European union democracy promotion policies: Ten years on

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 355-373

  Youngs, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84937341375     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1012424101504     Document Type: Review

References (25)

1. See G. R. Olsen, 'The Promotion of Democracy as a Foreign Policy Instrument of “Europe”: Limits to International Idealism', 7/2 Democratization (2000) pp. 160-2.
2. More empirical information on EU responses to particular countries is given in R. Youngs, Assessing Democracy Promotion: The Case of European Strategy (Brussels, Centre for European Policy Studies, 2001).
3. G. Pridham, 'The European Union, Democratic Conditionality and Transnational Party Linkages: The Case of Eastern Europe' in J. Grugel (ed.), Democracy Without Borders: Transnationalization and Conditionalities in New Democracies (London, Routledge, 1999), p. 68.
4. H. Vedrine and D. Moisi, Les Cartes de la France a l'heure de la mondialisation (Paris, Fayard, 2000), chapter 6.
5. The following account of EU democracy assistance relies primarily on interview material, although some official documents also give flavour of the basic conceptual approach pursued: DfID Making Good Government Work for the Poor, Consultation Document, June, 2000;
6. German Development Ministry (BMZ) Promotion of Democracy in Development Cooperation (Basis-Info 22, 1998);
7. more comprehensively, Danish Foreign Ministry Evaluation: Danish Support to Promotion of Human Rights and Democratisation, Volume 1, Synthesis Report, 1999/11.
8. For a general overview of projects funded, see Commission of the European Communities Compendium of the European Initiative on Democracy and Human Rights (Brussels, Commission, 2000).
9. For an account of American democracy assistance, see T. Carothers, Aiding Democracy: The Learning Curve (Washington, Carnegie Endowment, 1999). Carothers charts how US work has gradually incorporated a more bottom-up focus, but still includes a significant focus on top-down work.
10. For example, G. Crawford, 'European Union Development Co-operation and the Promotion of Democracy' in P. Burnell (ed.), Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization (London, Frank Cass, 2000);
11. H. Smith 'Why is there no International Democratic Theory?' in H. Smith (ed.) Democracy and International Relations (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2000).
12. See Commission of the European Communities Report on the Implementation of Measures Intended to Promote the Observance of Human Rights and Democratic Principles in External Relations 1996- 99 (Brussels, Commission, 2000) for this breakdown of spending.
13. A more in-depth study of EU democracy promotion policies in the Mediterranean and East Asia can be found in R. Youngs, The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy: Europe's Mediterranean and Asian Policies (Oxford University Press, forthcoming).
14. Commission of the European Communities, Evaluation of the Phare andTacis Democracy Programme 1992- 7: Final Report (Brussels, Commission, 1997) p. 42;
15. A.Cox and J. Chapman, Les Programmes de Coopération Extérieure de la Communauté Europeéne (Commission and London, ODI, 1999), p. 33.
16. K. Quigley, 'For Democracy's Sake: How Funders Fail - And Succeed', 13/1 World Policy Journal (1996), pp. 109-18.
17. For an overview of the work of the German foundations, see S. Mair, 'Germany's Siftungen and Democracy Assistance: Comparative Advantages, New Challenges', in Burnell, Democracy Assistance.
18. D. Chandler, 'Democratization in Bosnia: The Limits of Civil Society Building Strategies', 5/4 Democratization (1998), pp. 78-102.
19. See M. Assenburg and V. Perthes (eds), The European Union and the Palestinian Authority: Recommendations for a New Policy (Ebenhausen, Siftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 1998).
20. A. Mayhew, 'The European Union's Policy Towards Central and Eastern Europe: Design or Drift?' in C. Rhodes (ed.), The European Union in the World Community (Colorado, Lynne Rienner, 1998).
21. M. Smith and S. Woolcock, 'European Commercial Policy: A Leadership Role in the New Millennium?', (1999) 4 EFA Rev, pp. 419-62.
22. A. Junneman, 'From the Bottom to the Top: Civil Society and Transnational NGOs in the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership' in R. Gillespie and R. Youngs (eds), The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy: The Case of North Africa (Special edition of Democratization, forthcoming).
23. International IDEA Dialogue for Democratic Development (Stockholm, International IDEA, 1998).
24. L. Whitehead, 'Bowling in the Bronx: The Uncivil Interstices between Civil and Political Society' in R. Fine and S. Rai (eds), Civil Society: Democratic Perspectives (London, Frank Cass, 1997);
25. L. Diamond, 'Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors, Instruments and Issues' in A. Haddenius (ed.), Democracy's Victory and Crisis (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 342.