Strengthening nuclear security against terrorists and thieves through better training

Nonproliferation Review

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 137-149

  Bunn, George ^a   Steinhausler, Fritz ^b   Zaitseva, Lyudmila ^c  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

^c STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937344271     PISSN: 10736700     EISSN: 17461766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10736700108436869     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Kevin J. Harrington Physical Protection of Civilian Fissile Material: National Comparisons (Albuquerque, NM:SandiaNational Laboratories, 1999), pp.4, 64-66.
2. George Bunn, “Raising International Standards for Protecting Nuclear Materials from Theft and Sabotage,” Nonproliferation Review 7 (Summer 2000), p. 146.
3. George Bunn, Fritz Steinhausler and Lyudmila Zaitseva, “Strengthening Global Practices for Protecting Nuclear Material from Theft and Sabotage,” Proceedings of 42nd Annual Meeting of the Institute for Nuclear Materials Management, Indian Wells, CA, July 15-19,2001.
4. Bonnie D. Jenkins, “Establishing International Standards for Physical Protection ofNuclear Material,” Nonproliferation Review 5 (Spring-Summer 1998), pp. 98,102.
5. George Bunn, “Raising International Standards,” p. 149.
6. George Bunn and Fritz Steinhausler, “Guarding Nuclear ‘Reactors and Material from Terrorists and Thieves,” Arms Control Today 31 (October 2001), pp. 8-9.
7. U.S. General Accounting Office, Nuclear Proliferation: Security of Russia s Nuclear Material Improving: Further Enhancements Needed, GAO- 01-312, February 2001; Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, U.S. Department of Energy, A Report Card on the Department of Energy s Non-Proliferation Programs with Russia, January 10,2001, < http://www.hr.doe.gov/SEAB/>.
8. “Special Report: Assessing U.S. Nonproliferation Assistance to the NIS,” Nonproliferation Reviewl (Spring 2000), pp.55-125.
9. Oleg Bukharin, Matthew Bunn, and Kenneth Luongo, Reviewing the Partnership: Recommendations for Accelerated Action to Secure Nuclear Material in the Former Soviet Union (Princeton, NJ: Russian American Nuclear Security Advisory Council, 2000).
10. IAEA Secretariat, “Bilateral Physical Protection Support,” Secretariat Paper No. 15 for Working Group of Expert Meeting on Whether to Revise the Convention on Physical Protection ofNuclear Material, Vienna, Austria, November 2000.
11. J. Carson Mark, Theodore Taylor, Eugene Eyster, William Maraman, and Jacob Wechsler, “Can Terrorists Build Nuclear Weapons?” in Paul Levanthal and Yonah Alexander, eds., Preventing Nuclear Terrorism (levathsm, MD: Lexington Books, 1987), pp 55-65.
12. U.S. Department of Energy, Nonproliferation and Arms Control Assessment ofWeapons-Usahle Material Storage and Excess Plutonium Alternatives (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, 1997), pp. 35-39.
13. “U.S. Indictment: ‘Detonated an Explosive Device,” New York Times, November 5,1998, p. A-9.
14. Benjamin Weiser, “U.S. Says Bin Laden Aide Tried to Get Nuclear Weapons,” New York Times, September 26,1998, p. A3.
15. “Responsibility for the Terrorist Atrocities in the United States, 11 September 2001,” New York Times October 5,2001, p. B-4.
16. Jessica Stem, The Ultimate Terrorists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp.28-29.
17. C.W. Forsberg, C.M. Hopper, J.L. Richter, and H.C. Vantine, “Definition of Weapons-Usable Uranium-233,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1998, p. 7. While focused on U-233, this paper states that uranium that is 20% or more enriched in U-235 is weapons-usable.
18. David Albright and Lauren Barbour, “Separated Inventories of Civil Plutonium Continue to Grow,” ISIS Plutonium Watch (Washington: Institute for Science and International Security, 1999), pp. 2-3.
19. Arjun Makhijani, “A Global Truth Commission on Health and Environmental Damage from Nuclear Weapons Production,” Science for Democratic Action (Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Newsletter), February 9, 2001.
20. “More Wreck Than Reactor,” FinancialTimes, August 21,1999, p. 8.
21. Eric van Staten, “Two Strangers Were Caught with False Identities,” De 7e/egraa/(Amsterdam), September 28,2001.
22. Peter Dyck and Martin J. Crijns, “Management of Spent Fuel at Nuclear Power Plants,” IAEA Bulletin. 40 (March 1998),
23. Samuel Glasstone and Philip Dolan, The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (Washington, DC: U.S. Departmentof Defense, 1977);.
24. J. Carson Mark, “Nuclear Weapons: Characteristics and Capabilities,” in Ruth Adams and Susan Cullen, eds., The Final Epidemic: Physicians and Scientists on Nuclear War, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
25. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Staff report to NRC on the results of a 1984 Sandia National Laboratories study. See NRC Weekly Information Report to NRC Commissioners, April 20,1984, enclosure E, p. 3.
26. Sandia National Laboratories, “Investigation of Truck Bombs Threats at Nuclear Facilities,” unpublished report, 1984. See also Sandia National Laboratories, Summary Report of Workshop on Sabotage Protection in Nuclear Power Plant Design, SAND76-0637, UNREG-0144 (1977).
27. the website of the Three Mile Island Alert Security Committee, .
28. Sandia National Laboratories, Summary Report of Workshop on Sabotage Protection, pp. 18,28.
29. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Supplement to Draft Environmental Statement, San Onofre Units 2 and3, NUREG-0490 (1981), explained in Daniel Hirsch, “The Truck Bomb and Insider Threats to Nuclear Facilities,” in Paul Leventhal and Yonah Alexander, Preventing Nuclear Terrorism (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1987), pp. 205,215-16.
30. William J. Cole, “Global Atomic Agency Confesses Little Can Be Done to Fix Nuclear Plants,” Associated Press, September 19,2001.
31. Peter Behr, “Security of Nuclear Power Plants under Review,” Washington Post, Sept. 26,3001, p. A8.
32. Marc Schogol, “Security at Nuclear Plants Gets Another Look,” Philadelphia Inquirer, October 9,2001.
33. SandiaNational Laboratories, Summary Report of Workshop on Sabotage Protection, pp. 29,31.
34. Paul Choinere, “Officials Taking a Second Look at Vulnerability ofNuke Plants,” The Day (New London, Connecticut), September 19,2001.
35. Lyudmila Zaitseva, “Reaction of Nuclear Regulatory Authorities to Airborne Terrorist Attacks: An International Overview,” Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation, unpublished working paper summarizing foreign press reports, October 1,2001, p. 7.
36. Xavier Coeytaux, Yacine Faid, Yves Marignac and Mycle Schneider, “La Hague Particularly Exposed to Plane Crash Risk,” Wise Paris, September 26, 2001, p.5, .
37. Rob Edwards, “This Week: The Nightmare Scenario,” New Scientist, October 13,2001, p. 10.
38. Oleg Bukaharin, “Problems ofNucIear Terrorism,” The Monitor: Nonproliferation, Demilitarization and Arms Control (Spring 1997), p.8 (summary of a longer report for the Congressional Research Service).
39. Oleg Bukharin, “Upgrading Security at Nuclear Power Plants in the Newly Independent States”, Nonproliferation Review 4 (Wnter 1997), p. 28.
40. Three Mile Island Alert Security Committee, .
41. INFCIRC/225/Rev.4, par. 7.1.1., .
42. MoscowNuclear Summit of April 1996, INFCIRC/509, .
43. See IAEA General Conference, September 20 2001, Resolution GC(45)/L.8, .
44. IAEA, Secretariat Paper No. 9 for Working Group, IAEA Physical Protection Training Programme (2000).
45. Security of Material Programme, Plan of Activities, p.3, Attachment to Gov/ 2001/37-GC(45y20),
46. William C. Potter and Fred L. Wehling, “Sustainability: A Vital Component ofNuclear.
47. William C. Potter and Fred L. Wehling, “Sustainability,” pp. 180,184-85.
48. William C. Potter and Fred L. Wehling “Sustainability,” pp. 180,184-85.
49. Igor Khripunov, Masha Katsva, and Terrell Austin, “Working Towards a Security Culture in Russia: The Human Factor in MPC&A,” The Monitor. International Perspectives on Nonproliferation 7 (Spring 2001), pp. 10,12.
50. James Blankenship, Center ofExcellence for Physical Protection Systems, (Albuquerque: SandiaNational Laboratories, 2001), p. 3.
51. Arian Pregenzer, Interview by authors, SandiaNational Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, May 23,2001.
52. Arian Pregenzer, Interview by authors, SandiaNational Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, May 23,2001.
53. William C. Potter and Fred L. Wehling, “Sustainability,” pp. 184-87.
54. William C. Potter and Fred L. Wehling, “Sustainability,”, p.185.
55. See IAEA Secretariat, Paper No. 9, “IAEA Physical Protection Training Programme,” pp. 5-6.
56. Mark Soo Hoo, “Presentation to Meeting at Stanford University, March 2001,” quoted in George Bunn, “Summary of Coordination Meeting: Training in Physical Protection ofNuclear Material,” Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford, CA, March 2001, pp. 5-7.
57. Irina Koupriyanova, “Russian Perspectives on Insider Threats,” Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting, Institute ofNuclear Materials Management, Phoenix, Arizona, July25-29,1999.
58. Fora discussion of IPPAS, see “Guidelines for IAEA International Physical Protection Advisory Service (IPPAS),” IAEA Service Series No. 3, February 1999, .