatkowski The characterization of activated carbons with oxygen and nitrogen surface groups Carbon 35 12 1997 1799 1810 Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622397000961
191. A. Rey, J.A. Zazo, J.A. Casas, A. Bahamonde, and J.J. Rodriguez Influence of the structural and surface characteristics of activated carbon on the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide Appl Catal A 402 1-2 2011 146 155
192. P.V. Lakshminarayanan, H. Toghiani, and C.U. Pittman Jr. Nitric acid oxidation of vapor grown carbon nanofibers Carbon 42 12-13 2004 2433 2442
193. G. la Puente de, J.J. Pis, J.A. Menéndez, and P. Grange Thermal stability of oxygenated functions in activated carbons J Anal Appl Pyrol 43 2 1997 125 138
194. E.M. Vass, M. Hävecker, S. Zafeiratos, D. Teschner, A. Knop-Gericke, and R. Schlögl The role of carbon species in heterogeneous catalytic processes: an in situ soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study J Phys Condens Matter 20 18 2008 184016
195. J.L. Figueiredo, M.F.R. Pereira, M.M.A. Freitas, and J.J.M. Órfão Modification of the surface chemistry of activated carbons Carbon 37 9 1999 1379 1389
196. C. Hontoria-Lucas, A.J. López-Peinado, D. López-González J de, M.L. Rojas-Cervantes, and R.M. Martín-Aranda Study of oxygen-containing groups in a series of graphite oxides: physical and chemical characterization Carbon 33 11 1995 1585 1592
197. M.J. Bleda-Martinez, D. Lozano-Castelló, E. Morallon, D. Cazorla-Amorós, and A. Linares-Solano Chemical and electrochemical characterization of porous carbon materials Carbon 44 13 2006 2642 2651
198. T.G. Ros, A.J. van Dillen, J.W. Geus, and D.C. Koningsberger Surface oxidation of carbon nanofibres Chem Eur J 8 5 2002 1151 1162
199. Q.-L. Zhuang, T. Kyotani, and A. Tomita DRIFT and TK/TPD analyses of surface oxygen complexes formed during carbon gasification Energy Fuel 8 3 1994 714 718
200. M. Milosevic, and S.L. Berets A review of FT-IR diffuse reflection sampling considerations Appl Spectrosc Rev 37 4 2002 347 364
201. R.C. Bansal, F.J. Vastola, and P.L. Walker Jr. Studies on ultra-clean carbon surfaces - III. Kinetics of chemisorption of hydrogen on graphon Carbon 9 2 1971 185 192
202. S.K. Verma, and P.L. Walker Jr. Carbon molecular sieves with stable hydrophobic surfaces Carbon 30 6 1992 837 844
203. T. Zheng, W.R. McKinnon, and J.R. Dahn Hysteresis during lithium insertion in hydrogen-containing carbons J Electrochem Soc 143 7 1996 2137 2145
204. F. Béguin, F. Chevallier, C. Vix-Guterl, S. Saadallah, V. Bertagna, J.N. Rouzaud, and et al. Correlation of the irreversible lithium capacity with the active surface area of modified carbons Carbon 43 10 2005 2160 2167
205. F. Béguin, F. Chevallier, M. Letellier, C. Vix, C. Clinard, J.-N. Rouzaud, and et al. Mechanisms of reversible and irreversible insertion in nanostructured carbons used for Li-ion batteries I.V. Barsukov, C.S. Johnson, J.E. Doninger, V.Z. Barsukov, New carbon based materials for electrochemical energy storage systems: batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells 2003 Springer Dordrecht
206. F. Béguin, F. Chevallier, C. Vix, S. Saadallah, J.N. Rouzaud, and E. Frackowiak A better understanding of the irreversible lithium insertion mechanisms in disordered carbons J Phys Chem Solids 65 2-3 2004 211 217
207. S.W. Lee, B.-S. Kim, S. Chen, Y. Shao-Horn, and P.T. Hammond Layer-by-layer assembly of all carbon nanotube ultrathin films for electrochemical applications J Am Chem Soc 131 2 2009 671 679
208. S.W. Lee, N. Yabuuchi, B.M. Gallant, S. Chen, and Y. Shao-Horn High-power lithium batteries from functionalized carbon-nanotube electrodes Nat Nanotechnol 5 7 2010 531 537 Available from: http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nnano.2010.116
209. J.M.D. Tascón Novel Carbon Adsorbents 2012 Elsevier Oxford
210. F. Béguin, and E. Raymundo-Pinero Nanocarbons for supercapacitors R.J. Brodd, Batteries for sustainability 2012 Springer New York New York, NY 393 421
211. E. Fuente, J.A. Menéndez, D. Suárez, and M.A. Montes-Morán Basic surface oxides on carbon materials: a global view Langmuir 19 8 2003 3505 3511
212. A.A. Abdelwahab, O.-S. Jung, and Y.-B. Shim Enhanced electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen with a molecule having multi-quinone moieties adsorbed in the nanofiber film J Electroanal Chem 632 1-2 2009 102 108
213. V.A. Garten, and D.E. Weiss The Quinone-Hydroquinone character of activated carbon and carbon black Aust J Chem 8 1 1955 68
214. H.P. Boehm, E. Diehl, W. Heck, and R. Sappok Surface oxides of carbon Angew Chem Int Edit 3 10 1964 669 677
215. J.B. Donnet The chemical reactivity of carbons Carbon 6 2 1968 161 176
216. D. Rivin Surface properties of carbon Rubber Chem Technol 44 2 1971 307 343
217. L.R. Radovic, and B. Bockrath On the chemical nature of graphene edges: origin of stability and potential for magnetism in carbon materials J Am Chem Soc 127 16 2005 5917 5927
218. C. Ban, W.-J. Yin, H. Tang, S.-H. Wei, Y. Yan, and A.C. Dillon A novel codoping approach for enhancing the performance of LiFePO4 cathodes Adv Energy Mater 2 8 2012 1028 1032
219. E. Fuente, J.A. Menéndez, M.A. Díez, D. Suárez, and M.A. Montes-Morán Infrared spectroscopy of carbon materials: a quantum chemical study of model compounds J Phys Chem B 107 26 2003 6350 6359
220. M.A. Montes-Morán, D. Suárez, J.A. Menéndez, and E. Fuente On the nature of basic sites on carbon surfaces: an overview Carbon 42 7 2004 1219 1225
221. M.J. Bleda-Martinez, J.A. Maciá-Agulló, D. Lozano-Castelló, E. Morallon, D. Cazorla-Amorós, and A. Linares-Solano Role of surface chemistry on electric double layer capacitance of carbon materials Carbon 43 13 2005 2677 2684
222. H. Shi Activated carbons and double layer capacitance Electrochim Acta 41 10 1996 1633 1639
223. T.A. Centeno, and F. Stoeckli The role of textural characteristics and oxygen-containing surface groups in the supercapacitor performances of activated carbons Electrochim Acta 52 2 2006 560 566
224. L. Zhang, and Z. Xia Mechanisms of oxygen reduction reaction on nitrogen-doped graphene for fuel cells J Phys Chem C 115 22 2011 11170 11176
225. M.N. Groves, A.S.W. Chan, C. Malardier-Jugroot, and M. Jugroot Improving platinum catalyst binding energy to graphene through nitrogen doping Chem Phys Lett 481 4-6 2009 214 219
226. G.K. Gueorguiev, J. Neidhardt, S. Stafström, and L. Hultman First-principles calculations on the role of CN precursors for the formation of fullerene-like carbon nitride Chem Phys Lett 401 1-3 2005 288 295
227. G.K. Gueorguiev, J. Neidhardt, S. Stafström, and L. Hultman First-principles calculations on the curvature evolution and cross-linkage in carbon nitride Chem Phys Lett 410 4-6 2005 228 234
228. E.-Y. Zhang, and C.-R. Wang Fullerene self-assembly and supramolecular nanostructures Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 14 2 2009 148 156
229. S.E. Rodil, and S. Muhl Bonding in amorphous carbon nitride Diamond Relat Mater 13 4-8 2004 1521 1531
230. Y. Mao, H. Duan, B. Xu, L. Zhang, Y. Hu, C. Zhao, and et al. Lithium storage in nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbon materials Energy Environ Sci 5 7 2012 7950
231. F. Cervantes-Sodi, G. Csányi, S. Piscanec, and A. Ferrari Edge-functionalized and substitutionally doped graphene nanoribbons: electronic and spin properties Phys Rev B 77 16 2008 165427
232. A. Ferrari, and J. Robertson Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon Phys Rev B 61 20 2000 14095 14107 Available from: http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v61/i20/p14095-1
233. B. Kleinsorge, A.C. Ferrari, J. Robertson, W.I. Milne, S. Waidmann, and S. Hearne Bonding regimes of nitrogen in amorphous carbon Diamond Relat Mater 9 3-6 2000 643 648
234. W.H. Shin, H.M. Jeong, B.G. Kim, J.K. Kang, and J.W. Choi Nitrogen-doped multiwall carbon nanotubes for lithium storage with extremely high capacity Nano Lett 12 5 2012 2283 2288
235. D. Cai, S. Wang, P. Lian, X. Zhu, D. Li, W. Yang, and et al. Superhigh capacity and rate capability of high-level nitrogen-doped graphene sheets as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries Electrochim Acta 90 2013 492 497
236. H.-G. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Wan, and Q. Duan Exceptional electrochemical performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon for lithium storage Carbon 82 2015 116 123
237. H. Wang, C. Zhang, Z. Liu, L. Wang, P. Han, H. Xu, and et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets with excellent lithium storage properties J Mater Chem 21 14 2011 5430
238. L.G. Bulusheva, A.V. Okotrub, A.G. Kurenya, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, X. Chen, and et al. Electrochemical properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube anode in Li-ion batteries Carbon 49 12 2011 4013 4023
239. Z.-S. Wu, W. Ren, L. Xu, F. Li, and H.-M. Cheng Doped graphene sheets as anode materials with superhigh rate and large capacity for lithium ion batteries ACS Nano 5 7 2011 5463 5471
240. J.H. Lee, W.H. Shin, M.-H. Ryou, J.K. Jin, J. Kim, and J.W. Choi Functionalized graphene for high performance lithium ion capacitors ChemSusChem 5 12 2012 2328 2333
241. D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, M. Seredych, G.Q. Lu, and T.J. Bandosz Combined effect of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups of microporous activated carbon on its electrochemical performance in supercapacitors Adv Funct Mater 19 3 2009 438 447
242. L.-F. Chen, X.-D. Zhang, H.-W. Liang, M. Kong, Q.-F. Guan, P. Chen, and et al. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors ACS Nano 6 8 2012 7092 7102
243. S. Kundu, W. Xia, W. Busser, M. Becker, D.A. Schmidt, M. Havenith, and et al. The formation of nitrogen-containing functional groups on carbon nanotube surfaces: a quantitative XPS and TPD study Phys Chem Chem Phys 12 17 2010 4351
244. F. Su, C.K. Poh, J.S. Chen, G. Xu, D. Wang, Q. Li, and et al. Nitrogen-containing microporous carbon nanospheres with improved capacitive properties Energy Environ Sci 4 3 2011 717
245. S.R. Kelemen, M.L. Gorbaty, and P.J. Kwiatek Quantification of nitrogen forms in argonne premium coals Energy Fuel 8 4 1994 896 906
246. J.R. Pels, F. Kapteijn, J.A. Moulijn, Q. Zhu, and K.M. Thomas Evolution of nitrogen functionalities in carbonaceous materials during pyrolysis Carbon 33 11 1995 1641 1653
247. X. Wang, X. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Yoon, P.K. Weber, H. Wang, and et al. N-doping of graphene through electrothermal reactions with ammonia Science 324 5928 2009 768 771
248. M. Seredych, D. Hulicova-Jurcakova, G.Q. Lu, and T.J. Bandosz Surface functional groups of carbons and the effects of their chemical character, density and accessibility to ions on electrochemical performance Carbon 46 11 2008 1475 1488
249. V. Chandra, S.U. Yu, S.H. Kim, Y.S. Yoon, D.Y. Kim, A.H. Kwon, and et al. Highly selective CO2 capture on N-doped carbon produced by chemical activation of polypyrrole functionalized graphene sheets Chem Commun 48 5 2012 735 737
250. D. Wei, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, L. Huang, and G. Yu Synthesis of N-doped graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties Nano Lett 9 5 2009 1752 1758
251. A.L.M. Reddy, A. Srivastava, S.R. Gowda, H. Gullapalli, M. Dubey, and P.M. Ajayan Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene films for lithium battery application ACS Nano 4 11 2010 6337 6342
252. L. Qu, Y. Liu, J.-B. Baek, and L. Dai Nitrogen-doped graphene as efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in fuel cells ACS Nano 4 3 2010 1321 1326
253. H.M. Jeong, J.W. Lee, W.H. Shin, Y.J. Choi, H.J. Shin, J.K. Kang, and et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene for high-performance ultracapacitors and the importance of nitrogen-doped sites at basal planes Nano Lett 11 6 2011 2472 2477
254. L. Qie, W.M. Chen, Z.H. Wang, Q.G. Shao, X. Li, L.X. Yuan, and et al. Nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofiber webs as anodes for lithium ion batteries with a superhigh capacity and rate capability Adv Mater 24 15 2012 2047 2050 Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201104634/full
255. F. Kapteijn, J.A. Moulijn, S. Matzner, and H.P. Boehm The development of nitrogen functionality in model chars during gasification in CO2 and O2 Carbon 37 7 1999 1143 1150
256. A. Kumar, A. Ganguly, and P. Papakonstantinou Thermal stability study of nitrogen functionalities in a graphene network J Phys Condens Matter 24 23 2012 235503
257. R. Arrigo, M. Hävecker, S. Wrabetz, R. Blume, M. Lerch, J. McGregor, and et al. Tuning the acid/base properties of nanocarbons by functionalization via amination J Am Chem Soc 132 28 2010 9616 9630
258. S.H. Yang, W.H. Shin, J.W. Lee, H.S. Kim, J.K. Kang, and Y.K. Kim Nitrogen-mediated fabrication of transition metal-carbon nanotube hybrid materials Appl Phys Lett 90 1 2007 013103
259. Y. Gogotsi, D. Guldi, R. McCreery, C.-C. Hu, C. Merlet, F. Béguin, and et al. Carbon electrodes for energy storage: general discussion Faraday Discuss Roy Soc Chem 172 2014 239 260
260. Z. Lin, Y. Liu, Y. Yao, O.J. Hildreth, Z. Li, K. Moon, and et al. Superior capacitance of functionalized graphene J Phys Chem C 115 14 2011 7120 7125
261. X. Huang, X. Qi, F. Boey, and H. Zhang Graphene-based composites Chem Soc Rev 41 2 2012 666
262. Y. Sun, Q. Wu, and G. Shi Graphene based new energy materials Energy Environ Sci 4 4 2011 1113 1132
263. Z. Lei, L. Lu, and X.S. Zhao The electrocapacitive properties of graphene oxide reduced by urea Energy Environ Sci 5 4 2012 6391 6399 Available from: http://pubs.rsc.org.ezproxy.lib.umb.edu/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2012/EE/c1ee02478g#!divAbstract
264. Z. Wen, X. Wang, S. Mao, Z. Bo, H. Kim, S. Cui, and et al. Crumpled nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets with ultrahigh pore volume for high-performance supercapacitor Adv Mater 24 41 2012 5610 5616
265. X. Li, H. Wang, J.T. Robinson, H. Sanchez, G. Diankov, and H. Dai Simultaneous nitrogen doping and reduction of graphene oxide J Am Chem Soc 131 43 2009 15939 15944
266. H.-S. Qian, S.-H. Yu, L.-B. Luo, J.-Y. Gong, L.-F. Fei, and X.-M. Liu Synthesis of uniform Te@Carbon-rich composite nanocables with photoluminescence properties and carbonaceous nanofibers by the hydrothermal carbonization of glucose Chem Mater 18 8 2006 2102 2108
267. H.-W. Liang, Q.-F. Guan, L.-F. Chen, Z. Zhu, W.-J. Zhang, and S.-H. Yu Macroscopic-scale template synthesis of robust carbonaceous nanofiber hydrogels and aerogels and their applications 51 21 2012 5101 5105
268. N.D. Kim, W. Kim, J.B. Joo, S. Oh, P. Kim, Y. Kim, and et al. Electrochemical capacitor performance of N-doped mesoporous carbons prepared by ammoxidation J Power Sources 180 1 2008 671 675
269. B. Cao, B. Zhang, X. Jiang, Y. Zhang, and C. Pan Direct synthesis of high concentration N-doped coiled carbon nanofibers from amine flames and its electrochemical properties J Power Sources 196 18 2011 7868 7873
270. L. Zhao, L.-Z. Fan, M.-Q. Zhou, H. Guan, S. Qiao, M. Antonietti, and et al. Nitrogen-containing hydrothermal carbons with superior performance in supercapacitors Adv Mater 22 45 2010 5202 5206
271. X. Yang, D. Wu, X. Chen, and R. Fu Nitrogen-enriched nanocarbons with a 3-D continuous mesopore structure from polyacrylonitrile for supercapacitor application J Phys Chem C 114 18 2010 8581 8586
272. M.-M. Titirici, and M. Antonietti Chemistry and materials options of sustainable carbon materials made by hydrothermal carbonization Chem Soc Rev 39 1 2009 103
273. D. Liu, D. Zheng, L. Wang, D. Qu, Z. Xie, J. Lei, and et al. Enhancement of electrochemical hydrogen insertion in N-doped highly ordered mesoporous carbon J Phys Chem C 118 5 2014 2370 2374
274. Z.Q. Li, C.J. Lu, Z.P. Xia, Y. Zhou, and Z. Luo X-ray diffraction patterns of graphite and turbostratic carbon Carbon 45 8 2007 1686 1695
275. S.E. Stein Thermal reactions and properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Acc Chem Res 24 11 1991 350 356
276. L. Zhang, T. Li, P. Yu, T. Ohsaka, and L. Mao Charge-transfer interaction between melamine and quinones: towards voltammetric determination of melamine Electrochem Commun 26 2013 89 92
277. P.M. Schaber, J. Colson, S. Higgins, D. Thielen, B. Anspach, and J. Brauer Thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) of urea in an open reaction vessel Thermochim Acta 424 1-2 2004 131 142
278. S. Wakeland, R. Martinez, J.K. Grey, and C.C. Luhrs Production of graphene from graphite oxide using urea as expansion-reduction agent Carbon 48 12 2010 3463 3470
279. H.-M. Ju, S.H. Huh, S.-H. Choi, and H.-L. Lee Structures of thermally and chemically reduced graphene Mater Lett 64 3 2010 357 360
280. C. Largeot, C. Portet, J. Chmiola, P.-L. Taberna, Y. Gogotsi, and P. Simon Relation between the ion size and pore size for an electric double-layer capacitor J Am Chem Soc 130 9 2008 2730
281. J. Chmiola, C. Largeot, P.-L. Taberna, P. Simon, and Y. Gogotsi Desolvation of ions in subnanometer pores and its effect on capacitance and double-layer theory Angew Chem Int Edit 120 18 2008 3440 3443 Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.200704894/abstract
282. J. Chmiola, G. Yushin, Y. Gogotsi, C. Portet, and P. Simon Anomalous increase in carbon capacitance at pore sizes less than 1 nanometer Science 313 2006 1760 1763
283. G. Decher Fuzzy nanoassemblies: toward layered polymeric multicomposites Science 277 5330 1997 1232 1237
284. T. Le Gall, K.H. Reiman, M.C. Grossel, and J.R. Owen Poly(2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone-3,6-methylene): a new organic polymer as positive electrode material for rechargeable lithium batteries J Power Sources 119-121 2003 316 320
285. H. Chen, M. Armand, G. Demailly, F. Dolhem, P. Poizot, and J.-M. Tarascon From biomass to a renewable LiXC6O6 organic electrode for sustainable Li-ion batteries ChemSusChem 1 4 2008 348 355
286. H. Chen, M. Armand, M. Courty, M. Jiang, C.P. Grey, F. Dolhem, and et al. Lithium salt of tetrahydroxybenzoquinone: toward the development of a sustainable Li-ion battery J Am Chem Soc 131 25 2009 8984 8988
287. T. Hu, X. Sun, H. Sun, G. Xin, D. Shao, C. Liu, and et al. Rapid synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene for a lithium ion battery anode with excellent rate performance and super-long cyclic stability Phys Chem Chem Phys 16 3 2013 1060
288. X. Gu, J. Yue, L. Chen, S. Liu, H. Xu, J. Yang, and et al. Coaxial MnO/N-doped carbon nanorods for advanced lithium-ion battery anodes J Mater Chem A 3 3 2014 1037 1041
289. Z. Zhu, S. Wang, J. Du, Q. Jin, T. Zhang, F. Cheng, and et al. Ultrasmall Sn nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped porous carbon as high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries Nano Lett 14 1 2014 153 157
290. D. Chen, G. Ji, B. Ding, Y. Ma, B. Qu, W. Chen, and et al. In situ nitrogenated graphene - few-layer WS2 composites for fast and reversible Li+ storage Nanoscale 5 17 2013 7890
291. Y. Chen, X. Li, K. Park, J. Song, J. Hong, L. Zhou, and et al. Hollow carbon-nanotube/carbon-nanofiber hybrid anodes for Li-ion batteries J Am Chem Soc 135 44 2013 16280 16283
292. Y.J. Cho, H.S. Kim, H. Im, Y. Myung, G.B. Jung, C.W. Lee, and et al. Nitrogen-doped graphitic layers deposited on silicon nanowires for efficient lithium-ion battery anodes J Phys Chem C 115 19 2011 9451 9457
293. Z.-L. Wang, D. Xu, H.-G. Wang, Z. Wu, and X.-B. Zhang In situ fabrication of porous graphene electrodes for high-performance energy storage ACS Nano 7 3 2013 2422 2430
294. X. Li, J. Liu, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, H. Liu, X. Meng, and et al. High concentration nitrogen doped carbon nanotube anodes with superior Li+ storage performance for lithium rechargeable battery application J Power Sources 197 2012 238 245
295. Z. Wang, X. Xiong, L. Qie, and Y. Huang High-performance lithium storage in nitrogen-enriched carbon nanofiber webs derived from polypyrrole Electrochim Acta 106 2013 320 326
296. K. Zhang, P. Han, L. Gu, L. Zhang, Z. Liu, Q. Kong, and et al. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped MnO/graphene nanosheets hybrid material for lithium ion batteries ACS Appl Mater Int 4 2 2012 658 664
297. H.-C. Tao, X.-L. Yang, L.-L. Zhang, and S.-B. Ni One-step synthesis of nickel sulfide/N-doped graphene composite as anode materials for lithium ion batteries J Electroanal Chem 739 2015 36 42
298. M. Nakamura, M. Nakanishi, and K. Yamamoto Influence of physical properties of activated carbons on characteristics of electric double-layer capacitors J Power Sources 60 2 1996 225 231
299. C.-H. Kim, and S.-I. Pyun Activated carbons as electrode materials in electric double-layer capacitors J Korean Ceram Soc 40 9 2003 819 826
300. E. Frackowiak, and F. Béguin Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors Carbon 39 6 2001 937 950
301. C. Yin, M.K. Aroua, and W. Daud Review of modifications of activated carbon for enhancing contaminant uptakes from aqueous solutions Sep Purif Technol 52 3 2007 403 415
302. L. Li, P.A. Quinlivan, and D.R. Knappe Effects of activated carbon surface chemistry and pore structure on the adsorption of organic contaminants from aqueous solution Carbon 40 12 2002 2085 2100
303. R.C.B.A.M. Goyal Activated carbon adsorption 2007 CRC Press 487p.
304. H. Marsh, and F. Rodriguez-Reinoso Ch 8: Applicability of activated carbon. Activated carbon 1st ed. 2006 Elsevier Science & Technology Books p. 383-453
305. A. Stein, Z. Wang, and M.A. Fierke Functionalization of porous carbon materials with designed pore architecture Adv Mater 21 3 2009 265 293
306. K. Balasubramanian, and M. Burghard Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes Small 1 2 2005 180 192
307. Shen W, Li Z, Liu Y. Surface chemical functional groups modification of porous carbon. Recent Patents on Chem Eng Int. 2008;1(1):27-40.
308. Q. Pan, H. Wang, and Y. Jiang Natural graphite modified with nitrophenyl multilayers as anode materials for lithium ion batteries J Mater Chem 17 4 2007 329
309. Q. Pan, H. Wang, and Y. Jiang Covalent modification of natural graphite with lithium benzoate multilayers via diazonium chemistry and their application in lithium ion batteries Electrochem Commun 9 4 2007 754 760
310. E. Frackowiak, and F. Béguin Electrochemical storage of energy in carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbons Carbon 40 10 2002 1775 1787
311. D. Yoon, K.Y. Chung, W. Chang, S.M. Kim, M.J. Lee, Z. Lee, and et al. Hydrogen-enriched reduced graphene oxide with enhanced electrochemical performance in lithium ion batteries Chem Mater 2014 141215145811007
312. W. Xing, and J.R. Dahn Study of irreversible capacities for li insertion in hard and graphitic carbons J Electrochem Soc 144 4 1997 1195 1201 Available from: http://jes.ecsdl.org/cgi/doi/10.1149/1.1837572
313. E. Peled, C. Menachem, D.B. Tow, and A. Melman Improved graphite anode for lithium-ion batteries chemically bonded solid electrolyte interface and nanochannel formation J Electrochem Soc 143 1 1996 L4 L7
314. E. Frackowiak, S. Gautier, H. Gaucher, S. Bonnamy, and F. Béguin Electrochemical storage of lithium in multiwalled carbon nanotubes Carbon 37 1 1999 61 69
315. W. Lu, and D.D.L. Chung Anodic performance of vapor-derived carbon filaments in lithium-ion secondary battery Carbon 39 4 2001 493 496
316. E. Buiel, and J.R. Dahn Reduction of the irreversible capacity in hard-carbon anode materials prepared from sucrose for Li-ion batteries J Electrochem Soc 145 6 1998 1977 1981
317. M.E. Spahr, T. Palladino, H. Wilhelm, A. Würsig, D. Goers, H. Buqa, and et al. Exfoliation of graphite during electrochemical lithium insertion in ethylene carbonate-containing electrolytes J Electrochem Soc 151 9 2004 A1383 A1395 Available from: http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/151/9/A1383.abstract
318. M.E. Spahr, H. Buqa, A. Würsig, D. Goers, L. Hardwick, P. Novák, and et al. Surface reactivity of graphite materials and their surface passivation during the first electrochemical lithium insertion J Power Sources 153 2 2006 300 311
319. E. Ventosa, W. Xia, S. Klink, F. La Mantia, M. Muhler, and W. Schuhmann Influence of surface functional groups on lithium ion intercalation of carbon cloth Electrochim Acta 65 2012 22 29
320. Z. Wang, L. Qie, L. Yuan, W. Zhang, X. Hu, and Y. Huang Functionalized N-doped interconnected carbon nanofibers as an anode material for sodium-ion storage with excellent performance Carbon 55 2013 328 334
321. G. Lota, K. Fic, and E. Frackowiak Carbon nanotubes and their composites in electrochemical applications Energy Environ Sci 4 5 2011 1592 1605 Available from: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EE/c0ee00470g#!divAbstract
322. V. Palomares, M. Casas-Cabanas, E. Castillo-Martínez, M.H. Han, and T. Rojo Update on Na-based battery materials. A growing research path Energy Environ Sci 6 8 2013 2312 2337 Available from: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/ee/c3ee41031e#!divAbstract