Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease and current possibilities for prevention

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica

Volumn 94, Issue SUPPL.165, 1996, Pages 33-40

  Fratiglioni, Laura ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Epidemiology; Etiology; Prevention; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E4;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CONFERENCE PAPER; HUMAN; RISK FACTOR; REVIEW;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0029689593     PISSN: 00016314     EISSN: 16000404     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1996.tb05870.x     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic research: principles and quantitative methods. Belmont, CA: Lifetime Learning Publications, 1982.
2. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Henderson AS. The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987: 76: 465-79.
3. Rocca WA, Hofman A., Brayne C. et al. Frequency and distribution of Alzheimer's disease in Europe: a collaborative study of 1980-1990 prevalence findings. The EURODEM-Prevalence Research Group. Ann Neurol 1991: 30: 381-90.
4. Ritchie K., Kildea D., Robine JM. The relationship between age and the prevalence of senile dementia: a meta-analysis of recent data. Int J Epidemiol 1992: 21: 763-69.
5. van Duijn CM, Hofman A. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. Int J Epidem 1991: 20(Suppl 2): 1-73.
6. Fratiglioni L., Viitanen M., Bäckman L., Sandman PO, Winblad B. Occurrence of dementia in advanced age: the study design of the Kungsholmen Project. Neuroepidemiology 1992: 11(Suppl 1): 29-36.
7. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed, rev. (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987: 97-163.
8. McKhann G., Drachman D., Folstein M., Katzman R., Price D., Stadlan M. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984: 34: 939-44.
9. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 10th rev. (ICD-10). Chapter V, categories F00-F99. Mental, behavioural and developmental disorders, clinical description and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992: 311-87.
10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994: 133-55.
11. Kukull WA, Larson EB, Reifler BV, Lampe TH, Yerby M., Hughes J. Interrater reliability of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. Neurology 1990: 40: 257-60.
12. Fratiglioni L., Grut M., Forsell Y., Viitanen M., Winblad B. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in a population survey. Agreement and causes of disagreement in applying Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, criteria. Arch Neurol 1992: 49: 927-32.
13. Baldereschi M., Amato MP, Nencini P. et al. Cross-national interrater agreement on the clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia. WHO-PRA Age-Associated Dementia Working Group, WHO Program for Research on Aging, Health of Elderly Program. Neurology 1994: 44: 239-42.
14. Maclure M., Willet W. Misinterpretation and misuse of the kappa statistic. Am J Epidemiol 1987: 126: 161-69.
15. Fratiglioni L. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease. Issues of etiology and validity. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1993: 145: 1-70.
16. Mölsä PK, Paljarvi L., Rinne JO, Rinne UK, Säkö E. Validity of clinical diagnosis in dementia: a prospective clinicopathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985: 48: 1085-90.
17. Kukull WA, Larson EB, Reifler BV, Lampe TH, Yerby MS, Hughes JP. The validity of 3 clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1990: 40: 1364-69.
18. Wade JP, Mirsen TR, Hachinski VC, Fisman M., Lau C., Merskey H. The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1987: 44: 24-9.
19. Bachman DL, Wolf PA, Linn RT et al. Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease in a general population: the Framingham Study. Neurology 1993: 43: 515-19.
20. Kokmen E., Beard CM, O'Brien PC, Offord KP, Kurland LT. Is the incidence of dementing illness changing? A 25-year time trend study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960-1984). Neurology 1993: 43: 1887-92.
21. Letenneur L., Commenges D., Dartigues JF, Berbeger-Gateau P. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in elderly community residents of South-Western France. Int J Epidemiol 1994: 23: 1256-61.
22. Drachman DA. If we live long enough, will we all be demented Neurology 1994: 44: 1563-65.
23. Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK. Epidemiology of dementia in a Finnish population. Acta Neurol Scand 1982: 65: 541-52.
24. Rorsman B., Hagnell O., Lanke J. Prevalence and incidence of senile and multi-infarct dementia in the Lundby Study: a comparison between the time periods 1947-1957 and 1957-1972. Neuropsychobiology 1986: 15: 122-29.
25. Fratiglioni L., Grut M., Forsell Y. et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in an elderly urban population: relationship with age, sex, and education. Neurology 1991: 41: 1886-92.
26. Ebly EM, Parhad IM, Hogan DE, Fung TS. Prevalence and types of dementia in the very old: results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Neurology 1994: 44: 1593-1600.
27. Wernicke TF, Reischies FM. Prevalence of dementia in old age: clinical diagnoses in subjects aged 95 years and older. Neurology 1994: 44: 250-53.
28. Prince M., Cullen M., Mann A. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a case-control study based on the MRC elderly hypertension trial. Neurology 1994: 44: 97-104.
29. Bird TD, Nemens EJ, Kukull WA. Conjugal Alzheimer's disease: is there an increased risk in offspring Ann Neurol 1993: 34: 396-99.
30. Silverman JM, Raiford K., Edland S. et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part VI. Family history assessment: a multicenter study of first-degree relatives of Alzheimer's disease probands and nondemented spouse controls. Neurology 1994: 44: 1253-59.
31. The Canadian Study of Health and Aging. The Canadian Study of Health and Aging: risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology 1994: 44: 2073-80.
32. Khoury MJ, Beaty TH, Liang KY. Can familial aggregation of disease be explained by familial aggregation of environmental risk factors Am J Epidemiol 1988: 127: 674-83.
33. van Duijn CM, Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Hofman A. Genetic transmission of Alzheimer's disease among families in a Dutch population based study. J Med Genet 1993: 30: 640-46.
34. Mayeux R., Ottman R., Tiang MX, et al. Genetic susceptibility and head injury as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease among community-dwelling elderly persons and their first-degree relatives. Ann Neurol 1993: 33: 494-501.
35. Katzman R. Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993: 43: 13-20.
36. Bonaiuto S., Rocca WA, Lippi A. et al. Education and occupation as risk factors for dementia. A population-based case-control study. Neuroepidemiology 1995: 14: 101-09.
37. Beard CM, Kokmen E., Offord KP, Kurland LT. Lack of association between Alzheimer's disease and education, occupation, marital status, or living arrangement. Neurology 1992: 42: 2063-68.
38. Sterns Y., Gurlund B., Taternicki TK, Tang MX, Wilder D., Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 1994: 271: 1004-10.
39. Brenner DE, Kukull WA, van Belle G. et al. Relationship between cigarette smoking and Alzheimer's disease in a population-based case-control study. Neurology 1993: 43: 293-300.
40. 3H]-acetylcholine binding sites in the frontal cortex of Alzheimer brains. Neurosci Lett 1986: 72: 115-19.
41. Riggs JE. Smoking and Alzheimer's disease: protective effect or differential survival bias Lancet 1993: 342: 793-94.
42. Hardy J., Roberts GW. Smoking and neurodegenerative diseases [letter]. Lancet 1993: 342: 1238.
43. Larrick JW, Wright SC. Smoking and neurodegenerative diseases [letter]. Lancet 1993: 342: 1238-39.
44. Ben-Shlomo Y. Smoking and neurodegenerative diseases [letter]. Lancet 1993: 342: 1239.
45. Morens DM, Grandinetti A., Reed D., White LR. Smoking-associated protection from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease [letter]. Lancet 1994: 343: 356-57.
46. Plassman BL, Helms MJ, Welsh KA, Saunders AM, Breitner JCS. Smoking, Alzheimer's disease, and confounding with genes. Lancet 1995: 343: 387.
47. Fratiglioni L., Ahlbom A., Viitanen M., Winblad B. Risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease: a population-based, case-control study. Ann Neurol 1993: 33: 258-66.
48. Jacqmin H., Commenges D., Letenneur L., Barberger-Gateau P., Dartigues JF. Components of drinking water and risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1994: 139: 48-57.
49. Doll R. Review: Alzheimer's disease and environmental aluminium. Age Ageing 1993: 22: 138-53.
50. Breitner JC, Gau BA, Welsh KA et al. Inverse association of anti-inflammatory treatments and Alzheimer's disease: initial results of a co-twin control study. Neurology 1994: 44: 227-32.
51. Aisen PS, Davis KL. Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: implications for therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1994: 151: 1105-13.
52. Rich JB, Rasmusson DX, Folstein MF, Carson KA, Kawan C., Brandt J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995: 45: 51-5.
53. Rogers J., Kirby LC, Hempelman SR et al. Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993: 43: 1609-11.
54. van Duijn CM, Clayton DG, Chandra V., et al. Interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a reanalysis of case-control studies. Genetic Epidemiol 1994: 11: 539-51.
55. van Duijn CM, Havekes LM, van Broeckhoven C., de Kniff P., Hofman A. Apolipoprotein E genotype and association between smoking and early onset Alzheimer's disease. BMJ 1995: 310: 627-31.
56. Nicoll JAR, Roberts GW, Graham DI. Apolipoprotein E e4 allele is associated with deposition of amyloid b-protein following head injury. Nat Medicine 1995: 1: 135-37.
57. Flicker C., Ferris SH, Reisberg B. Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: predictors of dementia. Neurology 1991: 41: 1006-9.
58. Richards M., Stern Y., Mayeux R. Subtle extrapyramidal signs can predict the development of dementia in elderly individuals. Neurology 1993: 43: 2184-88.
59. Rocca WA, Bonaiuto S., Lippi A. et al. Prevalence of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders: a door-to-door survey in Appignano, Macerata Province, Italy. Neurology 1990: 40: 626-31.
60. Bachman DL, Wolf PA, Linn R. et al. Prevalence of dementia and probable senile dementia of the Alzheimer type in the Framingham Study. Neurology 1992: 42: 115-19.
61. Skoog I., Nilsson L., Palmertz B., Andreasson LA, Svanborg A. A population-based study of dementia in 85-year-olds. N Engl J Med 1993: 328: 153-58.
62. Fratiglioni L., Forsell Y., Agüero Torres H., Winblad B. Severity of dementia and institutionalization in the elderly: prevalence data from an urban area in Sweden. Neuroepidemiology 1994: 13: 79-88.
63. Grafström M., Fratiglioni L., Sandman PO, Winblad B. Health and social consequences for relatives of demented and non-demented elderly. A population-based study. J Clin Epidemiol 1992: 45: 861-70.
64. van Belle G., Uhlmann RF, Hughes JP, Larson EB. Reliability of estimates of changes in mental status test performance in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Clin. Epidemiol 1990: 43: 589-95.
65. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-Mental State." A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975: 12: 189-98.
66. Blessed G., Tomlinson BE, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1968: 114: 797-811.
67. Morris JC, Edland S., Clark C. et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part IV Rates of cognitive change in the longitudinal assessment of probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993: 43: 2457-65.
68. Mortimer JA, Ebbitt B., Jun SP, Finch MD. Predictors of cognitive and functional progression in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1992: 42: 1689-96.