The symbol digit modalities test: Normative data from a large nationally representative sample of Australians

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology

Volumn 29, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 767-775

  Kiely, Kim M ^a   Butterworth, Peter ^a   Watson, Nicole ^b   Wooden, Mark ^b  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Aging; Assessment; Norms; Processing speed; Symbol Digit Modalities Test

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AUSTRALIA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REFERENCE VALUE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AUSTRALIA; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REFERENCE VALUES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84937220330     PISSN: 08876177     EISSN: 18735843     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acu055     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Agranovich, A. V., Panter, A. T., Puente, A. E., & Touradji, P. (2011). The culture of time in neuropsychological assessment: Exploring the effects of culture specific time attitudes on timed test performance in Russian and American samples. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17 (4), 692-701.
2. Bielak, A. A., Anstey, K. J., Christensen, H., & Windsor, T. D. (2012). Activity engagement is related to level, but not change in cognitive ability across adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 27 (1), 219-228.
3. Gonzalez, H. M., Whitfield, K. E., West, B. T., Williams, D. R., Lichtenberg, P. A., & Jackson, J. S. (2007). Modified-Symbol Digit Modalities Test for African Americans, Caribbean Black Americans, and non-Latino Whites: Nationally representative normative data from the National Survey of American Life. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22 (5), 605-613.
4. Jorm, A. F., Anstey, K. J., Christensen, H., & Rodgers, B. (2004). Gender differences in cognitive abilities: The mediating role of health state and health habits. Intelligence, 32 (1), 7-23.
5. Kennepohl, S., Shore, D., Nabors, N., & Hanks, R. (2004). African American acculturation and neuropsychological test performance following traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10 (4), 566-577.
6. Kiely, K. M., Luszcz, M. A., Piguet, O., Christensen, H., Bennett, H., & Anstey, K. J. (2011). Functional equivalence of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) and Schonell reading tests and NART norms in the Dynamic Analyses to Optimise Ageing (DYNOPTA) project. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33 (4), 410-421.
7. Lezak, M. D. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
8. MacDonald, S. W. S., Hultsch, D. F., Strauss, E., & Dixon, R. A. (2003). Age-related slowing of digit symbol substitution revisited: What do longitudinal age changes reflect? Journals of Gerontology B Psychological Sciences, 58 (3), P187-P194.
9. O'Bryant, S. E., Humphreys, J. D., Bauer, L., McCaffrey, R. J., & Hilsabeck, R. C. (2007). The influence of ethnicity on Symbol Digit Modalities Test performance: An analysis of a multi-ethnic college and hepatitis C patient sample. Applied Neuropsychology, 14 (3), 183-188.
10. Pena-Casanova, J., Quinones-Ubeda, S., Quintana-Aparicio, M., Aguilar, M., Badenes, D., Molinuevo, J. L., et al. (2009). Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for verbal span, visuospatial span, letter and number sequencing, Trail Making Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24 (4), 321-341.
11. Roivainen, E. (2010). European and American WAIS III norms: Cross-national differences in performance subtest scores. Intelligence, 38 (1), 187-192.
12. Sacktor, N., Skolasky, R. L., Cox, C., Selnes, O., Becker, J.T., Cohen, B., et al. (2010). Longitudinal psychomotor speed performance in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive individuals: Impact of age and serostatus. Journal of Neurovirology, 16 (5), 335-341.
13. Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103 (3), 403-428.
14. Salthouse, T. A. (2000). Aging and measures of processing speed. Biological Psychology, 54 (1-3), 35-54.
15. Sheridan, L. K., Fitzgerald, H. E., Adams, K. M., Nigg, J. T., Martel, M. M., Puttler, L. I., et al. (2006). Normative Symbol Digit Modalities Test performance in a community-based sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21 (1), 23-28.
16. Sliwinski, M., & Buschke, H. (1999). Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships among age, cognition, and processing speed. Psychology and Aging, 14 (1), 18-33.
17. Smith, A. (2007). Symbol Digits Modalities Test: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
18. Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Uchiyama, C. L., D' Elia, L. F., Delinger, A. M., Selnes, O. A., Becker, J.T., Wesch, J. E., et al. (1994). Longitudinal comparison of alternate versions of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Issues of form comparability and moderating demographic variables. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 8, 209-218.
20. Van der Elst, W., Dekker, S., Hurks, P., & Jolles, J. (2012). The Letter Digit Substitution Test: Demographic influences and regression-based normative data for school-aged children. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27 (4), 433-439.
21. Wang, Q., Sun, J., Ma, X., Wang, Y., Yao, J., Deng, W., et al. (2011).Normative data on a battery of neuropsychological tests in the Han Chinese population. Journal of Neuropsychology, 5 (1), 126-142.
22. Watson, N., & Wooden, M. (2012). The HILDA survey: A case study in the design and development of a successful household panel study. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 3 (3), 369-381.
23. Western Pyschological Services (WPS). (2014). Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) | WPS. Retrieved September 3, 2014, from http://www.wpspublish.com/store/p/2955/symbol-digit-modalities-test-sdmt.
24. Yeudall, L. T., Fromm, D., Reddon, J. R., & Stefanyk, W. O. (1986). Normative data stratified by age and sex for 12 neuropsychological tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42 (6), 918-946.