메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 40-52

Do innate food preferences and learning affect crop raiding by American black bears?

Author keywords

acorns; agricultural crops; corn; human bear conflicts; sunflowers; Ursus americanus

Indexed keywords

HELIANTHUS; HELIANTHUS ANNUUS; URSUS AMERICANUS; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 84934910328     PISSN: 15376176     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-14-00028.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 0027528064 scopus 로고
    • Compositional analysis of habitat use from animal radio-tracking data
    • AEBISCHER, N.J., P.A. ROBERTSON, AND R.E. KENWARD. 1993. Compositional analysis of habitat use from animal radio-tracking data. Ecology 74:1313-1325.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1313-1325
    • Aebischer, N.J.1    Robertson, P.A.2    Kenward, R.E.3
  • 4
    • 84896946398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochasticity in natural forage production affects use of urban areas by black bears: Implications to management of human-bear conflicts
    • -, K.R. WILSON, D.L. LEWIS, J. BRODERICK, J.S. MAO, AND S.W. BRECK. 2014. Stochasticity in natural forage production affects use of urban areas by black bears: Implications to management of human-bear conflicts. PLoS ONE 9:e85122.
    • (2014) PLoS ONE , vol.9
    • Baruch-Mordo, S.1    Wilson, K.R.2    Lewis, D.L.3    Broderick, J.4    Mao, J.S.5    Breck, S.W.6
  • 5
    • 0038046191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using black bears to test ideal-free distribution models experimentally
    • BECKMANN, J.P., AND J. BERGER. 2003. Using black bears to test ideal-free distribution models experimentally. Journal of Mammalogy 84:594-606.
    • (2003) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.84 , pp. 594-606
    • Beckmann, J.P.1    Berger, J.2
  • 6
    • 33748184169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food habits of Louisiana black bears (Ursus americanus luteolus) in two subpopulations of the Tensas River Basin
    • BENSON, J.F., AND M.J. CHAMBERLAIN. 2006. Food habits of Louisiana black bears (Ursus americanus luteolus) in two subpopulations of the Tensas River Basin. The American Midland Naturalist 156:118-127.
    • (2006) The American Midland Naturalist , vol.156 , pp. 118-127
    • Benson, J.F.1    Chamberlain, M.J.2
  • 7
    • 34248177410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space use and habitat selection by female Louisiana black bears in the Tensas River Basin of Louisiana
    • -, AND -. 2007. Space use and habitat selection by female Louisiana black bears in the Tensas River Basin of Louisiana. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:117-126.
    • (2007) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.71 , pp. 117-126
    • Benson, J.F.1    Chamberlain, M.J.2
  • 9
    • 34248198093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitudes of landowners toward American black bears compared between areas of high and low bear populations
    • BOWMAN, J.L., B.D. LEOPOLD, F.J. VILELLA, D.A. GILL, AND H.A. JACOBSON. 2001. Attitudes of landowners toward American black bears compared between areas of high and low bear populations. Ursus 12:153-160.
    • (2001) Ursus , vol.12 , pp. 153-160
    • Bowman, J.L.1    Leopold, B.D.2    Vilella, F.J.3    Gill, D.A.4    Jacobson, H.A.5
  • 10
    • 33746277229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The package adehabitat for the R software: A tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals
    • CALENGE, C. 2006. The package adehabitat for the R software: A tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. Ecological Modelling 197:516-519.
    • (2006) Ecological Modelling , vol.197 , pp. 516-519
    • Calenge, C.1
  • 11
    • 84905855378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macronutrient optimization and seasonal diet mixing in a large omnivore, the grizzly bear: A geometric analysis
    • COOGAN, S.C.P., D. RAUBENHEIMER, G.B. STENHOUSE, AND S.E. NIELSEN. 2014. Macronutrient optimization and seasonal diet mixing in a large omnivore, the grizzly bear: A geometric analysis. PLoS ONE 9:e97968.
    • (2014) PLoS ONE , vol.9
    • Coogan, S.C.P.1    Raubenheimer, D.2    Stenhouse, G.B.3    Nielsen, S.E.4
  • 13
    • 27244434628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of variable mast production to American black bear reproductive parameters in New Mexico
    • -, D.E. JONES, R.M. INMAN, K.H. INMAN, B.C. THOMPSON, AND H.B. QUIGLEY. 2003. Relationship of variable mast production to American black bear reproductive parameters in New Mexico. Ursus 14:1-16.
    • (2003) Ursus , vol.14 , pp. 1-16
    • Costello, C.1    Jones, D.E.2    Inman, R.M.3    Inman, K.H.4    Thompson, B.C.5    Quigley, H.B.6
  • 14
    • 76549084497 scopus 로고
    • Agricultural depredation by the black bear in Virginia
    • DAVENPORT, L.B. 1953. Agricultural depredation by the black bear in Virginia. Journal of Wildlife Management 17:331-340.
    • (1953) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.17 , pp. 331-340
    • Davenport, L.B.1
  • 16
    • 84926456459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and physiological responses of American black bears to landscape features within an agricultural region
    • -, D.L. GARSHELIS, K.V. NOYCE, T.G. LASKE, P.A. IAIZZO, T.E. BURK, J.D. FORESTER, AND J.R. FIEBERG. 2015. Behavioral and physiological responses of American black bears to landscape features within an agricultural region. Ecosphere 6:art28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00199.1
    • (2015) Ecosphere , vol.6
    • Ditmer, M.A.1    Garshelis, D.L.2    Noyce, K.V.3    Laske, T.G.4    Iaizzo, P.A.5    Burk, T.E.6    Forester, J.D.7    Fieberg, J.R.8
  • 18
    • 0024571966 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction in black bears in the southern Appalachian mountains
    • EILER, J.H., W.G. WATHEN, AND M.R. PELTON. 1989. Reproduction in black bears in the southern Appalachian mountains. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:353-360.
    • (1989) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.52 , pp. 353-360
    • Eiler, J.H.1    Wathen, W.G.2    Pelton, M.R.3
  • 19
    • 0024927347 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting black bear reproductive success and cub survival
    • ELOWE, K.D., AND W.E. DODGE. 1989. Factors affecting black bear reproductive success and cub survival. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:962-968.
    • (1989) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.53 , pp. 962-968
    • Elowe, K.D.1    Dodge, W.E.2
  • 20
    • 84894640783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macronutrient optimization and energy maximization determine diets of brown bears
    • ERLENBACH, J.A., K.D. RODE, D. RAUBENHEIMER, AND C.T. ROBBINS. 2014. Macronutrient optimization and energy maximization determine diets of brown bears. Journal of Mammalogy 95:160-168.
    • (2014) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.95 , pp. 160-168
    • Erlenbach, J.A.1    Rode, K.D.2    Raubenheimer, D.3    Robbins, C.T.4
  • 21
    • 0003889329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Context Publications, Packington, England, UK
    • EWING, W.N. 1997. The feeds directory. Context Publications, Packington, England, UK.
    • (1997) The Feeds Directory
    • Ewing, W.N.1
  • 23
    • 33646577822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State and provincial estimates of American black bear numbers versus assessments of population trend
    • -, AND H. HRISTIENKO. 2006. State and provincial estimates of American black bear numbers versus assessments of population trend. Ursus 17:1-7.
    • (2006) Ursus , vol.17 , pp. 1-7
    • Garshelis, D.L.1    Hristienko, H.2
  • 24
    • 85123271648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing the world through the nose of a bear - Diversity of foods fosters behavioral and demographic stability
    • T.E. Fulbright and D.G. Hewitt, editors CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
    • -, AND K.V. NOYCE. 2008. Seeing the world through the nose of a bear - Diversity of foods fosters behavioral and demographic stability. Pages 139-163 in T.E. Fulbright and D.G. Hewitt, editors. Wildlife science: Linking ecological theory and management applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
    • (2008) Wildlife Science: Linking Ecological Theory and Management Applications , pp. 139-163
    • Garshelis, D.L.1    Noyce, K.V.2
  • 25
    • 84935015597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology and population dynamics of black bears in Minnesota
    • Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
    • -, -, AND M.A. DITMER. 2012. Ecology and population dynamics of black bears in Minnesota. Summaries of wildlife research findings. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
    • (2012) Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings
    • Garshelis, D.L.1    Noyce, K.V.2    Ditmer, M.A.3
  • 26
    • 0001359217 scopus 로고
    • Movements of black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
    • -, AND M.R. PELTON. 1981. Movements of black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 1981:912-925.
    • (1981) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.1981 , pp. 912-925
    • Garshelis, D.L.1    Pelton, M.R.2
  • 27
    • 33645968376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landowners' perceptions of crop damage and management practices related to black bears in east-central Minnesota
    • -, R.S. SIKES, D.E. ANDERSEN, AND E.C. BIRNEY. 1999. Landowners' perceptions of crop damage and management practices related to black bears in east-central Minnesota. Ursus 11:219-224.
    • (1999) Ursus , vol.11 , pp. 219-224
    • Garshelis, D.L.1    Sikes, R.S.2    Andersen, D.E.3    Birney, E.C.4
  • 28
    • 0001223510 scopus 로고
    • Home range and body weight-A reevaluation
    • HARESTAD, A.S., AND F.L. BUNNEL. 1979. Home range and body weight-A reevaluation. Ecology 60:389-402.
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 389-402
    • Harestad, A.S.1    Bunnel, F.L.2
  • 29
    • 0033491191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of seasonal differences in dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears
    • HILDERBRAND, G.V., S.G. JENKINS, C.C. SCHWARTZ, T.A. HANLEY, AND C.T. ROBBINS. 1999. Effect of seasonal differences in dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1623-1630.
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.77 , pp. 1623-1630
    • Hilderbrand, G.V.1    Jenkins, S.G.2    Schwartz, C.C.3    Hanley, T.A.4    Robbins, C.T.5
  • 30
    • 84890909691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of genetics to investigate socially learned foraging behavior in free-ranging black bears
    • HOPKINS, J.B., III. 2013. Use of genetics to investigate socially learned foraging behavior in free-ranging black bears. Journal of Mammalogy 94:1214-1222.
    • (2013) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.94 , pp. 1214-1222
    • Hopkins, J.B.1
  • 31
    • 34347272267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Going into the 21st century: A perspective on trends and controversies in the management of the American black bear
    • st century: A perspective on trends and controversies in the management of the American black bear. Ursus 18:72-88.
    • (2007) Ursus , vol.18 , pp. 72-88
    • Hristienko, H.1    McDonald, J.E.2
  • 32
    • 33750146322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetic production by soft and hard mast foods of American black bears in the Smoky Mountains
    • INMAN, R.M., AND M.R. PELTON. 2002. Energetic production by soft and hard mast foods of American black bears in the Smoky Mountains. Ursus 13:57-68.
    • (2002) Ursus , vol.13 , pp. 57-68
    • Inman, R.M.1    Pelton, M.R.2
  • 34
    • 33746087611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of the expanded brown bear population at the edge of the Finnish range
    • KOJOLA, I., AND S. HEIKKINEN. 2006. The structure of the expanded brown bear population at the edge of the Finnish range. Annales Zoologici Fennici 43:258-262.
    • (2006) Annales Zoologici Fennici , vol.43 , pp. 258-262
    • Kojola, I.1    Heikkinen, S.2
  • 35
    • 0344496149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of body size on male mating tactics and paternity in black bears, Ursus americanus
    • KOVACH, A.I., AND R.A. POWELL. 2003. Effects of body size on male mating tactics and paternity in black bears, Ursus americanus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:1257-1268.
    • (2003) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.81 , pp. 1257-1268
    • Kovach, A.I.1    Powell, R.A.2
  • 37
    • 33645975235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity patterns of urban American black bears in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California
    • LYONS, A.J. 2005. Activity patterns of urban American black bears in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California. Ursus 16:255-262.
    • (2005) Ursus , vol.16 , pp. 255-262
    • Lyons, A.J.1
  • 40
    • 40849137524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socially learned foraging behaviour in wild black bears, Ursus americanus
    • MAZUR, R., AND V. SEHER. 2008. Socially learned foraging behaviour in wild black bears, Ursus americanus. Animal Behaviour 75:1503-1508.
    • (2008) Animal Behaviour , vol.75 , pp. 1503-1508
    • Mazur, R.1    Seher, V.2
  • 41
  • 42
    • 0032859949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cover as a habitat element for temperate ungulates: Effects on habitat selection and demography
    • MYSTERUD, A. AND E. ØSTBYE. 1999. Cover as a habitat element for temperate ungulates: Effects on habitat selection and demography. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:385-394.
    • (1999) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.27 , pp. 385-394
    • Mysterud, A.1    Østbye, E.2
  • 43
    • 84255162611 scopus 로고
    • Chemistry and utilization
    • P.S. Reddy, editor Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
    • NAGARAJ, G. 1988. Chemistry and utilization. Pages 554-565 in P.S. Reddy, editor. Groundnut. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.
    • (1988) Groundnut , pp. 554-565
    • Nagaraj, G.1
  • 44
    • 0002249535 scopus 로고
    • Body size and blood characteristics as indicators of condition and reproductive performance in black bears
    • NOYCE, K.V., AND D.L. GARSHELIS. 1994. Body size and blood characteristics as indicators of condition and reproductive performance in black bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9:481-496.
    • (1994) International Conference on Bear Research and Management , vol.9 , pp. 481-496
    • Noyce, K.V.1    Garshelis, D.L.2
  • 45
    • 0031416952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of natural food abundance on black bear harvests in Minnesota
    • -, AND -. 1997. Influence of natural food abundance on black bear harvests in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:1067-1074.
    • (1997) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.61 , pp. 1067-1074
    • Noyce, K.V.1    Garshelis, D.L.2
  • 47
    • 80051860629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotic resistance via granivory: Establishment by invasive, naturalized, and native asters reflects generalist preference
    • PEARSON, D.E., R.M. CALLAWAY, AND J.L. MARON. 2011. Biotic resistance via granivory: Establishment by invasive, naturalized, and native asters reflects generalist preference. Ecology 92:1748-1757.
    • (2011) Ecology , vol.92 , pp. 1748-1757
    • Pearson, D.E.1    Callaway, R.M.2    Maron, J.L.3
  • 48
    • 33645979645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuisance bears in communities: Strategies to reduce conflict
    • PEINE, J.D. 2001. Nuisance bears in communities: Strategies to reduce conflict. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 6:223-237.
    • (2001) Human Dimensions of Wildlife , vol.6 , pp. 223-237
    • Peine, J.D.1
  • 49
    • 84863304598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria Accessed 15 Jan 2012
    • R CORE TEAM. 2012. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012.
    • (2012) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
  • 51
    • 34548577241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing protein intake as a foraging strategy to maximize mass gain in an omnivore
    • ROBBINS, C.T., J.K. FORTIN, K.D. RODE, S.D. FARLEY, L.A. SHIPLEY, AND L.A. FELICETTI. 2007. Optimizing protein intake as a foraging strategy to maximize mass gain in an omnivore. Oikos 116:1675-1682.
    • (2007) Oikos , vol.116 , pp. 1675-1682
    • Robbins, C.T.1    Fortin, J.K.2    Rode, K.D.3    Farley, S.D.4    Shipley, L.A.5    Felicetti, L.A.6
  • 52
    • 33748519003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual dimorphism, reproductive strategy, and human activities determine resource use by brown bears
    • RODE, K.D., S.D. FARLEY, AND C.T. ROBBINS. 2006. Sexual dimorphism, reproductive strategy, and human activities determine resource use by brown bears. Ecology 87:2636-2646.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 2636-2646
    • Rode, K.D.1    Farley, S.D.2    Robbins, C.T.3
  • 53
    • 0033762610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why bears consume mixed diets during fruit abundance
    • -, AND C.T. ROBBINS. 2000. Why bears consume mixed diets during fruit abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:1640-1645.
    • (2000) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.78 , pp. 1640-1645
    • Rode, K.D.1    Robbins, C.T.2
  • 54
    • 84888231735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy concentration and phosphorus digestibility in canola, cottonseed, and sunflower products fed to growing pigs
    • RODRÍGUEZ, D.A., R.C. SULABO, J.C. GONZÁLEZ-VEGA, AND H.H. STEIN. 2013. Energy concentration and phosphorus digestibility in canola, cottonseed, and sunflower products fed to growing pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 93:493-503.
    • (2013) Canadian Journal of Animal Science , vol.93 , pp. 493-503
    • RodrÍguez, D.A.1    Sulabo, R.C.2    GonzÁlez-Vega, J.C.3    Stein, H.H.4
  • 57
    • 84908307728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic distribution of American black bears in North America
    • SCHEICK, B.K., AND W. MCCOWN. 2014. Geographic distribution of American black bears in North America. Ursus 25:24-33.
    • (2014) Ursus , vol.25 , pp. 24-33
    • Scheick, B.K.1    McCown, W.2
  • 58
    • 84934922780 scopus 로고
    • South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
    • SCHINGOETHE, D.J. 1992. Sunflower seeds in dairy cattle rations. Extension extra. South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA.
    • (1992) Sunflower Seeds in Dairy Cattle Rations. Extension Extra.
    • Schingoethe, D.J.1
  • 59
    • 0027087872 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of browsing in dense food patches: Effects of plant and animal morphology on intake rate
    • SHIPLEY, L.A., AND D.E. SPALINGER. 1992. Mechanics of browsing in dense food patches: Effects of plant and animal morphology on intake rate. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:1743-1752.
    • (1992) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.70 , pp. 1743-1752
    • Shipley, L.A.1    Spalinger, D.E.2
  • 60
    • 82655183639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are the same bears repeatedly translocated from corn crops in Wisconsin?
    • SHIVIK, J.A., D. RUID, R.C. WILLGING, AND K.E. MOCK. 2011. Are the same bears repeatedly translocated from corn crops in Wisconsin? Ursus 22:114-119.
    • (2011) Ursus , vol.22 , pp. 114-119
    • Shivik, J.A.1    Ruid, D.2    Willging, R.C.3    Mock, K.E.4
  • 61
    • 37749036373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How agencies respond to human-black bear conflicts: A survey of wildlife agencies in North America
    • SPENCER, R.D., R.A. BEAUSOLEIL, AND D.A. MARTORELLO. 2007. How agencies respond to human-black bear conflicts: A survey of wildlife agencies in North America. Ursus 18:217-229.
    • (2007) Ursus , vol.18 , pp. 217-229
    • Spencer, R.D.1    Beausoleil, R.A.2    Martorello, D.A.3
  • 64
    • 84899806832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection of a large carnivore along human-wildlife boundaries in a highly modified landscape
    • TAKAHATA, C., S.E. NIELSEN, A. TAKII, AND S. IZUMIYAMA. 2014. Habitat selection of a large carnivore along human-wildlife boundaries in a highly modified landscape. PLoS ONE 9:e86181.
    • (2014) PLoS ONE , vol.9
    • Takahata, C.1    Nielsen, S.E.2    Takii, A.3    Izumiyama, S.4
  • 65
    • 84934903774 scopus 로고
    • Quercus alba
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Accessed 19 Jan 2015
    • TIRMENSTEIN, D.A. 1991. Quercus alba. In Fire Effects Information System [online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/. Accessed 19 Jan 2015.
    • (1991) Fire Effects Information System [Online]
    • Tirmenstein, D.A.1
  • 66
    • 84934904196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, release 27
    • Accessed 23 Jan 2015
    • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE. 2014. USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, release 27. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl. Accessed 23 Jan 2015.
    • (2014) Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page
  • 67
    • 7544224427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oak trees, acorns, and bears
    • W.J. McShea and W.M. Healy, editors The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and London, England, UK
    • VAUGHAN, M. 2002. Oak trees, acorns, and bears. Pages 224-240 in W.J. McShea and W.M. Healy, editors. Oak forest ecosystems: Ecology and management for wildlife. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and London, England, UK.
    • (2002) Oak Forest Ecosystems: Ecology and Management for Wildlife , pp. 224-240
    • Vaughan, M.1
  • 70
    • 0028166217 scopus 로고
    • Sexual segregation and female grizzly bear avoidance of males
    • WIELGUS, R.B., AND F.L. BUNNELL. 1994. Sexual segregation and female grizzly bear avoidance of males. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:405-413.
    • (1994) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.58 , pp. 405-413
    • Wielgus, R.B.1    Bunnell, F.L.2
  • 72
  • 73
    • 78649794336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using multivariate techniques to determine if yellow-bellied marmots feed selectively
    • WOODS, B.C. 2009. Using multivariate techniques to determine if yellow-bellied marmots feed selectively. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 21:261-276.
    • (2009) Ethology Ecology and Evolution , vol.21 , pp. 261-276
    • Woods, B.C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.