The hard-knock life? Whites claim hardships in response to racial inequity

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 61, Issue , 2015, Pages 12-18

  Phillips, L Taylor ^a   Lowery, Brian S ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Hierarchy; Inequality inequity; Intergroup processes relations; Privilege advantage; Race ethnicity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84936972653     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.008     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Baker P., Fausset R. Obama, at Selma memorial says 'We know the march is not yet over'. The New York Times 2015, (March 7th).
2. Bleich S., Jarlenski M.P., Bell C.N., LaVeist T.A. Health inequalities: Trends, progress, and policy. Annual Review of Public Health 2012, 33:7-40.
3. Blow C.M. Bill O'Reilly and White privilege. New York Times 2014, (Aug 27th).
4. Branscombe N.R. Thinking about one's gender group's privileges or disadvantages: Consequences for well-being in women and men. British Journal of Social Psychology 1998, 37:167-184.
5. Bryan C.J., Dweck C.S., Ross L., Kay A.C., Mislavsky N.O. Political mindset: Effects of schema priming on liberal-conservative political assessments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2009, 45:890-895.
6. Cohen G.L., Aronson J., Steele C.M. When beliefs yield to evidence: Reducing biased evaluation by affirming the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2000, 26:1151-1164.
7. Cohen G.L., Sherman D.K. The psychology of change: Self-affirmation and social psychological intervention. Annual Review of Psychology 2014, 65:333-371.
8. Critcher C.R., Dunning D. Self-affirmations provide a broader perspective on self-threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2015, 41:3-18.
9. Critcher C.R., Dunning D., Armor D.A. When self-affirmations reduce defensiveness: Timing is key. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2010, 36:947-959.
10. Crosby F. The denial of personal discrimination. American Behavioral Scientist 1984, 27:371-386.
11. Cummins R.A., Nistico H. Maintaining life satisfaction: The role of positive cognitive bias. Journal of Happiness Studies 2002, 3:37-69.
12. Feather N.T. An attributional and value analysis of deservingness in success and failure situations. British Journal of Social Psychology 1992, 31:125-145.
13. Hao L. The Black-White gaps in earning potentials: Recent cohort trends in the United States. National Poverty Center Working Paper Series 2011.
14. Hayes A.F. Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs 2009, 76:408-420.
15. Hayes A.F. An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach 2013, Guilford Press, New York.
16. Kenny D.A., Judd C.M. Power anomalies in testing mediation. Psychological Science 2014, 25:334-339.
17. Kline T.J., Dunn B. Analysis of interaction terms in structural equation models: A non-technical demonstration using the deviation score approach. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 2000, 32:127-132.
18. Knowles E.D., Lowery B.S. Meritocracy, self-concerns, and Whites' denial of racial inequity. Self and Identity 2012, 11:202-222.
19. Kunda Z. The case of motivated reasoning. Psychology Bulletin 1990, 108:480-498.
20. Leach C.W., Iyer A., Pedersen A. Anger and guilt about in-group advantage explain the willingness for political action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2006, 32:1232-1245.
21. Lomax R.G. A guide to multiple-sample structural equation modeling. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation 1983, 15:580-584.
22. Lowery B.S., Chow R.M., Knowles E.D., Unzueta M.M. Paying for positive group-image: How perceptions of inequity affect responses to redistributive social policies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2012, 102:323-336.
23. Lowery B.S., Knowles E.D., Unzueta M.M. Framing inequity safely: The motivated denial of White privilege. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2007, 33:1237-1250.
24. McIntosh P. White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. Peace and Freedom 1989, (July/August: 10-12).
25. Mustard D.B. Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in sentencing: Evidence from the US federal courts. Journal of Law and Economics 2001, 44:285-314.
26. Neale M.C., Hunter M.D., Pritikin J.N., Zahery M., Brick T.R., Kickpatrick R.M., et al. OpenMx 2.0: Extended structural equation and statistical modeling. Psychometrika 2015, 10.1007/s11336-014-9435-8.
27. New York Times Racism in the Age of Obama Room for Debate, November 20th. http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/11/20/racism-in-the-age-of-obama.
28. Noah T. The great divergence: America's growing inequality crisis and what we can do about it 2012, Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
29. Norton M.I., Sommers S.R. Whites see racism as a zero-sum game that they are now losing. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2011, 6:215-218.
30. Porter E. A chance to tackle inequality. The New York Times 2012, (November 20th).
31. Robertson C., Dewan S., Apuzzo M. Ferguson became symbol, but bias knows no border. The New York Times 2015, (March 7th).
32. Rosette A.S., Tost L.P. Perceiving social inequity when subordinate-group positioning on one dimension of social hierarchy enhances privilege recognition on another. Psychological Science 2013, 24:1420-1427.
33. Rumberger R. Education and the reproduction of social inequality in the United States: An empirical investigation. Economics of Education Review 2010, 29:246-254.
34. Santora M., Fisher G. At Princeton, privilege is: (a) Commonplace, (b) misunderstood or (c), frowned upon. The New York Times 2014, (May 2nd).
35. Savani K., Rattan A. A choice mind-set increases the acceptance and maintenance of wealth inequality. Psychological Science 2012, 23:796-804.
36. Sherman D.K., Cohen G.L. The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory. Advances in Experimental SocialPpsychology 2006, Vol. 38:183-242. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
37. Smedley B.D., Stith A.Y., Nelson A.R. Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care 2003, Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
38. Spencer K. At New York private schools, challenging White privilege from the inside. The New York Times 2015, (February 20th).
39. Steele C.M. The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in experimental social psychology 1988, Vol. 21:261-302. Academic Press, New York, NY.
40. Sullivan D., Landau M., Branscombe N., Rothschild Z. Competitive victimhood as a response to accusations of in-group harm doing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2012, 102:778-795.
41. Swim J.K., Miller D. White guilt: Its correlates and relationship to attitudes about affirmative action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1999, 25:500-514.
42. Taylor D.M., Wright S.C., Moghaddam F.M., Lalonde R.N. The personal/group discrimination discrepancy perceiving my group, but not myself, to be a target for discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1990, 16:254-262.
43. Thomas H., Meschede T., Mann A., Boguslaw J., Shapiro T. The web of wealth: Resiliency and opportunity or driver of inequality?. In: Leveraging Mobility Series, No. 4., Institute on Assests and Social Policy 2014, (July).
44. Wilkins C.L., Kaiser C.R. Racial progress as threat to the status hierarchy implications for perceptions of anti-White bias. Psychological Science 2014, 25:439-446.
45. Wong M.D., Shapiro M.F., Boscardin W.J., Ettner S.L. Contribution of major diseases to disparities in mortality. New England Journal of Medicine 2002, 347:1585-1592.