메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2015, Pages

Risk-taking behavior in a computerized driving task: Brain activation correlates of decision-making, outcome, and peer influence in male adolescents

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; CAUDATE NUCLEUS; CEREBELLUM VERMIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORPUS STRIATUM; DECISION MAKING; DORSAL ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX; DRIVING TASK; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; MALE; MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; MESENCEPHALON; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PARIETAL CORTEX; PEER COMPETITION; PEER GROUP; PEER INFLUENCE; PERSONALITY TEST; REWARD; SUPERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX; TASK PERFORMANCE; THALAMUS; ADOLESCENT; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN MAPPING; CAR DRIVING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PEER PRESSURE; PHYSIOLOGY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; QUESTIONNAIRE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84935508248     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129516     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (28)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0034056125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations
    • PMID: 10817843
    • Spear LP. The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000; 24: 417-463. PMID: 10817843
    • (2000) Neurosci Biobehav Rev. , vol.24 , pp. 417-463
    • Spear, L.P.1
  • 2
    • 41149114614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social brain in adolescence
    • PMID: 18354399
    • Blakemore SJ. The social brain in adolescence. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008; 9: 267-277. doi: 10.1038/ nrn2353 PMID: 18354399
    • (2008) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 267-277
    • Blakemore, S.J.1
  • 3
    • 84865247216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility
    • PMID: 22903221
    • Crone EA, Dahl RE. Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012; 13: 636-650. doi: 10.1038/nrn3313 PMID: 22903221
    • (2012) Nat Rev Neurosci. , vol.13 , pp. 636-650
    • Crone, E.A.1    Dahl, R.E.2
  • 4
    • 26944498996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The observed effects of teenage passengers on the risky driving behavior of teenage drivers
    • PMID: 15921652
    • Simons-Morton B, Lerner N, Singer J. The observed effects of teenage passengers on the risky driving behavior of teenage drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 2005; 37: 973-982. PMID: 15921652
    • (2005) Accid Anal Prev. , vol.37 , pp. 973-982
    • Simons-Morton, B.1    Lerner, N.2    Singer, J.3
  • 7
    • 23844488077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study
    • PMID: 16060809
    • Gardner M, Steinberg L. Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: an experimental study. Dev Psychol. 2005; 41: 625-635. PMID: 16060809
    • (2005) Dev Psychol. , vol.41 , pp. 625-635
    • Gardner, M.1    Steinberg, L.2
  • 8
    • 84911471633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A peer influence on the subjective value of monetary offers in young adults
    • O'Brien L, Albert D, Chein J, Steinberg L. A peer influence on the subjective value of monetary offers in young adults. J Res Adolesc. 2012; 21: 747-753.
    • (2012) J Res Adolesc. , vol.21 , pp. 747-753
    • O'Brien, L.1    Albert, D.2    Chein, J.3    Steinberg, L.4
  • 9
    • 40149111167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adolescent brain
    • PMID: 18688292
    • Casey BJ, Getz S, Galvan A. The adolescent brain. Dev Rev. 2008; 28: 62-77. PMID: 18688292
    • (2008) Dev Rev. , vol.28 , pp. 62-77
    • Casey, B.J.1    Getz, S.2    Galvan, A.3
  • 10
    • 79951575226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Braking and accelerating of the adolescent brain
    • PMID: 21475613
    • Casey BJ, Jones RM, Somerville LH. Braking and accelerating of the adolescent brain. J Res Adolesc. 2011; 21: 21-33. PMID: 21475613
    • (2011) J Res Adolesc. , vol.21 , pp. 21-33
    • Casey, B.J.1    Jones, R.M.2    Somerville, L.H.3
  • 11
    • 84883426580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent cognitive control and reward processing: Implications for risk taking and substance use
    • PMID: 23998676
    • Geier CF. Adolescent cognitive control and reward processing: implications for risk taking and substance use. Horm Behav. 2013; 64: 333-342. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.008 PMID: 23998676
    • (2013) Horm Behav. , vol.64 , pp. 333-342
    • Geier, C.F.1
  • 12
    • 72649099102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What has fMRI told us about the development of cognitive control through adolescence?
    • PMID: 19765880
    • Luna B, Padmanabhan A, O'Hearn K. What has fMRI told us about the development of cognitive control through adolescence? Brain Cogn. 2010; 72: 101-113. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.08.005 PMID: 19765880
    • (2010) Brain Cogn. , vol.72 , pp. 101-113
    • Luna, B.1    Padmanabhan, A.2    O'Hearn, K.3
  • 13
    • 84883349174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of socio-emotional context, brain development, and pubertal maturation on adolescent risk-taking
    • PMID: 23998675
    • Smith AR, Chein J, Steinberg L. Impact of socio-emotional context, brain development, and pubertal maturation on adolescent risk-taking. Horm Behav. 2013; 64: 323-332. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03. 006 PMID: 23998675
    • (2013) Horm Behav , vol.64 , pp. 323-332
    • Smith, A.R.1    Chein, J.2    Steinberg, L.3
  • 14
    • 72649107448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A time of change: Behavioral and neural correlates of adolescent sensitivity to appetitive and aversive environmental cues
    • PMID: 19695759
    • Somerville LH, Jones RM, Casey BJ. A time of change: behavioral and neural correlates of adolescent sensitivity to appetitive and aversive environmental cues. Brain Cogn. 2010; 72: 124-133. doi: 10. 1016/j.bandc.2009.07.003 PMID: 19695759
    • (2010) Brain Cogn. , vol.72 , pp. 124-133
    • Somerville, L.H.1    Jones, R.M.2    Casey, B.J.3
  • 15
    • 40149096634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking
    • PMID: 18509515
    • Steinberg L. A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Dev Rev. 2008; 28: 78-106. PMID: 18509515
    • (2008) Dev Rev. , vol.28 , pp. 78-106
    • Steinberg, L.1
  • 16
    • 77950546689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent risky decision-making: Neurocognitive development of reward and control regions
    • PMID: 20188198
    • Van Leijenhorst L, Moor BG, de Macks ZAO, Rombouts SARB, Westenberg PM, Crone EA. Adolescent risky decision-making: neurocognitive development of reward and control regions. Neuroimage. 2010; 51: 345-355. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.038 PMID: 20188198
    • (2010) Neuroimage. , vol.51 , pp. 345-355
    • Van Leijenhorst, L.1    Moor, B.G.2    De Macks, Z.A.O.3    Rombouts, S.A.R.B.4    Westenberg, P.M.5    Crone, E.A.6
  • 17
    • 79952234661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain's reward circuitry
    • PMID: 21499511
    • Chein J, Albert D, O'Brien L, Uckert K, Steinberg L. Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain's reward circuitry. Dev Sci. 2011; 14: F1-F10. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010. 01035.x PMID: 21499511
    • (2011) Dev Sci. , vol.14 , pp. F1-F10
    • Chein, J.1    Albert, D.2    O'Brien, L.3    Uckert, K.4    Steinberg, L.5
  • 18
    • 79951678098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in risk-propensity: Associations between personality and behavioral measures of risk
    • Mishra S, Lalumière ML. Individual differences in risk-propensity: associations between personality and behavioral measures of risk. Pers Individ Dif. 2011; 50: 869-873.
    • (2011) Pers Individ Dif. , vol.50 , pp. 869-873
    • Mishra, S.1    Lalumière, M.L.2
  • 19
    • 84861816832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drivers' subtypes in a sample of Italian adolescents: Relationship between personality measures and driving behaviors
    • Marengo D, Settanni M, Vidotto G. Drivers' subtypes in a sample of Italian adolescents: relationship between personality measures and driving behaviors. Transp Res Part F. 2012; 15: 480-490.
    • (2012) Transp Res Part F. , vol.15 , pp. 480-490
    • Marengo, D.1    Settanni, M.2    Vidotto, G.3
  • 20
    • 84861571302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with adolescents' propensity to drive with multiple passengers and to engage in risky driving behaviors
    • PMID: 22626492
    • Mirman JH, Albert D, Jacobsohn LS, Winston FK. Factors associated with adolescents' propensity to drive with multiple passengers and to engage in risky driving behaviors. J Adolesc Health. 2012; 50: 634-640. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.10.256 PMID: 22626492
    • (2012) J Adolesc Health. , vol.50 , pp. 634-640
    • Mirman, J.H.1    Albert, D.2    Jacobsohn, L.S.3    Winston, F.K.4
  • 21
    • 77955561669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja personality questionnaire (ZKA-PQ): A factor/facet version of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire (ZKPQ)
    • PMID: 20706928
    • Aluja A, Kuhlman M, Zuckerman M. Development of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja personality questionnaire (ZKA-PQ): a factor/facet version of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire (ZKPQ). J Pers Assess. 2010; 92: 416-431. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2010.497406 PMID: 20706928
    • (2010) J Pers Assess. , vol.92 , pp. 416-431
    • Aluja, A.1    Kuhlman, M.2    Zuckerman, M.3
  • 22
    • 34547447363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age differences in resistance to peer influence
    • PMID: 18020830
    • Steinberg L, Monahan KC. Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Dev Psychol. 2007; 43: 1531-1543. PMID: 18020830
    • (2007) Dev Psychol. , vol.43 , pp. 1531-1543
    • Steinberg, L.1    Monahan, K.C.2
  • 24
    • 54149116716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of time-varying signals in event-related fMRI designs
    • PMID: 18775784
    • Grinband J, Wager TD, Lindquist M, Ferrera VP, Hirsch J. Detection of time-varying signals in event-related fMRI designs. Neuroimage. 2008; 43: 509-520. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.065 PMID: 18775784
    • (2008) Neuroimage. , vol.43 , pp. 509-520
    • Grinband, J.1    Wager, T.D.2    Lindquist, M.3    Ferrera, V.P.4    Hirsch, J.5
  • 26
    • 84857164279 scopus 로고
    • Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: 3-dimensional proportional system: An approach to cerebral imaging
    • New York, NY PMID: 8978477
    • Talairach J, Tournoux P. Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: 3-dimensional proportional system: an approach to cerebral imaging. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1988. PMID: 8978477
    • (1988) Thieme Medical Publishers
    • Talairach, J.1    Tournoux, P.2
  • 28
    • 62749141183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A probabilistic atlas of the human cerebellum
    • PMID: 19457380
    • Diedrichsen J, Balsters JH, Flavell J, Cussans E, Ramnani N. A probabilistic atlas of the human cerebellum. Neuroimage. 2009; 46: 39-46. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.045 PMID: 19457380
    • (2009) Neuroimage. , vol.46 , pp. 39-46
    • Diedrichsen, J.1    Balsters, J.H.2    Flavell, J.3    Cussans, E.4    Ramnani, N.5
  • 29
    • 70349229140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are self-injurers impulsive?: Results from two behavioral laboratory studies
    • PMID: 19758706
    • Janis IB, Nock MK. Are self-injurers impulsive?: results from two behavioral laboratory studies. Psychiatry Res. 2009; 169: 261-267. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.041 PMID: 19758706
    • (2009) Psychiatry Res. , vol.169 , pp. 261-267
    • Janis, I.B.1    Nock, M.K.2
  • 30
    • 33947572942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrative personality assessment with self-report and performance-based measures
    • Strack S Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
    • Weiner I. Integrative personality assessment with self-report and performance-based measures. In Strack S, editor. Handbook of personology and psychopathology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2005.
    • (2005) Handbook of Personology and Psychopathology.
    • Weiner, I.1
  • 32
    • 84924884738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed 16 January 2014
    • Hoskin R. The dangers of self-report. 2012. Available: http://www.sciencebrainwaves.com/ uncategorized/the-dangers-of-self-report/. Accessed 16 January 2014.
    • (2012) The Dangers of Self-Report
    • Hoskin, R.1
  • 33
    • 80051943108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does adolescent risk taking imply weak executive function? A prospective study of relations between working memory performance, impulsivity, and risk taking in early adolescence
    • PMID: 21884327
    • Romer D, Betancourt LM, Brodsky NL, Giannetta JM, Yang W, Hurt H. Does adolescent risk taking imply weak executive function? a prospective study of relations between working memory performance, impulsivity, and risk taking in early adolescence. Dev Sci. 2011; 14: 1119-1133. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01061.x PMID: 21884327
    • (2011) Dev Sci. , vol.14 , pp. 1119-1133
    • Romer, D.1    Betancourt, L.M.2    Brodsky, N.L.3    Giannetta, J.M.4    Yang, W.5    Hurt, H.6
  • 35
    • 77950153946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention
    • PMID: 20175097
    • Romer D. Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention. Dev Psychobiol. 2010; 52: 263-276. doi: 10.1002/dev.20442 PMID: 20175097
    • (2010) Dev Psychobiol. , vol.52 , pp. 263-276
    • Romer, D.1
  • 36
    • 23344445294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward prediction
    • PMID: 16003117
    • Knutson B, Cooper JC. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward prediction. Curr Opin Neurol. 2005; 18: 411-417. PMID: 16003117
    • (2005) Curr Opin Neurol. , vol.18 , pp. 411-417
    • Knutson, B.1    Cooper, J.C.2
  • 37
    • 1442275743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incentive-elicited brain activation in adolescents: Similarities and differences from young adults
    • PMID: 14985419
    • Bjork JM, Knutson B, Fong GW, Caggiano DM, Bennett SM, Hommer DW. Incentive-elicited brain activation in adolescents: similarities and differences from young adults. J Neurosci. 2004; 24: 1793-1802. PMID: 14985419
    • (2004) J Neurosci. , vol.24 , pp. 1793-1802
    • Bjork, J.M.1    Knutson, B.2    Fong, G.W.3    Caggiano, D.M.4    Bennett, S.M.5    Hommer, D.W.6
  • 38
    • 25444465628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of ventral frontostriatal circuitry in reward-based learning in humans
    • PMID: 16177032
    • Galvan A, Hare TA, Davidson M, Spicer J, Glover G, Casey BJ. The role of ventral frontostriatal circuitry in reward-based learning in humans. J Neurosci. 2005; 25: 8650-8656. PMID: 16177032
    • (2005) J Neurosci. , vol.25 , pp. 8650-8656
    • Galvan, A.1    Hare, T.A.2    Davidson, M.3    Spicer, J.4    Glover, G.5    Casey, B.J.6
  • 39
    • 72049086941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reward circuit: Linking primate anatomy and human imaging
    • PMID: 19812543
    • Haber SN, Knutson B. The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010; 35: 4-26. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.129 PMID: 19812543
    • (2010) Neuropsychopharmacology. , vol.35 , pp. 4-26
    • Haber, S.N.1    Knutson, B.2
  • 40
    • 0034212432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex
    • PMID: 10827444
    • Bush G, Luu P, Posner MI. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn Sci. 2000; 4: 215-222. PMID: 10827444
    • (2000) Trends Cogn Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 215-222
    • Bush, G.1    Luu, P.2    Posner, M.I.3
  • 41
    • 78851471555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex
    • PMID: 21167765
    • Etkin A, Egner T, Kalisch R. Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci. 2011; 15: 85-93. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.004 PMID: 21167765
    • (2011) Trends Cogn Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 85-93
    • Etkin, A.1    Egner, T.2    Kalisch, R.3
  • 42
    • 33947284907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response options and expectations of reward in decision-making: The differential roles of dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex
    • PMID: 17292631
    • Marsh AA, Blair KS, Vythilingam M, Busis S, Blair RJ. Response options and expectations of reward in decision-making: the differential roles of dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Neuroimage. 2007; 35: 979-988. PMID: 17292631
    • (2007) Neuroimage. , vol.35 , pp. 979-988
    • Marsh, A.A.1    Blair, K.S.2    Vythilingam, M.3    Busis, S.4    Blair, R.J.5
  • 43
    • 0040246220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans
    • PMID: 10731217
    • Öngür D, Price JL. The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cereb Cortex. 2000; 10: 206-219. PMID: 10731217
    • (2000) Cereb Cortex. , vol.10 , pp. 206-219
    • Öngür, D.1    Price, J.L.2
  • 44
    • 65649084497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separate neural mechanisms underlie choices and strategic preferences in risky decision making
    • PMID: 19477159
    • Venkatraman V, Payne JW, Bettman JR, Luce MF, Huettel SA. Separate neural mechanisms underlie choices and strategic preferences in risky decision making. Neuron. 2009; 62: 593-602. doi: 10.1016/j. neuron.2009.04.007 PMID: 19477159
    • (2009) Neuron , vol.62 , pp. 593-602
    • Venkatraman, V.1    Payne, J.W.2    Bettman, J.R.3    Luce, M.F.4    Huettel, S.A.5
  • 45
    • 7044241190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: The role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning
    • PMID: 15518930
    • Ridderinkhof KR, van den Wildenberg WPM, Segalowitz SJ, Carter CS. Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: the role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning. Brain Cogn. 2004; 56: 129-140. PMID: 15518930
    • (2004) Brain Cogn. , vol.56 , pp. 129-140
    • Ridderinkhof, K.R.1    Van Den Wildenberg, W.P.M.2    Segalowitz, S.J.3    Carter, C.S.4
  • 46
    • 79952461737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cognitive functions of the caudate nucleus
    • PMID: 18824075
    • Grahn JA, Parkinson JA, Owen AM. The cognitive functions of the caudate nucleus. Prog Neurobiol. 2008; 86: 141-155. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.004 PMID: 18824075
    • (2008) Prog Neurobiol. , vol.86 , pp. 141-155
    • Grahn, J.A.1    Parkinson, J.A.2    Owen, A.M.3
  • 47
    • 57749198714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness
    • PMID: 19096369
    • Craig AD. How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009; 10: 59-70. doi: 10.1038/nrn2555 PMID: 19096369
    • (2009) Nat Rev Neurosci. , vol.10 , pp. 59-70
    • Craig, A.D.1
  • 48
    • 0033808257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions
    • PMID: 11017179
    • Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A, Damasio H, Ponto LLB, Parvizi J, et al. Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nat Neurosci. 2000; 3: 1049-1056. PMID: 11017179
    • (2000) Nat Neurosci. , vol.3 , pp. 1049-1056
    • Damasio, A.R.1    Grabowski, T.J.2    Bechara, A.3    Damasio, H.4    Ponto, L.L.B.5    Parvizi, J.6
  • 51
    • 84863393162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The function of the anterior temporal lobe: A review of the empirical evidence
    • PMID: 22421014
    • Wong C, Gallate J. The function of the anterior temporal lobe: a review of the empirical evidence. Brain Res. 2012; 1449:94-116. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.017 PMID: 22421014
    • (2012) Brain Res. , vol.1449 , pp. 94-116
    • Wong, C.1    Gallate, J.2
  • 53
    • 0034660799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the cerebellum in affect and psychosis
    • Schmahmann JD. The role of the cerebellum in affect and psychosis. J Neurolinguistics. 2000; 13: 189-214.
    • (2000) J Neurolinguistics. , vol.13 , pp. 189-214
    • Schmahmann, J.D.1
  • 55
    • 34548599794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors
    • O'Brien RM. A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Qual Quant. 2007; 41: 673-690.
    • (2007) Qual Quant. , vol.41 , pp. 673-690
    • O'Brien, R.M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.