The role of early-life educational quality and literacy in explaining racial disparities in cognition in late life

Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 557-567

  Sisco, Shannon ^a   Gross, Alden L ^b,c   Shih, Regina A ^d   Sachs, Bonnie C ^e   Glymour, M Maria ^f,g   Bangen, Katherine J ^h   Benitez, Andreana ⁱ   Skinner, Jeannine ^j   Schneider, Brooke C ^k   Manly, Jennifer J ^l  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

^e VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

ⁱ MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^k VA GREATER LOS ANGELES HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^l NONE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Cognition; Life events and contexts; Minority and diverse populations

Indexed keywords

AGED; AGING; COGNITION; ETHNOLOGY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HEALTH DISPARITY; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY; PHYSIOLOGY; READING; SCHOOL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES; VERY ELDERLY; WRITING;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; COGNITION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MEMORY; NEW YORK CITY; READING; SCHOOLS; WRITING;

EID: 84936805782     PISSN: 10795014     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbt133     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Albert, M. (1995). How does education affect cognitive function Annals of Epidemiology, 5, 76-78. doi:10.1016/1047-2797(94)00044-T
2. Alley, D., Suthers, K., Crimmins, E. (2007) Education and cognitive decline in older Americans: Results from the AHEAD sample. Research on Aging, 29, 73-94. doi:10.1177/0164027506294245
3. Atkinson, H. H., Cesari, M., Kritchevsky, S. B., Penninx, B. W., Fried, L. P., Guralnik, J. M., Williamson, J. D. (2005). Predictors of combined cognitive and physical decline. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 1197-1202. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53362.x
4. Barnard, J., Meng, X. L. (1999). Applications of multiple imputation in medical studies: From AIDS to NHANES. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8, 17-36. doi:10.1191/096228099666230705
5. Barnes, C. A. (1983). Journey from Jim Crow: The desegregation of Southern transit. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
6. Barnes, L. L., Wilson, R. S., Li, Y., Aggarwal, N. T., Gilley, D. W., McCann, J. J., Evans, D. A. (2005). Racial differences in the progression of cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 959-967. PMID: 16286439
7. Barnes, L. L., Wilson, R. S., Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., Evans, D. A., de Leon, C. F. M. (2011). Racial differences in the association of education with physical and cognitive function in older blacks and whites. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66, 354-363. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr016
8. Berkman, L. F., Glymour, M. M. (2006). How society shapes aging: The centrality of variability. Daedalus, 135, 105-114. doi:10.1162/001152606775321103
9. Blazer, D. G., Hays, J. C., Fillenbaum, G. G., Gold, D. T. (1997). Memory complaint as a predictor of cognitive decline: A comparison of African American and White Elders. Journal of Aging and Health, 9, 171-184. doi:10.1177/089826439700900202
10. Buschke, H., Fuld, P. A. (1974). Evaluating storage, retention, and retrieval in disordered memory and learning. Neurology, 24, 1019-1025. PMID: 4473151
11. D'Elia, L. F., Satz, P., Uchiyama, C. L., White, T. (1999). Color Trail Making Test. Lutz, FL: Psychological assessment resources.
12. Del Ser, T., Hachinsky, V., Merskey, H., Munoz, D. G. (1999). An autopsy-verified study of the effect of education on dementia. Brain, 122, 2309-2319. doi:10.1093/brain/122.12.2309
13. Dotson, V. M., Kitner-Triolo, M. H., Evans, M. K., Zonderman, A. B. (2009). Effects of race and socioeconomic status on the relative influence of education and literacy on cognitive functioning. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 580-589. doi:10.1017/S1355617709090821
14. Early, D. R., Widaman, K. F., Harvey, D., Beckett, L., Quitania Park, L., Tomaszewski Farias, S., Mungas, D. (2013). Demographic predictors of cognitive changes in ethnically diverse older persons. Psychology and Aging, 28, 633-645. doi:10.1037/a0031645
15. Ferraro, K. F., Shippee, T. P. (2009). Aging and cumulative inequality: How does inequality get under the skin The Gerontologist, 49, 333-343. doi:10.1093/geront/gnp034
16. Fillenbaum, G. G., Heyman, A., Huber, M. S., Ganguli, M., Unverzagt, F. W. (2001). Performance of elderly African American and White community residents on the CERAD Neuropsychological Battery. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 502-509.
17. Fratiglioni, L. (1996). Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease and current possibilities for prevention. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 165, 33-40. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1996.tb05870.x
18. Friedland, R. P. (1993). Epidemiology, education and the ecology of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 43, 246-9. doi:10.1212/WNL.43.2.246
19. Glymour, M. M. L. (2004). Identifying social determinants of old age cognitive function. Boston, MA: Harvard School of Public Health.
20. Glymour, M., Manly, J. J. (2008). Lifecourse social conditions and racial and ethnic patterns of cognitive aging. Neuropsychology Review, 18, 223-254. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9064-z
21. González, I., Déjean, S. (2012). CCA: Canonical correlation analysis. Retrieved May 2, 2013, from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/CCA/index.html
22. Goodglass, H., Kaplan, E. (1983). Boston diagnostic aphasia examination booklet. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
23. Gross, A. L., Benitez, A., Shih, R., Bangen, K. J., Glymour, M. M., Sachs, B., Manly, J. J. (forthcoming). Predictors of retest effects in a longitudinal study of cognitive aging in a community-based multiethnic sample. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. PMID: PMC2858766
24. Gross, A. L., Jones, R. N., Fong, T. G., Tommet, D., Inouye, S. K. (forthcoming). Calibration and validation of a new approach for estimating general cognitive performance. Neuroepidemiology.
25. Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., Lindenberger, U. (2009). Enrichment effects on adults cognitive development. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9, 1-65.
26. Howell, R. D., Breivik, E., Wilcox, J. B. (2007). Reconsidering formative measurement. Psychological Methods, 12, 205-218. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.2.205
27. Johnson, J. K., Gross, A. L., Pa, J., McLaren, D. G., Park, L. Q., Manly, J. J.; for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2012). Longitudinal change in neuropsychological performance using latent growth models: A study of mild cognitive impairment. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 6, 540-550. doi:10.1007/s11682-012-9161-8
28. Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., Weintraub, S. (1983). Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
29. Katzman, R. (1993). Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 43, 13-20. doi:10.1212/WNL.43.1-Part-1.13
30. Laird, N. M., Ware, J. H. (1982). Random effects models for longitudinal data. Biometrics, 38, 963-974. doi:10.2307/2529876
31. Langa, K. M., Plassman, B. L., Wallace, R. B., Herzog, A. R., Ofstedal, M. B., Burke, J. R., Willis, R. J. (2005). The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study: Study design and methods. Neuroepidemiology, 25, 181-191. doi:10.1159/000087448
32. Little, R. J. A., Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
33. Lleras-Muney, A. (2002). The relationship between education and adult mortality in the United States ((Rep. No. NBER Working Paper No. w8986). National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA).
34. Manly, J. J., Jacobs, D. M., Sano, N., Bell, K., Merchant, C. A., Small, S. A., Stern, Y. (1998). Cognitive test performance among nondemented elderly African Americans and whites. Neurology, 50, 1238-1245. doi:10.1212/WNL.50.5.1238
35. Manly, J. J., Jacobs, D. M., Touradji, P., Small, S. A., Stern, Y. (2002). Reading level attenuates differences in neuropsychological test performance between African American and White elders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 341-348. doi:10.1017/S1355617702813157
36. Manly, J. J., Jacobs, D. M., Sano, M., Bell, K., Merchant, C. A., Small, S. A., Stern, Y. (1999). Effect of literacy on neuropsychological test performance in nondemented, education-matched elders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 191-202. doi:10.1017/S104161021300241X
37. Manly, J. J., Touradji, P., Tang, M., Stern, Y. (2003). Literacy and memory decline among ethnically diverse elders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 680-690. doi:10.1076/jcen.25.5.680.14579
38. Masel, M. C., Peek, M. K. (2009). Ethnic differences in cognitive function over time. Annals of Epidemiology, 19, 778-783. doi:10.1016/j. annepidem.2009.06.008
39. Masel, M. C., Raji, M., Peek, M. K. (2010). Education and physical activity mediate the relationship between ethnicity and cognitive function in late middle-aged adults. Ethnicity and Health, 15, 283-302. doi:10.1080/13557851003681273
40. Mattis, S. (1976). Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient. In L. Bellak, & T. B. Karasu (Eds.), Geriatric psychiatry (pp. 77-121). New York, NY: Grune & Stratton.
41. Mungas, D., Reed, B. R., Farias, S. T., DeCarli, C. (2009). Age and education effects on relationships of cognitive test scores with brain structure in demographically diverse older persons. Psychology and aging, 24, 116. doi:10.1037/a0013421
42. Muthén, L. K., Muthén, B. O. (1998-2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthèn.
43. Oakes, J. M., Kaufman, J. S. (2006). Methods in social epidemiology. San Francisco, CA: Wiley & Sons.
44. Rodgers, W. L., Ofstedal, M. B., Herzog, A. R. (2003). Trends in scores on tests of cognitive ability in the elderly U.S. population, 1993-2000. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 58, S338-346. doi:10.1093/geronb/58.6.S338
45. Royston, P. (2004). Multiple imputation of missing values. The Stata Journal, 4, 227-241.
46. Sachs-Ericsson, N., Blazer, D. G. (2005). Racial differences in cognitive decline in a sample of community-dwelling older adults: The mediating role of education and literacy. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 968-975.
47. Schneider, B. C., Gross, A. L., Bangen, K. J., Skinner, J. C., Benitez, A., Glymour, M. M.,. Luchsinger, J. A. (forthcoming). Association of vascular risk factors with cognition in a multiethnic sample. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences.
48. Schwartz, B. S., Glass, T. A., Bolla, K. I., Stewart, W. F., Glass, G., Rasmussen, M., Bandeen-Roche, K. (2004). Disparities in cognitive functioning by race/ethnicity in the Baltimore Memory Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 314-320. doi:10.1289/ehp.6727
49. Singer, J. D., Willet, J. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001
50. Sano, M., Rosen, W., Mayeux, R. (1984). Attention deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Paper presented at the poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
51. Sloan, F. A., Wang, J. (2005). Disparities among older adults in measures of cognitive function by race or ethnicity. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, P242-P250. doi:10.1093/geronb/60.5.P242
52. Tang, M. X., Cross, P., Andrews, H., Jacobs, D. M., Small, S., Bell, K.,. & Mayeux, R. (2001). Incidence of AD in African-Americans, Caribbean Hispanics, and caucasians in northern Manhattan. Neurology, 56, 49-56. doi:10.1212/WNL.56.1.49
53. Touradji, P., Manly, J. J., Jacobs, D. M., Stern, Y. (2001). Neuropsychological test performance: A study of non-Hispanic White Elderly. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23, 643-649. doi:10.1076/jcen.23.5.643.1246
54. Treiblmaier, H., Bentler, P. M., Mair, P. (2011). Formative constructs implemented via common factors. Structural Equation Modeling, 18, 1-17. doi:10.1080/10705511.2011.532693
55. Verhaeghen, P. (2003). Aging and vocabulary score: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 18, 332. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.332
56. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test. New York: NY. The Psychological Corporation.
57. Wilkinson, G. S. (1993). WRAT: Wide Range Achievement Test Administration Manual. Wilmington, DE: Wide Range.
58. Zsembik, B. A., Peek, M. K. (2001). Race differences in cognitive functioning among older adults. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 56, S266-S274. doi:10.1093/geronb/56.5.S266