A norovirus GII.P21 outbreak in a boarding school, Austria 2014

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 37, Issue , 2015, Pages 25-29

  Lin, Yung Ching ^a,b   Hipfl, Elisabeth ^c   Lederer, Ingeborg ^a   Allerberger, Franz ^a   Schmid, Daniela ^a  

^a AUSTRIAN AGENCY FOR HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY   (Austria)

^b EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL ECDC   (Sweden)

^c Public Health Authority Styria   (Austria)

Author keywords

Asymptomatic infection; Cohort study; Disease outbreak; Food preparation; Molecular epidemiology; Norovirus

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; AUSTRIAN; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DIARRHEA; EPIDEMIC; FOOD INTAKE; GASTROENTERITIS; HAND WASHING; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; MALE; NAUSEA; NOROVIRUS; NOROVIRUS INFECTION; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SCHOOL; VOMITING; AUSTRIA; CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FOOD HANDLING; FOODBORNE DISEASES; GENOTYPE; INCIDENCE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MIDDLE AGED; QUESTIONNAIRE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VIROLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; AUSTRIA; CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; COHORT STUDIES; DIARRHEA; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FOOD HANDLING; FOODBORNE DISEASES; GASTROENTERITIS; GENOTYPE; HAND HYGIENE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NOROVIRUS; SCHOOLS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 84933038958     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: 18783511     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.05.021     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Ahmed S.M., Hall A.J., Robinson A.E., Verhoef L., Premkumar P., Parashar U.D., et al. Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2014, 14:725-730.
2. Glass R.I., Parashar U.D., Estes M.K. Norovirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:1776-1785.
3. Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated norovirus outbreak management and disease prevention guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep 2011; 60(RR-3):1-18.
4. NoroNet. NoroNet update April 2014. Available at: . (accessed February 7, 2015). http://www.rivm.nl/en/Documents_and_publications/Common_and_Present/Publications/Centre_for_Infectious_Disease_Control/Noronet_updates/Noronet_update_april_2014.
5. Austrian Ministry of Health. Noroviruses-report of the National Reference Centre for 2013. Available at: . (accessed February 7, 2015). http://www.bmg.gv.at/home/Schwerpunkte/Krankheiten/Newsletter_Public_Health/Archiv_2014/Noroviren_Bericht_der_Nationalen_Referenzzentrale_fuer_das_Jahr_2013.
6. Miller I., Gunson R., Carman W.F. Norwalk like virus by light cycler PCR. J Clin Virol 2002, 25:231-232.
7. Schreier E., Döring F., Künkel U. Molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round structured viruses in Germany in 1997/1998. Arch Virol 2000, 145:443-453.
8. Wikswo M.E., Cortes J., Hall A.J., Vaughan G., Howard C., Gregoricus N., et al. Disease transmission and passenger behaviors during a high morbidity norovirus outbreak on a cruise ship, January 2009. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52:1116-1122.
9. de Laval F., Nivoix P., Pommier de Santi V., Caballe D., Garnotel E., Maslin J. Severe norovirus outbreak among soldiers in the field: foodborne followed by person-to-person transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:399-400.
10. Barclay L., Park G.W., Vega E., Hall A., Parashar U., Vinjé J., et al. Infection control for norovirus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014, 20:731-740.
11. Vivancos R., Shroufi A., Sillis M., Aird H., Gallimore C.I., Myers L., et al. Food-related norovirus outbreak among people attending two barbeques: epidemiological, virological, and environmental investigation. Int J Infect Dis 2009, 13:629-635.
12. Ha J.H., Choi C., Ha S.D. Evaluation of immunomagnetic separation method for the recovery of hepatitis A virus and GI.1 and GII.4 norovirus strains seeded on oyster and mussel. Food Environ Virol 2014, 6:290-296.
13. European Food Safety. Update of the technical specifications for harmonized reporting of food-borne outbreaks through the European Union reporting system in accordance with directive 2003/99/EC. EFSA Journal 2014; 12:3598, 25 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3598.
14. Kuo H.W., Schmid D., Schwarz K., Pichler A.M., Klein H., König C., et al. A non-foodborne norovirus outbreak among school children during a skiing holiday, Austria, 2007. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009, 121:120-124.
15. Barrabeig I., Rovira A., Buesa J., Bartolomé R., Pintó R., Prellezo H., et al. Foodborne norovirus outbreak: the role of an asymptomatic food handler. BMC Infect Dis 2010, 10:269. 10.1186/1471-2334-10-269.
16. Schmid D., Kuo H.W., Hell M., Kasper S., Lederer I., Mikula C., et al. Foodborne gastroenteritis outbreak in an Austrian healthcare facility caused by asymptomatic, norovirus-excreting kitchen staff. J Hosp Infect 2011, 77:237-241.
17. Nicolay N., McDermott R., Kelly M., Gorby M., Prendergast T., Tuite G., et al. Potential role of asymptomatic kitchen food handlers during a food-borne outbreak of norovirus infection, Dublin, Ireland, March 2009. Euro Surveill 2011, 16. pii: 19931.
18. Jeong A.Y., Jeong H.S., Lee J.S., Park Y.C., Lee S.H., Hwang I.G., et al. Occurrence of norovirus infections in asymptomatic food handlers in South Korea. J Clin Microbiol 2013, 51:598-600.
19. Ozawa K., Oka T., Takeda N., Hansman G.S. Norovirus infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic food handlers in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:3996-4005.
20. Okabayashi T., Yokota S., Ohkoshi Y., Ohuchi H., Yoshida Y., Kikuchi M., et al. Occurrence of norovirus infections unrelated to norovirus outbreaks in an asymptomatic food handler population. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:1985-1988.
21. Liu P., Escudero B., Jaykus L.A., Montes J., Goulter R.M., Lichtenstein M., et al. Laboratory evidence of norwalk virus contamination on the hands of infected individuals. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013, 79:7875-7881.
22. Österreichische Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit GmbH. Vorgehen bei Gastroenteritis-Ausbrüchen durch Norovirus: in Gesundheitsversorgenden Einrichtungen, auf Personenschiffen, Beherbergungsbetrieben, Schulen und in anderen Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen. Vienna: Humanmedizin; 2011, p. 155-8.
23. Krause G. Investigating outbreaks: medical imperative or academic indulgence?. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009, 121:73-76.
24. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the European Food Safety Authority. Multi-country outbreak of Salmonella Stanley infections-third update. EFSA Supporting Publication 2014:EN-592.