The future of zoos and aquariums: Conservation and caring

International Zoo Yearbook

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 1-26

  Rabb, G B ^a   Saunders, C D ^a  

^a BROOKFIELD ZOO   (United States)

Author keywords

Biophilia; Caring; Conservation; Conservation biology; Conservation psychology; Environment; Motivating; Participation; Valuing

Indexed keywords

EID: 84933502930     PISSN: 00749664     EISSN: 17481090     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2005.tb00001.x     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. Adelman, L. M., Falk, J. H. & James, S. (2000): Impact of National Aquarium in Baltimore on visitors' conservation attitudes, behavior, and knowledge. Curator 43(1): 33-61.
2. Anderson, J. L. (2001): Stone-age minds at work on 21st century science: how cognitive psychology can inform conservation biology. Conservation Biology in Practice 2(3): 18-25.
3. Aunger, R. (2002): The electric meme: a new theory of how we think. New York: Free Press.
4. Bacon, W. (1996): Multisensory landscape aesthetics. In Nature and the human spirit: toward an expanded land management ethic: 311-320. Driver, B. L., Dustin, D., Baltic, T., Eisner, G. & Peterson, G. (Eds). State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
5. Baillie, J. (1996): Analysis. In 1996IUCN red list of threatened animals: 24-43. Baillie, J. & Groombridge, B. (Eds). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
6. Balick, M. J. & Cox, P. A. (1996): Plants, people, and culture: the science of ethnobotany. New York: W. H. Freeman.
7. Ballou, J. D., Gilpin, M. & Foose, T. J. (Eds) (1995): Population management for survival & recovery. Analytical methods and strategies in small population conservation. New York: Columbia University Press.
8. Ballou, J. D. & Foose, T. J. (1996): Demographic and genetic management of captive populations. In Wild mammals in captivity: 263-283. Kleiman, D. G., Allen, M. E., Thompson, K. V. & Lumpkin, S. (Eds). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
9. Balmford, A., Green, R. E. & Jenkins, M. (2003): Measuring the changing state of nature. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18: 326-330.
10. Barrett, C. B. & Grizzle, R. (1999): A holistic approach to sustainability based on pluralism stewardship. Environmental Ethics 21(1): 23-42.
11. Bechtel, R. B. & Churchman, A. (Eds) (2002): Handbook of environmental psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
12. Beck, B. B., Stanley Price, M. R. & Wilson, A. C. (1994): Reintroduction of captive-born animals. In Creative conservation: interactive management of wild and captive animals: 265-286.Olney, P. J. S. Mace, G. M. Feistner & Feistner, A. T. C. (Eds). London: Chapman and Hall.
13. Beissinger, S. R. & Mc Cullough, D. R. (Eds) (2002): Population viability analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
14. Bekoff, M. (2000): Animal emotions: exploring passionate natures. BioScience 50: 861-870.
15. Berger, J., Testa, J. W., Roffe, T. & Monfort, S. L. (1999): Conservation endocrinology: a non-invasive tool to understand relationships between carnivore colonization and ecological carrying capacity. Conservation Biology 13: 980-989.
16. Blackmore, S. (1999): The meme machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. Bostock, S. St, C. (1993): Zoos and animal rights: the ethics of keeping animals. London: Routledge.
18. Botts, S. E. (2000): The development of psychometric scales to measure sense of place. PhD dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
19. Brook, A. T. (2001): What is ‘conservation psychology’? Population and Environmental Psychology Bulletin 27(2): 1-2.
20. Brosnan, S. F. & De Waal, F. B. M. (2004): Animal behavior: fair refusal by capuchin monkeys. Nature 428: 140.
21. Burghardt, G. M. (1997): Amending Tinbergen: a fifth aim for ethology. In Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals: 254-276. Mitchell, R. W., Thompson, N. S. & Miles, H. L. (Eds). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
22. Burghardt, G. M. (1998): Critical anthropomorphism. In Encyclopedia of animal rights and animal welfare: 71-73. Bekoff, M. & Meaney, C. A. (Eds). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
23. Byers, O. & Seal, U. S. (2003): The Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG): activities, core competencies and vision for the future. International Zoo Yearbook 38: 43-53.
24. Cantrill, J. G. & Senecah, S. L. (2001): Using the ‘sense of self-in-place’ construct in the context of environmental policy-making and landscape planning. Environmental Science & Policy 4: 185-203.
25. Carr, D. (1999): The need for the museum. Museum News March-April: 31-35, 56.
26. Chawla, L. (1998): Significant life experiences revisited: a review of research on sources of environmental sensitivity. Journal of Environmental Education 29(3): 11-21.
27. Chicago, Region Biodiversity Council (1999): Biodiversity recovery plan. Chicago, IL: Chicago Region Biodiversity Council.
28. Choucri, N. (Ed.) (1993): Global accord: environmental challenges and international responses. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
29. Collins, J. P., Kinzig, A., Grimm, N. B., Pagan, W. F., Hope, D., Wu, J. & Borer, E. T. (2000): A new urban ecology. American Scientist 88: 416-425.
30. Conway, W. G. (2000): The changing role of zoos and aquariums in the 21st century. Communique January: 11-12, 47.
31. Conway, W. (2003): The role of zoos in the 21st century. International Zoo Yearbook 38: 7-13.
32. Conway, W. G., Hutchins, M., Souza, M., Kapetanakos, Y. & Paul, E. (2001): The AZA field conservation resource guide. Atlanta, GA: Zoo Atlanta.
33. Costanza, R., Ďarge, R., Degroot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O'neill, R. V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R. G., Sutton, P. & Van Den Belt, M. (1997): The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253-259.
34. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000): Beyond boredom and anxiety: experiencing the flow in work and play (2nd edn). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
35. Daily, G. C. (Ed.) (1997): Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press.
36. DAily, G. & Ellison, K. (2002): The new economy of nature: the quest to make conservation profitable. Washington, DC: Island Press.
37. Damon, W. (1999): The moral development of children. Scientific American August: 72-78.
38. Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A. & Hyatt, A. D. (2000): Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife—threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287: 443-449.
39. Dawkins, M. S. (1998): Evolution and animal welfare. Quarterly Review of Biology 73: 305-328.
40. Deyoung, R. & Monroe, M. (1996): Some fundamentals of engaging stories. Environmental Education Research 2: 171-187.
41. Dietz, T. & Stern, P. C. (Eds) (2002): New tools for environmental protection: education, information, and voluntary measures. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
42. Driver, B. L., Dustin, D., Baltic, T., Elsner, G. & Peterson, G. (Eds) (1996): Nature and the human spirit: toward an expanded land management ethic. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
43. Dunlap, R. E. & Michelson, W. (Eds) (2002): Handbook of environmental sociology. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
44. Durrell, L. & Mallinson, J. J. C. (1998): The impact of an institutional review: a change of emphasis towards field conservation programmes. International Zoo Yearbook 36: 1-8.
45. EiblEibesfeldt, I. (1971): Love and hate: on the natural history of basic behavior patterns. London: Methuen.
46. EiblEibesfeldt, I. (1989): Human ethology. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
47. Eiser, J. R. (1994): Attitudes, chaos and the connectionist mind. Oxford: Blackwell.
48. Elder, J. (1998): First metropolis of the future. Chicago Wilderness Fall: 30-31.
49. Entwistle, A. & Dunstone, N. (2000): Priorities for the conservation of mammalian diversity. Has the panda had its day? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50. Etcoff, N. (1999): Survival of the prettiest: the science of beauty. New York: Doubleday.
51. Fa, J. E., Clark, C. C. M. & Hicks, S. D. J. (1995): Training in zoo biology at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust: a retrospective look and a glance at the future. Dodo. Journal of the Wildlife Preservation Trusts 31: 28-40.
52. Falk, J. & Dierking, L. (1992): The museum experience. Washington, DC: Whalesback Books.
53. FAlk, J. & Dierking, L. (2000): Learning from museums: visitor experiences and the making of meaning. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
54. Finger, M. (1993a): Environmental adult learning in Switzerland. Occasional Papers Series No. 2. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
55. Finger, M. (1993b): Does environmental learning translate into more responsible behavior? Environmental Strategy. Newsletter of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Strategy and Planning 5: 17-18.
56. Finger, M. (1994): From knowledge to action? Exploring the relationships between environmental experiences, learning, and behavior. Journal of Social Issues 50: 141-160.
57. Flesness, N. R. (2003): International Species Information System (ISIS): over 25 years of compiling global animal data to facilitate collection and population management. Internationa/ Zoo Yearbook 38: 53-61.
58. Flesness, N. R., Lukens Jr, D. R., Porter, S. B., Wilson, C. R. & Grahn, L. V. (1995): ISIS and studbooks: very high census correlation for the North American zoo population: a reply to Earnhardt, Thompson, and Willis. Zoo Biology 14: 509-517.
59. Foose, T. J., Lande, R., Flesness, N. R., Rabb, G. & Read, B. (1986): Propagation plans. Zoo Biology 5: 139-146.
60. Gallagher, W. (1993): The power of place: how our surroundings shape our thoughts, emotions, and actions. New York: Poseidon Press.
61. Geist, C. & Galatowitsch, S. M. (1999): Reciprocal model for meeting ecological and human needs in restoration projects. Conservation Biology 13: 970-979.
62. Geller, E. S. (1995): Actively caring for the environment: an integration of behaviorism and humanism. Environment and Behavior 27: 184-195.
63. Gladwell, M. (2000): The tipping point: how little things can make a big difference. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.
64. Gopnik, A., Meltzoff, A. N. & Kuhl, P. K. (1999): The scientist in the crib. Minds, brains, and how children learn. New York: William Morrow.
65. Griffin, D. R. (2001): Animal minds: beyond cognition to consciousness. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
66. Grzimek, B. & Grzimek, M. (1960): Serengeti shall not die. London: Hamish Hamilton.
67. Haan, N., Aerts, E. & Cooper, B. A. B. (1985): On moral grounds: the search for practical morality. New York: New York University Press.
68. Hamilton, L. S. (Ed.) (1993): Ethics, religion and biodiversity: relations between conservation and cultural values. Cambridge: White Horse Press.
69. Hannon, B. (1987): The discounting of concern. In Environmental economics: 227-241. Pillet, G. & Murota, T. (Eds). Geneva: R. Leimgruber.
70. Hannon, B. (1994): Sense of place: geographic discounting by people, animals and plants. Ecological Economics 10: 157-174.
71. Harris, J. R. (1998): The nurture assumption: why children turn out the way they do. New York: The Free Press.
72. Hidalgo, M. C. & Hernandez, B. (2001): Place attachment: conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology 21: 273-281.
73. Holdgate, M. (1996): From care to action: making a sustainable world. London: Earthscan.
74. Hutcherson, L. (In press): Chicago Wilderness: a collaborative model for urban conservation. In The urban imperative: urban outreach strategies for protected area agencies. California InStitute of Public Affairs Publication No. 109. Trzyna, T. (Ed.). Gland: IUCN—The World Conservation Union and Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy.
75. Hutchins, M. (2003): Zoo and aquarium animal management and conservation: current trends and future challenges. International Zoo Yearbook 38: 14-28.
76. Hutchins, M. & Conway, W. G. (1995): Beyond Noah's Ark: the evolving role of modern zoological parks and aquariums in field conservation. International Zoo Yearbook 34: 117-130.
77. Hutchins, M. & Smith, B. (2003): Characteristics of a world-class zoo or aquarium in the 21st century. International Zoo Yearbook 38: 130-141.
78. Ings, S. (2002): Memetic mohicans: review of The Electric Meme, R. Aunger. New Scientist 175(2350): 58.
79. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) (1994): Whose Eden? An overview of community approaches to wildlife management. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
80. Ishwaran, N. (1992): Biodiversity, protected areas and sustainable development. Nature and Resources 28(1): 18-25.
81. IUCN/UNEP/WWF (1991): Caring for the Earth: a strategy for sustainable living. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/UNEP/WWF.
82. IUDZG/CBSG (IUCN/SSC) (1993): The world zoo conservation strategy: the role of the zoos and aquaria of the world in global conservation. Brookfield, IL: Chicago Zoological Society.
83. Jacobson, S. K. (1999): Communication skills for conservation professionals. Washington, DC: Island Press.
84. Kahn Jr, P. H. (1997): Developmental psychology and the biophilia hypothesis: children's affiliation with nature. Developmental Review 17: 1-61.
85. Kahn Jr, P. H. (1999): The human relationship with nature: development and culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
86. Kahn Jr, P. H. & Kellert, S. R. (Eds) (2002): Children and nature: psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
87. Kals, E., Schumacher, D. & Montada, L. (1999): Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature. Environment and Behavior 31: 178-202.
88. Kellert, S. R. (1996): The value of life: biological diversity and human society. Washington, DC: Island Press.
89. Kellert, S. R. (1997): Kinship to mastery: biophilia in human evolution and development. Washington, DC: Island Press.
90. Kellert, S. R. & Wilson, E. O. (Eds) (1993): The biophilia hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.
91. Kemf, E. (Ed.) (1993): The law of the mother: protecting indigenous people in protected areas. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
92. Kiester, A. R. (1996): Aesthetics of biological diversity. Human Ecology Review 3(2): 151-157.
93. Kiss, A. (Ed.) (1990): Living with wildlife: wildlife resource management with local participation in Africa. World Bank Technical Paper 130. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
94. Kleiman, D. G., Allen, M. E., Thompson, K. V. & Lumpkin, S. (Eds) (1996): Wild mammals in captivity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
95. Lacy, R. C. (1987): Loss of genetic diversity from managed populations: interacting effects of drift, mutation, immigration, selection, and population subdivision. Conservation Biology 1: 143-158.
96. Lacy, R. C. (1993): Vortex,: a computer simulation model in population viability analysis. Wildlife Research 20: 45-65.
97. Lacy, R. C. (1994): Managing genetic diversity in captive populations of animals. In Restoration and recovery of endangered plants and animals: 63-89. Bowles, M. L. & Whelan, C. J. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
98. Laland, K. N. & Brown, G. R. (2002): Sense and nonsense: evolutionary perspectives on human behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
99. Lawton, J. H. & May, R. M. (Eds) (1995): Extinction rates. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
100. Leopold, A. (1933): The conservation ethic. Journal of Forestry 31: 634-643.
101. Leopold, A. (1949): A Sand County almanac and sketches here and there. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
102. Leopold, A. (1966): A Sand County almanac: with essays on conservation from Round River. New York: Ballantine Books.
103. Lindburg, D. G. (1999): Zoos and the rights of animals. Zoo Biology 18: 433-448.
104. Lomberg, B. (2001): The skeptical environmentalist: measuring the real state of the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
105. Lorenz, K. (1943): Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 5: 235-409.
106. Lundmark, C. (2002): Lifelong learning. BioScience 52: 325.
107. Mace, R. (2000): The evolutionary ecology of human population growth. In Behaviour and conservation: 13-33. Gosling, L. M. & Sutherland, W. J. (Eds). London: The Zoological Society of London.
108. Mallinson, J. J. C. (1995): Zoo breeding programmes: balancing conservation and animal welfare. Dodo. Journal of the Wildlife Preservation Trusts 31: 66-73.
109. Mallinson, J. J. C. & Hartley, J. R. M. (1997): Partnerships in conservation. Dodo. Journal of the Wildlife Preservation Trusts 33: 8-13.
110. Mc, CormickRay, M. G. (1998): Oyster reefs in 1878seascape pattern—Winslow revisited. Estuaries 21: 784-800.
111. Mchenry, T., Brady, W., Candland, D., Echeverria, J., Ferguson, J., Jensen, J., Koontz, F., Jolly, A., Mars, V., Model, A., Pearl, M. & Tuten, J. (1999): Wildlife Preservation Trust International's conservation perspective and strategic directions. Dodo. Journal of Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust 35: 116-123.
112. Mc, Neely, J. A., Harrison, J. & Dingwall, P. (Eds) (1994): Protecting nature: regional reviews of protected areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
113. Meffe, G. K. (1999): Conservation medicine. Conservation Biology 13: 953-954.
114. Meyer, S. M. (2004): End of the wild. The extinction crisis is over. We lost. Boston Review 29(2): 20-25.
115. Midgley, M. (1978, rev. 1995): Beast and man. The roots of human nature. London: Routledge.
116. Miller, B., Conway, W., Reading, R. P., Wemmer, C., Wildt, D., Kleiman, D., Monfort, S., Rabinowitz, A., Armstrong, B. & Hutchins, M. (2004): Evaluating the conservation mission of zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, and natural history museums. Conservation Biology 18: 86-93.
117. Moller, A. P. & Thornhill, R. (1998): Bilateral symmetry and sexual selection: a meta-analysis. American Naturalist 151: 174-192.
118. Murphy, F. A. (1998): Emerging zoonoses. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4: 429-435.
119. Myers, N. & Knoll, A. H. (2001): The biotic crisis and the future of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98: 5389-5392.
120. Myers Jr, O. E. & Saunders, C. D. (2002): Animals as links toward developing caring relationships with the natural world. In Children and nature: psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations: 153-178. Kahn, P. H. & Kellert, S. R. (Eds). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
121. Nash, R. F. (1989): The rights of nature: a history of environmental ethics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
122. Navota, J. & Dreher, D. W. (2000): Protecting nature in your community: a guidebook for preserving and enhancing biodiversity. Chicago, IL: Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission.
123. Nevers, P., Gebhard, U. & BillmannMahecha, E. (1997): Patterns of reasoning exhibited by children and adolescents in response to moral dilemmas involving plants, animals, and ecosystems. Journal of Moral Education 26: 169-186.
124. Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I. & Norenzayan, A. (2001): Culture and systems of thought: holistic vs. analytic cognition. Psychological Review 108: 291-310.
125. Noddings, N. (1984): Caring: a feminine approach to ethics & moral education. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
126. Noddings, N. (1992): The challenge to care in schools: an alternative approach to education. New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University.
127. Norton, B. G. (1991): Toward unity among environmentalists. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
128. Norton, B. G., Hutchins, M., Stevens, E. F. & Maple, T. L. (Eds) (1995): Ethics on the Ark: zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
129. OdlingSmee, F. J., Laland, K. N. & Feldman, M. W. (2003): Niche construction: the neglected process in evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
130. Ogden, J. J., Lindburg, D. G. & Maple, T. L. (1993): The effects of ecologically-relevant sounds on zoo visitors. Curator 36(2): 147-156.
131. Oliner, S. P. (1979): Compassion and caring. Journal of Education 161(4): 36-60.
132. Oliner, S. P. (1986): Implementing and legitimating prosocial education. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 13: 389-408.
133. Olney, P. J. S., Mace, G. M. & Feistner, A. T. C. (Eds) (1994): Creative conservation: interactive management of wild and captive animals. London: Chapman and Hall.
134. Orians, G. H. (1986): An ecological and evolutionary approach to landscape aesthetics. In Landscape meanings and values: 3-25. Penning-Rowsell, E. C. & Lowenthal, D. (Eds). London: Allen and Unwin.
135. Orians, G. H. & Heerwagen, J. H. (1992): Evolved responses to landscapes. In The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture: 555-579. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (Eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
136. Oskamp, S. (2002): Summarizing sustainability issues and research priorities. In Psychology of sustainable development: 301-324. Schmuck, P. & Schultz, W. P. (Eds). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
137. Palme, R., Bobia, C., Messman, S. & Moestl, E. (1998): Measuring faecal cortisol metabolites: a non-invasive tool to evaluate adrenocortical activity in mammals. Advances in Ethology 33: 27-46.
138. Parker, P. & Punturiero, M. (In press): Community-driven stewardship of an Australian government protected area, with a metropolitan zoo as an international partner. In The urban imperative: urban outreach strategies for protected area agencies. California InStitute of Public Affairs Publication No. 109. Trzyna, T. (Ed.). Gland: IUCN—The World Conservation Union and Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy.
139. Penn, D. J. (2003): The evolutionary roots of our environmental problems: toward a Darwinian ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology 78: 275-301.
140. Perrett, D. I., Lee, K. J., PentonVoak, I., Rowland, D., Yoshikawa, S., Burt, D. M., Henzi, S. P., Castles, D. L. & Akamatsu, S. (1998): Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature 394: 884-887.
141. PrescottAllen, R. (2001): The wellbeing of nations. Washington, DC: Island Press.
142. Rabb, G. B. (1993): Heini Hediger—a pioneer in the science of animal behavior. Der Zoologische Garten (N.F.) 63(3): 163-167.
143. Rabb, G. B. (1994): The changing roles of zoological parks in conserving biological diversity. American Zoologist 34: 159-164.
144. Rabb, G. B. (1995): The evolution of zoos, aquaria, and botanic gardens in relation to protected areas. In Expanding partnerships in conservation: 82-87. McNeely, J. A. (Ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press.
145. Rabb, G. B. (1996): Factors affecting survival. Species 25: 1-2.
146. Rabb, G. B. (1997): Global extinction threat. Defenders 72(1): 34-36.
147. Rabb, G. B. (1999): The amphibian crisis. In Seventh world conference on breeding endangered species: Unking zoo and field research to advance conservation: 23-30. Roth, T. L., Swanson, W. F. & Blattman, L. K. (Eds). Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden.
148. Rabb, G. B. (2001a): Leadership in zoos and aquariums. Communique August: 20-21.
149. Rabb, G. B. (2001b): Caring—the essence of conservation. Biota November: 1.
150. Rabb, G. B. (2001c): Facing the challenge. In The red book. The extinction crisis face-to-face: 29-30. Robles Gil, P., Perez Gil, R. & Bolivar, A. (Eds). Mexico City: IUCN & Cemex.
151. Rabb, G. B. (2004): The evolution of zoos from menageries to centers of conservation and caring. Curator 47(3): 237-246.
152. Rabb, G. B. & Saunders, C. D. (1999): God, unicorns, and toilets: mission-inspired evaluation. AZA Annual Conference Proceedings 1999: 354-359.
153. Rabb, G. B. & Sullivan, T. A. (1995): Coordinating conservation: global networking for species survival. Biodiversity and Conservation 4: 536-543.
154. Rabinowitz, A. (1993): Wildlife field research and conservation training manual. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society.
155. Rachels, J. (1990): Created from animals: the moral implications of Darwinism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
156. Rawles, K. (1996): Conservation and animal welfare. Lancaster: Lancaster University.
157. Regan, T. & Singer, P. (Eds) (1989): Animal rights and human obligations (2nd edn). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
158. Reynolds, J. D., Mace, G. M., Redford, K. H. & Robinson, J. G. (Eds) (2001): Conservation of exploited species. London: The Zoological Society of London.
159. Rilling, J. K., Gutman, D. A., Zeh, T. R., Pagnoni, G., Berns, G. S. & Kilts, C. D. (2002): A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron 35: 395-405.
160. Robinson, J. G. & Bennett, E. L. (Eds) (2000): Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. New York: Columbia University Press.
161. Roe, D., Mayers, J., GriegGran, M., Kothari, A., Fabricius, C. & Hughes, R. (Eds) (2000): Evaluating Eden. Exploring the myths and realities of community-based wildlife management: series overview. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
162. Rubenstein, D. (1998): Behavioral ecology and conservation policy: on balancing science, applications, and advocacy. In Behavioral ecology and conservation biology: 527-553. Caro, T. (Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
163. Rudran, R., Wemmer, C. & Singh, M. (1990): Teaching applied ecology to nationals of developing countries. In Race to save the tropics: ecology and economics for a sustainable future: 125-140. Goodland, E. R. (Ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press.
164. Sadowski, M. (2001): Search for sustainability: creating a model for community-based conservation. Biota 2: 6-9.
165. Saunders, C. D. & Myers Jr, O. E. (2001): Using conservation biology as a model for thinking about conservation psychology. Population and Environmental Psychology Bulletin 27(2): 7-8.
166. Schultz, P. W. (2002): Inclusion with nature: the psychology of human-nature relations. In Psychology of sustainable development: 61-78. Schmuck, P. & Schultz, P. W. (Eds). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
167. Sobel, D. (1995): Beyond ecophobia: reclaiming the heart in nature education. Orion Autumn: 11-17.
168. Sobel, D. (1996): Beyond ecophobia. Great Barrington, MA: Orion Society.
169. Sober, E. & Wilson, D. S. (1998): Unto others. The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
170. Soule, M. E. & Wilcox, B. A. (Eds) (1980): Conservation biology: an evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
171. Soule, M. E. & Lease, G. (Eds) (1995): Reinventing nature? Responses to postmodern deconstruction. Washington, DC: Island Press.
172. Spear, J. R. (2000): Conservation medicine: the changing view of biodiversity. Conservation Biology 14: 1913-1917.
173. Stanley Price, M. R. & Soorae, P. S. (2003): Reintroductions: whence and whither? International Zoo Yearbook 38: 61-75.
174. Sullivan, J. (1997): An atlas of biodiversity. Chicago, IL: Chicago Region Biodiversity Council.
175. Taylor, S. E. (2002): The tending instinct: how nurturing is essential to who we are and how we live. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
176. Tuan, Y.-F. (1984): Dominance & affection: the making of pets. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
177. Turner, T. (1993): The role of indigenous peoples in the environmental crisis: the example of the Kayapo of the Brazilian Amazon. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 36: 526-545.
178. Uzzell, D., Pol, E. & Badenas, D. (2002): Place identification, social cohesion, and environmental sustain-ability. Environment and Behavior 34: 26-53.
179. Vining, J. & Ebreo, A. (2002): Emerging theoretical and methodological perspectives on conservation behavior. In Handbook of environmental psychology: 541-558. Bechtel, R. O. & Churchman, A. (Eds). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
180. Walker, S. (2000): CBSG Regional Networks as conservation engineers: India as a case study. International Zoo Yearbook 37: 1-17.
181. Weber, W., White, L. J. T., Vedder, A. & Naughton -Treves, L. (Eds) (2001): African rainforest ecology and conservation: an interdisciplinary perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
182. Weiskel, T. C. (1997): Selling pigeons in the temple: the dangers of market metaphors in an ecosystem. Occasional Papers Series No. 8. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Divinity School.
183. Wemmer, C., Rudran, R., Dallmeier, F. & Wilson, D. E. (1993): Training developing-country nationals is the critical ingredient to conserving global biodiversity. BioScience 43: 762-767.
184. Western, D. & Pearl, M. C. (Eds) (1989): Conservation for the twenty-first century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
185. Western, D., Wright, R. M. & Strum, S. C. (Eds) (1994): Natural connections: perspectives in community-based conservation. Washington, DC: Island Press.
186. Westley, F. R. & Miller, P. S. (Eds) (2003): Experiments in consilience: integrating social and scientific responses to save endangered species. Washington, DC: Island Press.
187. Wilson, D. S. (2002): Darwin's cathedral: evolution, religion, and the nature of society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
188. Wilson, E. O. (1984): Biophilia: the human bond with other species. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
189. Wilson, E. O. (Ed.) (1988): Biodiversity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
190. Wilson, E. O. (2002): The future of life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
191. Wilson, M., Daly, M. & Gordon, S. (1998): The evolved psychological apparatus of human decision-making is one source of environmental problems. In Behavioral ecology and conservation biology: 501-523. Caro, T. (Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
192. Winsten, K. (2001): What's the ‘big idea’? Hamill Family Play Zoo finds meaning in children's play. Communique October: 20-21.