Low cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary artery calcification: Complementary cardiovascular risk predictors in asymptomatic type 2 diabetics

Atherosclerosis

Volumn 241, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 634-640

  Zafrir, Barak ^a   Azaiza, Mohanad ^a   Gaspar, Tamar ^b,c   Dobrecky Mery, Idit ^a,c   Azencot, Mali ^b   Lewis, Basil S ^a   Rubinshtein, Ronen ^a   Halon, David A ^a  

^a TECHNION ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Israel)

^b CARMEL MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^c BNAI ZION MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Cardiorespiratory fitness; Coronary artery calcification; Prediction; Risk score

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASE; BODY MASS; CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE; EVENT FREE SURVIVAL; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; INSULIN TREATMENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MAXIMAL TREADMILL EXERCISE TESTING; METABOLIC EQUIVALENT; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TREADMILL EXERCISE; TREADMILL TEST; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; CALCINOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; COMPLICATION; CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; EXERCISE TEST; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RADIOGRAPHY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

AGED; CALCINOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY VESSELS; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84932648850     PISSN: 00219150     EISSN: 18791484     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.020     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Statistics about Diabetes: Data from the National Diabetes Statistics Report 2014, (released June 10, 2014 [Internet]. Available from:. http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/.
2. Orasanu G., Plutzky J. The pathologic continuum of diabetic vascular disease. J.Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009, 53(5 Suppl.l):S35-S42.
3. Guzder R.N., Gatling W., Mullee M.A., Mehta R.L., Byrne C.D. Prognostic valve of Framingham cardiovascular risk equation and the UKPDS risk engine for coronary heart disease in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: results from UK study. Diabet. Med. 2005, 22:554e62.
4. Van Dieren S., Peelen L.M., Noltlings U., van der Schouw Y.T., Rutten G.E., Spijkerman A.M., van der A.D.L., Sluik D., Boeing H., Moons K.G., Beulens J.W. External validation of the UK prospective diabetes study (UKDPS) risk engine in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2011, 54:264e70.
5. Kengne A.P., Patel A., Colagiuri S., Heller S., Hamet P., Marre M., Pan C.Y., Zoungas S., Grobbee D.E., Neal B., Chalmers J., Woodward M., ADVANCE Collaborative Group The Framingham and UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) risk equation do not reliably estimate the probability of cardiovascular events in large ethnically diverse sample of patients: the action in diabetes and vascular disease: preterax and diamicroneMR controlled evaluation (ADVANCE) study. Diabetologia 2010, 53:821e31.
6. American Diabetes Association Position statement: standards of medical care in diabetes-2014. Diabetes Care 2014, 37(Suppl.1):S14-S80.
7. Taylor A.J., Bindeman J., Feuerstein I., Cao F., Brazaitis M., O'Malley P.G. Coronary calcium independently predicts incident premature coronary heart disease over measured cardiovascular risk factors: mean three-year outcomes in the prospective army coronary calcium (PACC) project. J.Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005, 46:807-814.
8. Detrano R., Guerci A.D., Carr J.J., Bild D.E., Burke G., Folsom A.R., Liu K., Shea S., Szklo M., Bluemke D.A., O'Leary D.H., Tracy R., Watson K., Wong N.D., Kronmal R.A. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N.Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358:1336-1345.
9. Polonsky T.S., McClelland R.L., Jorgensen N.W., Bild D.E., Burke G.L., Guerci A.D., Greenland P. Coronary artery calcium score and risk classification for coronary heart disease prediction. J.Am. Med. Assoc. 2010, 303:1610-1616.
10. Greenland P., Alpert J.S., Beller G.A., Benjamin E.J., Budoff M.J., Fayad Z.A., Foster E., Hlatky M.A., Hodgson J.M., Kushner F.G., Lauer M.S., Shaw L.J., Smith S.C., Taylor A.J., Weintraub W.S., Wenger N.K., Jacobs A.K., American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2010, 122:2748-2764.
11. Raggi P., Shaw L.J., Berman D.S., Callister T.Q. Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in subjects with and without diabetes. J.Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004, 43:1663-1669.
12. Agarwal S., Morgan T., Herrington D.M., Xu J., Cox A.J., Freedman B.I., Carr J.J., Bowden D.W. Coronary calcium score and prediction of all-cause mortality in diabetes: the diabetes heart study. Diabetes Care 2011, 34:1219-1224.
13. Elkeles R.S. Coronary artery calcium and cardiovascular risk in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2010, 210(2):331-336.
14. Martin S.S., Blaha M.J., Blankstein R., Agatston A., Rivera J.J., Virani S.S., Ouyang P., Jones S.R., Blumenthal R.S., Budoff M.J., Nasir K. Dyslipidemia, coronary artery calcium, and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for statin therapy from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2014, 129:77-86.
15. Bulugahapitiya U., Siyambalapitya S., Sithole J., Idris I. Is diabetes a coronary risk equivalent, systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet. Med. 2009, 26:142-148.
16. Kramer C.K., Zinman B., Gross J.L., Canani L.H., Rodrigues T.C., Azevedo M.J., Retnakaran R. Coronary artery calcium score prediction of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2013, 346:f1654.
17. Pandey A.K., Blaha M.J., Sharma K., Rivera J., Budoff M.J., Blankstein R., Al-Mallah M., Wong N.D., Shaw L., Carr J., O'Leary D., Lima J.A., Szklo M., Blumenthal R.S., Nasir K. Family history of coronary heart disease and the incidence and progression of coronary artery calcification: multi-Ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2014, 232(2):369-376.
18. Paixao A.R., Berry J.D., Neeland I.J., Ayers C.R., Rohatgi A., de Lemos J.A., Khera A. Coronary artery calcification and family history of myocardial infarction in the Dallas heart study. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2014, 7(7):679-686.
19. Blair S.N., Kohl H.W., Paffenbarger R.S., Clark D.G., Cooper K.H., Gibbons L.W. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. J.Am. Med. Assoc. 1989, 262:2395-2401.
20. Slattery M.L., Jacobs D.R. Physical fitness and cardiovascular disease mortality: the US railroad study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1988, 127:571-580.
21. Wei M., Gibbons L.W., Kampert J.B., Nichaman M.Z., Blair S.N. Low cardiorespiratory fitness and physical inactivity as predictors of mortality in men with type 2 diabetes. Ann. Intern Med. 2000, 132(8):605-611.
22. Kokkinos P., Myers J., Nylen E., Panagiotakos D.B., Manolis A., Pittaras A., Blackman M.R., Jacob-Issac R., Faselis C., Abella J., Singh S. Exercise capacity and all-cause mortality in African American and Caucasian men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:623-628.
23. Paynter N.P., LaMonte M.J., Manson J.E., Martin L.W., Phillips L.S., Ridker P.M., Robinson J.G., Cook N.R. Comparison of lifestyle-based and traditional cardiovascular disease prediction in a multiethnic cohort of nonsmoking women. Circulation. 2014, 130(17):1466-1473.
24. Stevens R.J., Kothari V., Adler A.I., Stratton I.M. The UKPDS risk engine: a model for the risk of coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes: United Kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) group. Clin. Sci. 2001, 101:671e9.
25. D'Agostino R.B., Grundy S., Sullivan L.M., Wilson P., CHD Risk Prediction Group Validation of the Framingham coronary heart disease prediction scores. Results of a multiple ethnic group investigation. J.Am. Med. Assoc. 2001, 286:180e7.
26. Kim E.S., Ishwaran H., Blackstone E., Lauer M.S. External prognostic validations and comparisons of age- and gender-adjusted exercise capacity predictions. J.Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007, 50(19):1867-1875.
27. Gulati M., Pandey D.K., Arnsdorf M.F., Lauderdale D.S., Thisted R.A., Wicklund R.H., Al-Hani A.J., Black H.R. Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women: the St James women take heart project. Circulation 2003, 108:1554-1559.
28. Morris C.K., Myers J., Froelicher V.F., Kawaguchi T., Ueshima K., Hideg A. Nomogram based on metabolic equivalents and age for assessing aerobic exercise capacity in men. J.Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1993, 22:175-182.
29. McAuley P.A., Smith N.S., Emerson B.T., Myers J.N. The obesity paradox and cardiorespiratory fitness. J.Obes. 2012, 2012:951582.
30. Agatston A.S., Janowitz W.R., Hildner F.J., Zusmer N.R., Viamonte M., Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J.Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1990, 15:827-832.
31. DeLong E.R., DeLong D.M., Clarke-Pearson D.L. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics 1988, 44:837-845.
32. Pencina M.J., D'Agostino R.B.J., Vasan R.S. Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new biomarker: from area under the ROC curve reclassification and beyond. Stat. Med. 2008, 27:157-172.
33. Leening M.J., Vedder M.M., Witteman J.C., Pencina M.J., Steyerberg E.W. Net reclassification improvement: computation, interpretation and controversies: a literature review and clinician's guide. Ann. Intern Med. 2014, 160(2):122-131.
34. Gupta S., Rohatgi A., Ayers C.R., Willis B.L., Haskell W.L., Khera A., Drazner M.H., de Lemos J.A., Berry J.D. Cardiorespiratory fitness and classification of risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. Circulation 2011, 123(13):1377-1383.
35. Raggi P., Cooil B., Ratti C., Callister T.Q., Budoff M. Progression of coronary artery calcium and occurrence of myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Hypertension 2005, 46(1):238-243.
36. Wolfe M.L., Iqbal N., Gefter W., Mohler E.R., Rader D.J., Reilly M.P. Coronary artery calcification at electron beam tomography is increased in asymptomatic type 2 diabetics independent of traditional risk factors. J.Cardiovasc Risk 2002, 9:369-376.
37. Elkeles R.S., Godsland I.F., Feher M.D., Rubens M.B., Roughton M., Nugara F., Humphries S.E., Richmond W., Flather M.D., PREDICT Study Group Coronary calcium measurement improves prediction of cardiovascular events in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: the PREDICT study. Eur. Heart J. 2008, 29(18):2244-2251.
38. DeFina L., Radford N., Leonard D., Gibbons L., Khera A. Cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary artery calcification in women. Atherosclerosis 2014, 233(2):648-653.
39. LaMonte M.J., Fitzgerald S.J., Levine B.D., Church T.S., Kampert J.B., Nichaman M.Z., Gibbons L.W., Blair S.N. Coronary artery calcium, exercise tolerance, and CHD events in asymptomatic men. Atherosclerosis. 2006, 189(1):157-162.
40. Lee C.D., Jacobs D.R., Hankinson A., Iribarren C., Sidney S. Cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary artery calcification in young adults: the CARDIA Study. Atherosclerosis 2009, 203(1):263-268.
41. Taylor A.J., Watkins T., Bell D., Carrow J., Bindeman J., Scherr D., Feuerstein I., Wong H., Bhattarai S., Vaitkus M., O'Malley P.G. Physical activity and the presence and extent of calcified coronary atherosclerosis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2002, 34:228e33.
42. Bertoni A.G., Whitt-Glover M.C., Chung H., Le K.Y., Barr R.G., Mahesh M., Jenny N.S., Burke G.L., Jacobs D.R. The association between physical activity and subclinical atherosclerosis: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 169:444e54.
43. Delaney J.A., Jensky N.E., Criqui M.H., Whitt-Glover M.C., Lima J.A., Allison M.A. The association between physical activity and both incident coronary artery calcification and ankle brachial index progression: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2013, 230(2):278-283.
44. Golbidi S., Laher I. Molecular mechanisms in exercise-induced cardioprotection. Cardiol. Res. Pract. 2011, 2011:972807.
45. Sarwar A., Shaw L.J., Shapiro M.D., Blankstein R., Hoffmann U., Cury R.C., Abbara S., Brady T.J., Budoff M.J., Blumenthal R.S., Nasir K. Diagnostic and prognostic value of absence of coronary artery calcification. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2009, 2:675-688.
46. Budoff M.J., McClelland R.L., Nasir K., Greenland P., Kronmal R.A., Kondos G.T., Shea S., Lima J.A., Blumenthal R.S. Cardiovascular events with absent or minimal coronary calcifications: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am. Heart J. 2009, 158(4):554-561.
47. Parikh S., Budoff M.J. Calcium scoring and cardiac computed tomography in 2014. Cardiol. Clin. 2014, 32:419-427.
48. Nasir K., Rubin J., Blaha M.J., Shaw L.J., Blankstein R., Rivera J.J., Khan A.N., Berman D., Raggi P., Callister T., Rumberger J.A., Min J., Jones S.R., Blumenthal R.S., Budoff M.J. Interplay of coronary artery calcification and traditional risk factors for the prediction of all-cause mortality in asymptomatic individuals. Circ. Cardiovasc Imaging 2012, 5(4):467-473.
49. Gill J.M., Celis-Morales C.A., Ghouri N. Physical activity, ethnicity and cardio-metabolic health: does one size fit all?. Atherosclerosis. 2014, 232(2):319-333.
50. Swift D.L., Staiano A.E., Johannsen N.M., Lavie C.J., Earnest C.P., Katzmarzyk P.T., Blair S.N., Newton R.L., Church T.S. Low cardiorespiratory fitness in African Americans: a health disparity risk factor?. Sports Med. 2013, 43(12):1301-1313.