Effect of MAOA Genotype on Resting-State Networks in Healthy Participants

Cerebral Cortex

Volumn 25, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 1771-1781

  Clemens, Benjamin ^a   Voß, Bianca ^a   Pawliczek, Christina ^a   Mingoia, Gianluca ^a   Weyer, David ^a   Repple, Jonathan ^a   Eggermann, Thomas ^a   Zerres, Klaus ^a   Reetz, Kathrin ^b,c,d   Habel, Ute ^a,c  

^a RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL RWTH AACHEN   (Germany)

^c JARA Translational Brain Medicine   (Germany)

^d FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

aggression; functional magnetic resonance imaging; genotype; monoamine oxidase A; resting state networks

Indexed keywords

AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING) ISOENZYME A; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING); MONOAMINE OXIDASE A, HUMAN;

ADULT; AGGRESSION; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; BOLD SIGNAL; BRAIN REGION; DEFAULT MODE NETWORK; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EMOTIONALITY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; FRONTOPARIETAL CORTEX; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; LEFT HEMISPHERE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE FRONTAL GYRUS; MIDDLE TEMPORAL GYRUS; NORMAL HUMAN; POSTERIOR CINGULATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REST; RESTING STATE NETWORK; SUPERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; TEMPORAL CORTEX; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; GENOTYPING TECHNIQUE; NERVE TRACT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST;

ADULT; AGGRESSION; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; GENOTYPING TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE; NEURAL PATHWAYS; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REST;

EID: 84936762243     PISSN: 10473211     EISSN: 14602199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht366     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Anand A, Li Y, Wang Y, Wu J, Gao S, Bukhari L, Mathews VP, Kalnin A, Lowe MJ. 2005. Activity and connectivity of brain mood regulating circuit in depression: a functional magnetic resonance study. Biol Psychiatry. 57:1079-1088.
2. Banks SJ, Eddy KT, Angstadt M, Nathan PJ, Phan KL. 2007. Amygdalafrontal connectivity during emotion regulation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2:303-312.
3. Beckmann CF, DeLuca M, Devlin JT, Smith SM. 2005. Investigations into resting-state connectivity using independent component analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 360:1001-1013.
4. Beckmann CF, Smith SM. 2004. Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 23:137-152.
5. Beckmann CF, Smith SM. 2005. Tensorial extensions of independent component analysis for multisubject fMRI analysis. Neuroimage. 25:294-311.
6. Beitchman JH, Mik HM, Ehtesham S, Douglas L, Kennedy JL. 2004. MAOA and persistent, pervasive childhood aggression. Mol Psychiatry. 9:546-547.
7. Birbaumer N, Veit R, Lotze M, Erb M, Hermann C, Grodd W, Flor H. 2005. Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62:799-805.
8. Birn RM. 2012. The role of physiological noise in resting-state functional connectivity. Neuroimage. 62:864-870.
9. Biswal BB, Yetkin FZ, Haughton VM, Hyde JS. 1995. Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echoplanar MRI. Magn Reson Med. 34:537-541.
10. Bonavita S, Gallo A, Sacco R, Della Corte M, Bisecco A, Docimo R, Lavorgna L, Corbo D, Di Costanzo A, Tortora F et al. 2011. Distributed changes in default-mode resting-state connectivity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 17(4):411-422.
11. Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO, Ropers HH, van Oost BA. 1993. Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science. 262:578-580.
12. Buckholtz JW, Meyer-Lindenberg A. 2008. MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. Trends Neurosci. 31(3):120-129.
13. Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL. 2008. The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1124:1-38.
14. Buss AH, Perry MP. 1992. The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol. 63:452-459.
15. Calhoun VD, Eichele T, Pearlson G. 2009. Functional brain networks in schizophrenia: a review. Front Hum Neurosci. 3:17.
16. Cases O, Seif I, Grimsby J, Gaspar P, Chen K, Pournin S, Müller U, Aguet M, Babinet C, Shih J et al. 1995. Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science. 268:1763-1766.
17. Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, Taylor A, Poulton R. 2002. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science. 297:851-854.
18. Clemens B, Zvyagintsev M, Sack AT, Heinecke A, Willmes K, Sturm W. 2013. Comparison of fMRI activation patterns for test and training procedures of alertness and focused attention. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 31:311-336.
19. Clemens B, Zvyagintsev M, Sack A, Heinecke A, Willmes K, Sturm W. 2011. Revealing the functional neuroanatomy of intrinsic alertness using fMRI: methodological peculiarities. PLoS One. 6(9):e25453.
20. Coccaro EF, McCloskey MS, Fitzgerald DA, Phan KL. 2007. Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression. Biol Psychiatry. 62:168-178.
21. Coccaro EF, Sripada CS, Yanowitch RN, Phan KL. 2011. Corticolimbic function in impulsive aggressive behaviour. Biol Psychiatry. 69:1153-1159.
22. Cordes D, Haughton VM, Arfanakis K, Carew JD, Turski PA, Moritz CH, Quigley MA, Meyerand ME. 2001. Frequencies contributing to functional connectivity in the cerebral cortex in "resting-state" data. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22:1326-1333.
23. Cordes D, Haughton VM, Arfanakis K, Wendt GJ, Turski PA, Moritz CH, Quigley MA, Meyerand ME. 2000. Mapping functionally related regions of brain with functional connectivity MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21:1636-1644.
24. Damoiseaux JS, Rombouts SA, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Stam CJ, Smith SM, Beckmann CF. 2006. Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:13848-13853.
25. Danckert J, Maruff P, Ymer C, Kinsella G, Yucel M, de Graaff S, Currie J. 2000. Goal directed selective attention and response competition monitoring: evidence from unilateral parietal and anterior cingulate lesions. Neuropsychology. 14(1):16-28.
26. De Luca M, Smith S, De Stefano N, Federico A, Matthews PM. 2005. Blood oxygenation level dependent contrast resting state networks are relevant to functional activity in the neocortical sensorimotor system. Exp Brain Res. 167:587-594.
27. Ducci F, Enoch M, Hodgkinson C, Xu K, Catena M, Robin RW, Goldman D. 2008. Interaction between a functional MAOA locus and childhood sexual abuse predicts alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder in adult women. Mol Psychiatry. 13:334-347.
28. Edwards AC, Dodge KA, Latendresse SJ, Lansford JE, Bates JE, Pettit GS, Budde JP, Goate AM, Dick DM. 2010. MAOA-uVNTR and early physical discipline interact to influence delinquent behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 51:679-687.
29. Eisenberger NI, Way BM, Taylor SE, Welch WT, Lieberman MD. 2007. Understanding genetic risk for aggression: clues from the brain's response to social exclusion. Biol Psychiatry. 61:1100-1108.
30. Enzi B, Doering S, Faber C, Hinrichs J, Bahmer J, Northoff G. 2013. Reduced deactivation in reward circuitry and midline structures during emotion processing in borderline personality disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 14(1):45-56.
31. Faivre A, Rico A, Zaaraoui W, Crespy L, Reuter F, Wybrecht D, Soulier E, Malikova I, Confort-Gouny S, Cozzone PJ et al. 2012. Assessing brain connectivity at rest is clinically relevant in early multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 18(9):1251-1258.
32. Fan J, Fossella J, Sommer T, Wu Y, Posner MI. 2003. Mapping the genetic variation of executive attention onto brain activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:7406-7411.
33. Filippi M, Valsasina P, Misci P, Falini A, Comi G, Rocca MA. 2012. The organization of intrinsic brain activity differs between genders: a resting-state fMRI study in a large cohort of young healthy subjects. Hum Brain Mapp. doi: 10. 1002/hbm. 21514.
34. Fox MD, Corbetta M, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Raichle ME. 2006. Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:10046-10051.
35. Fox MD, Raichle ME. 2007. Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Neurosci. 8:700-711.
36. Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME. 2005. The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 102:9673-9678.
37. Frazzetto G, Di Lorenzo G, Carola V, Proietti L, Sokolowska E, Siracusano A, Gross C, Troisi A. 2007. Early trauma and increased risk for physical aggression during adulthood: the moderating role of MAOA genotype. PLoS One. 2:e486.
38. Gallardo-Pujol D, Andrès-Pueyo A, Maydeu-Olivares A. 2013. MAOA genotype, social exclusion and aggression: an experimental test of a gene-environment interaction. Genes Brain Behav. 12:140-145.
39. Genovese CR, Lazar NA, Nichols T. 2002. Thresholding of statistical maps in neuroimaging using the false discovery rate. Neuroimage. 15:870-878.
40. Grafman J, Schwab K, Warden D, Pridgen A, Brown HR, Salazar AM. 1996. Frontal lobe injuries, violence, and aggression: a report of the Vietnam Head Injury Study. Neurology. 46:1231-1238.
41. Greicius MD, Flores BH, Menon V, Glover GH, Solvason HB, Kenna H, Reiss AL, Schatzberg AF. 2007. Resting-state functional connectivity in major depression: abnormally increased contributions from subgenual cingulate cortex and thalamus. Biol Psychiatry. 62:429-437.
42. Greicius MD, Kiviniemi V, Tervonen O, Vainionpaa V, Alahuhta S, Reiss AL, Menon V. 2008. Persistent default-mode network connectivity during light sedation. Hum Brain Mapp. 29:839-847.
43. Greicius MD, Krasnow B, Reiss AL, Menon V. 2003. Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:253-258.
44. Greicius MD, Srivastava G, Reiss AL, Menon V. 2004. Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer's disease fromhealthy aging: evidence from functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:4637-4642.
45. Grodd W, Hulsmann E, Lotze M, Wildgruber D, Erb M. 2001. Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum: fMRI evidence of somatotopic organization. Hum Brain Mapp. 13:55-73.
46. Habel U, Klein M, Shah NJ, Toni I, Zilles K, Falkai P, Schneider F. 2004. Genetic load on amygdala hypofunction during sadness in nonaffected brothers of schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry. 161:1806-1813.
47. Hazlett EA, New AS, Newmark R, Haznedar MM, Lo JN, Speiser LJ, Chen AD, Mitropoulou V, Minzenberg M, Siever LJ et al. 2005. Reduced anterior and posterior cingulate gray matter in borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 58:614-623.
48. Hornak J, Bramham J, Rolls ET, Morris RG, O'Doherty J, Bullock PR, Polkey CE. 2003. Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulated cortices. Brain. 126 (7):1691-1712.
49. Jafri MJ, Pearlson GD, Stevens M, Calhoun VD. 2008. A method for functional network connectivity among spatially independent restingstate components in schizophrenia. Neuroimage. 39:1666-1681.
50. Kerns JG, Cohen JD, MacDonald AW 3rd, Cho RY, Stenger VA, Carter CS. 2004. Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science. 303:1023-1026.
51. Kiehl KA, Smith AM, Hare RD, Mendrek A, Forster BB, Brink J, Liddle PF. 2001. Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry. 50:677-684.
52. Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Taylor A, Williams B, Newcombe R, Craig IW, Moffitt TE. 2006. MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children's mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 11:903-913.
53. Kiviniemi V, Kantola JH, Jauhiainen J, Tervonen O. 2004. Comparison of methods for detecting nondeterministic BOLD fluctuation in fMRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 22:197-203.
54. Koyama MS, Kelly C, Shehzad Z, Penesetti D, Castellanos FX, Milham MP. 2010. Reading networks at rest. Cereb Cortex. 20:2549-2559.
55. Kuepper Y, Grant P, Wielpuetz C, Hennig J. 2013. MAOA-uVNTR genotype predicts interindividual differences in experimental aggressiveness as a function of the degree of provocation. Behav Brain Res. 247:73-78.
56. Lehrl S. 2005. Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B. Balingen: Spitta.
57. Liu F, Hu M, Wang S, Guo W, Zhao J, Li J, Xun G, Long Z, Zhang J, Wang Y et al. 2012. Abnormal regional spontaneous neural activity in first-episode, treatment-naive patients with late-life depression: a resting-state fMRI study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 39(2):326-331.
58. Lowe MJ, Beall EB, Sakaie KE, Koenig KA, Stone L, Marrie RA, Phillips MD. 2008. Resting state sensorimotor functional connectivity in multiple sclerosis inversely correlates with transcallosal motor pathway transverse diffusivity. Hum Brain Mapp. 29:818-827.
59. Lowe MJ, Phillips MD, Lurito JT, Mattson D, Dzemidzic M, Mathews VP. 2002. Multiple sclerosis: low-frequency temporal blood oxygen level-dependent fluctuations indicate reduced functional connectivity initial results. Radiology. 224:184-192.
60. McDermott R, Tingley D, Cowden J, Frazzetto G, Johnson DDP. 2009. Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) predicts behavioral aggression following provocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106(7):2118-2123.
61. McKeown MJ, Jung TP, Makeig S, Brown G, Kindermann SS, Lee TW, Sejnowski TJ. 1998. Spatially independent activity patterns in functional MRI data during the Stroop color-naming task. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:803-810.
62. Menon V, Adleman NE, White CD, Glover GH, Reiss AL. 2001. Errorrelated brain activation during a Go/NoGo response inhibition task. Hum Brain Mapp. 12:131-143.
63. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Buckholtz JW, Kolachana B, Hariri AR, Pezawas L, Blasi G, Wabnitz A, Honea R, Verchinski B, Callicott JH et al. 2006. Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:6269-6274.
64. Mingoia G, Langenbein K, Dietzek M, Wagner G, Smesny S, Scherpiet S, Maitra R, Reichenbach JR, Schlösser RGM, Gaser C et al. 2013. Frequency domains of resting state default mode network activity in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroim. Available from: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. pscychresns. 2013. 05. 013
65. Mingoia G, Wagner G, Langbein K, Maitra R, Smesny S, Dietzek M, Burmeister HP, Reichenbach JR, Schlösser RGM, Gaser C et al. 2012. Default mode network activity in schizophrenia studied at resting state using probabilistic ICA. Schizophr Res. 138:143-149.
66. Mottaghy FM, Willmes K, Horwitz B, Müller H-W, Krause BJ, Sturm W. 2006. Systems level modelling of a neuronal network subserving intrinsic alertness. Neuroimage. 29:225-233.
67. Oldfield RC. 1971. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia. 9:97-113.
68. Passamonti L, Fera F, Magariello A, Cerasa A, Gioia MC, Muglia M, Nicoletti G, Gallo O, Provinciali L, Quattrone A. 2006. Monoamine oxidase-A genetic variations influence brain activity associated with inhibitory control: new insight into the neural correlates of impulsivity. Biol Psychiatry. 59:334-340.
69. Paus T, Zatorre RJ, Hofle N, Caramanos Z, Gotman J, Petrides M, Evans AC. 1997. Time-related changes in neural systems underlying attention and arousal during the performance of an auditory vigilance task. J Cogn Neurosci. 9:392-408.
70. Pezawas L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Drabant EM, Verchinski BA, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Egan MF, Mattay VS, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR. 2005. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat Neurosci. 8:828-834.
71. Pietrini P, Guazzelli M, Basso G, Jaffe K, Grafman J. 2000. Neural correlates of imaginal aggressive behavior assessed by positron emission tomography in healthy subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 157:1772-1781.
72. Power JD, Barnes KA, Snyder AZ, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE. 2012. Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. Neuroimage. 59:2142-2154.
73. Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. 2001. A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:676-682.
74. Raichle ME, Snyder AZ. 2007. A default mode of brain function: a brief history of an evolving idea. Neuroimage. 37:1083-1090.
75. Raine A. 2008. From genes to brain to antisocial behavior. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 17:323-328.
76. Raine A, Buchsbaum MS, Stanley J, Lottenberg S, Abel L, Stoddard J. 1994. Selective reductions in prefrontal glucose metabolism in murderers. Biol Psychiatry. 36:365-373.
77. Raine A, Meloy JR, Bihrle S, Stoddard J, LaCasse L, Buchsbaum MS. 1998. Reduced prefrontal and increased subcortical brain functioning assessed using positron emission tomography in predatory and affective murderers. Behav Sci Law. 16:319-332.
78. Rorden C, Brett M. 2000. Stereotaxic display of brain lesions. Behav Neurol. 12(4):191-200.
79. Rosazza C, Minati L. 2011. Resting-state brain networks: literature review and clinical applications. Neurol Sci. 32:773-785.
80. Sabol SZ, Hu S, Hamer D. 1998. A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Hum Genet. 103:273-279.
81. Satterthwaite TD, Wolf DH, Loughead J, Ruparel K, Elliott MA, Hakonarson H, Gur RC, Gur RE. 2012. Impact of in-scanner head motion on multiple measures of functional connectivity: relevance for studies of neurodevelopment in youth. Neuroimage. 60:623-632.
82. Schneider F, Gur RE, Mozley LH, Smith RJ, Mozley PD, Censits DM, Alavi A, Gur RC. 1995. Mood effects on limbic blood flow correlate with emotional self-rating: a PET study with oxygen-15 labeled water. Psychiatry Res. 61:265-283.
83. Seeley WW, Menon V, Schatzberg AF, Keller J, Glover GH, Kenna H, Reiss AL, Greicius MD. 2007. Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J Neurosci. 27:2349-2356.
84. Shih J, Chen K. 1999. MAO-A and-B gene knock-out mice exhibit distinctly different behavior. Neurobiology. 7:235-246.
85. Shulman GL, Fiez JA, Corbetta M, Buckner RL, Miezin FM, Raichle ME, Petersen SE. 1997. Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II. decreases in cerebral cortex. J Cogn Neurosci. 9:648-663.
86. Smith SM, Fox PT, Miller KL, Glahn DC, Fox PM, Mackay CE, Filippini N, Watkins KE, Toro R, Laird AR et al. 2009. Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:13040-13045.
87. Soderstrom H, Hultin L, Tullberg M, Wikkelso C, Ekholm S, Forsman A. 2002. Reduced frontotemporal perfusion in psychopathic personality. Psychiatry Res. 114:81-94.
88. Sorg C, Riedl V, Mühlau M, Calhoun VD, Eichele T, Läer L, Drzezga A, Förstl H, Kurz A, Zimmer C et al. 2007. Selective changes of restingstate networks in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104:18760-18765.
89. Stevens WD, Buckner RL, Schacter DL. 2010. Correlated low-frequency BOLD fluctuations in the resting human brain are modulated by recent experience in category-preferential visual regions. Cereb Cortex. 20:1997-2006.
90. Stoodley CJ, Schmahmann JD. 2009. Functional topography in the human cerebellum: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage. 44:489-501.
91. Stoodley CJ, Valera EM, Schmahmann JD. 2012. Functional topography of the cerebellum for motor and cognitive tasks: an fMRI study. Neuroimage. 59(2):1560-1570.
92. SturmW, Willmes K. 2001. On the functional neuroanatomy of intrinsic alertness. Neuroimage. 14:76-84.
93. Supekar K, Menon V, Rubin D, Musen M, Greicius MD. 2008. Network analysis of intrinsic functional brain connectivity in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Comput Biol. 4:e1000100.
94. Supekar K, Uddin LQ, Prater K, Amin H, Greicius MD, Menon V. 2010. Development of functional and structural connectivity within the default mode network in young children. Neuroimage. 52(1):290-301.
95. Tang Y, Kong L, Wu F, Womer F, Jiang W, Cao Y, Ren L, Wang J, Fan G, Blumberg HP et al. 2012. Decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and the left ventral prefrontal cortex in treatment-naive patients with major depressive disorder: a restingstate functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychol Med. doi:10. 1017/S0033291712002759.
96. Van Dijk KR, Sabuncu MR, Buckner RL. 2012. The influence of head motion on intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Neuroimage. 59:431-438.
97. van Elst LT, Hesslinger B, Thiel T, Geiger E, Haegele K, Lemieux L. 2003. Frontolimbic brain abnormalities in patients with borderline personality disorder: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 54:163-171.
98. Varnas K, Halldin C, Hall H. 2004. Autoradiographic distribution of serotonin transporters and receptor subtypes in human brain. Hum Brain Mapp. 22:246-260.
99. Veer IA, Beckmann CF, van Tol M-J, Ferrarini L, Milles J, Veltman DJ, Aleman A, van Buchem MA, van der Wee NJ, Rombouts SARB. 2010. Whole brain resting-state analysis reveals decreased functional connectivity in major depression. Front Syst Neurosci. doi:10. 3389/fnsys. 2010. 00041.
100. Volvaka J. 1995. Neurological, neuropsychological, and electrophysiological correlates of violent behavior. Neurobiology of violence. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Press.
101. Wang L, Dai Z, Peng H, Tan L, Ding Y, He Z, Zhang Y, Xia M, Li Z, Li W et al. 2013. Overlapping and segregated resting-state functional connectivity in patients with major depressive disorder with and without childhood neglect. Hum BrainMapp. doi:10. 1002/hbm. 22241.
102. Weissenbacher A, Kasess C, Gerstl F, Lanzenberger R, Moser E, Windischberger C. 2009. Correlations and anticorrelations in resitng-state functional connectivity MRI: a quantitative comparison of preprocessing strategies. Neuroimage. 47:1408-1416.
103. Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Thermenos HW, Milanovic S, Tsuang MT, Faraone SV, McCarley RW, Shenton ME, Green AI, Nieto-Castanon A, LaViolette P et al. 2009. Hyperactivity, hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia, in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:1279-1284.
104. Whittle S, Chanen AM, Fornito A, McGorry PD, Pantelis C, YücelM. 2006. Anterior cingulate volume in adolescents with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroim. 172(2):155-160.
105. Yang Y, Raine A. 2009. Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res Neuroim. 174:81-88.