Estimated age and gender profile of individuals missed by a home-based HIV testing and counselling campaign in a Botswana community

Journal of the International AIDS Society

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Novitsky, Vlad ^a   Bussmann, Hermann ^b   Okui, Lillian ^b   Logan, Andrew ^b   Moyo, Sikhulile ^b   Van Widenfelt, Erik ^b   Mmalane, Mompati ^b   Lei, Quanhong ^a   Holme, Molly P ^a   Makhema, Joseph ^a,b   Lockman, Shahin ^a   Degruttola, Victor ^a   Essex, M ^a,b  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b BOTSWANA HARVARD AIDS INSTITUTE PARTNERSHIP   (Botswana)

Author keywords

Age; Botswana; Gender; HIV 1; Home based HTC; Individuals tested for the first time; Missing individuals

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; BOTSWANA; CONTROLLED STUDY; COUNSELING; FEMALE; GENDER; GENOTYPE; HIV TEST; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESIDENT; UNITED NATIONS; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; AGE; DEMOGRAPHY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; INCIDENCE; MIDDLE AGED;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; BOTSWANA; COUNSELING; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS;

EID: 84931287717     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17582652     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7448/IAS.18.1.19918     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. UNAIDS. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2013.
2. UNAIDS. AIDS by the numbers. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2013.
3. UNAIDS. The gap report. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2014.
4. UNAIDS. Local epidemics issues brief. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2014.
5. Harries AD, Makombe SD, Libamba E, Schouten EJ. Why did the scale-up of HIV treatment work? A case example from Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57(Suppl 2):S64-7.
6. Srikantiah P, Ghidinelli M, Bachani D, Chasombat S, Daoni E, Mustikawati DE, et al. Scale-up of national antiretroviral therapy programs: progress and challenges in the Asia Pacific region. AIDS. 2010;24(Suppl 3):S62-71.
7. Tobi P, George G, Schmidt E, Renton A. Antiretroviral treatment and the health workforce in South Africa: how have ART workers been affected by scaling up? Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13(12):1452-8.
8. Alistar SS, Grant PM, Bendavid E. Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in South Africa. BMC Med. 2014;12(1):46.
9. Fox AM. AIDS policy responsiveness in Africa: evidence from opinion surveys. Glob Public Health. 2014;9(1-2):224-48.
10. Dewing S, Mathews C, Fatti G, Grimwood A, Boulle A. Antiretroviral adherence interventions in Southern Africa: implications for using HIV treatments for prevention. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2014;11(1):63-71.
11. Gourlay A, Birdthistle I, Mburu G, Iorpenda K, Wringe A. Barriers and facilitating factors to the uptake of antiretroviral drugs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16(1):18588, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.18588
12. Tomori C, Kennedy CE, Brahmbhatt H, Wagman JA, Mbwambo JK, Likindikoki S, et al. Barriers and facilitators of retention in HIV care and treatment services in Iringa, Tanzania: the importance of socioeconomic and sociocultural factors. AIDS Care. 2014;26(7):907-13.
13. Labhardt ND, Keiser O, Sello M, Lejone TI, Pfeiffer K, Davies MA, et al. Outcomes of antiretroviral treatment programmes in rural Lesotho: health centres and hospitals compared. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18616, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.18616
14. Iwuji CC, Orne-Gliemann J, Tanser F, Boyer S, Lessells RJ, Lert F, et al. Evaluation of the impact of immediate versus WHO recommendations-guided antiretroviral therapy initiation on HIV incidence: the ANRS 12249 TasP (treatment as prevention) trial in Hlabisa sub-district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2013;14:230.
15. Barnighausen T, Bloom DE, Humair S. Economics of antiretroviral treatment vs. circumcision for HIV prevention. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109(52):21271-6.
16. Zakher B, Blazina I, Chou R. Association between knowledge of HIV-positive status or use of antiretroviral therapy and high-risk transmission behaviors: systematic review. AIDS Care. 2014;26(4):514-21.
17. Marks G, Crepaz N, Janssen RS. Estimating sexual transmission of HIV from persons aware and unaware that they are infected with the virus in the USA. AIDS. 2006;20(10):1447-50.
18. Marks G, Crepaz N, Senterfitt JW, Janssen RS. Meta-analysis of high-risk sexual behavior in persons aware and unaware they are infected with HIV in the United States: implications for HIV prevention programs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;39(4):446-53.
19. van Rooyen H, McGrath N, Chirowodza A, Joseph P, Fiamma A, Gray G, et al. Mobile VCT: reaching men and young people in urban and rural South African pilot studies (NIMH Project Accept, HPTN 043). AIDS Behav. 2013;17(9):2946-53.
20. Anand A, Shiraishi RW, Bunnell RE, Jacobs K, Solehdin N, Abdul-Quader AS, et al. Knowledge of HIV status, sexual risk behaviors and contraceptive need among people living with HIV in Kenya and Malawi. AIDS. 2009;23(12): 1565-73.
21. Cherutich P, Bunnell R, Mermin J. HIV testing: current practice and future directions. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2013;10(2):134-41.
22. Cherutich P, Kaiser R, Galbraith J, Williamson J, Shiraishi RW, Ngare C, et al. Lack of knowledge of HIV status a major barrier to HIV prevention, care and treatment efforts in Kenya: results from a nationally representative study. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36797.
23. Conserve D, Sevilla L, Mbwambo J, King G. Determinants of previous HIV testing and knowledge of partner's HIV status among men attending a voluntary counseling and testing clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Am J Mens Health. 2013;7(6):450-60.
24. Peltzer K, Matseke G, Mzolo T, Majaja M. Determinants of knowledge of HIV status in South Africa: results from a population-based HIV survey. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:174.
25. Baggaley R, Hensen B, Ajose O, Grabbe KL,Wong VJ, Schilsky A, et al. From caution to urgency: the evolution of HIV testing and counselling in Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90(9):652-8B.
26. Tabana H, Doherty T, Swanevelder S, Lombard C, Jackson D, Zembe W, et al. Knowledge of HIV status prior to a community HIV counseling and testing intervention in a rural district of South Africa: results of a community based survey. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:73.
27. Bicego GT, Nkambule R, Peterson I, Reed J, Donnell D, Ginindza H, et al. Recent patterns in population-based HIV prevalence in Swaziland. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77101.
28. Baker P, Dworkin SL, Tong S, Banks I, Shand T, Yamey G. The men's health gap: men must be included in the global health equity agenda. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92(8):618-20.
29. Skovdal M, Campbell C, Madanhire C, Mupambireyi Z, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. Masculinity as a barrier to men's use of HIV services in Zimbabwe. Glob Health. 2011;7:13.
30. Hall HI, Holtgrave DR, Maulsby C. HIV transmission rates from persons living with HIV who are aware and unaware of their infection. AIDS. 2012; 26(7):893-6.
31. Burns DN, Degruttola V, Pilcher CD, Kretzschmar M, Gordon CM, Flanagan EH, et al. Toward an endgame: finding and engaging people unaware of their HIV-1 infection in treatment and prevention. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014;30(3):217-24.
32. Lahuerta M, Wu Y, Hoffman S, Elul B, Kulkarni SG, Remien RH, et al. Advanced HIV disease at entry into HIV care and initiation of antiretroviral therapy during 2006-2011: findings from four sub-Saharan African countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(3):432-41.
33. Granich RM, Gilks CF, Dye C, De Cock KM, Williams BG. Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: a mathematical model. Lancet. 2009; 373(9657):48-57.
34. Low C, Pop-Eleches C, Rono W, Plous E, Kirk A, Ndege S, et al. The effects of home-based HIV counseling and testing on HIV/AIDS stigma among individuals and community leaders in western Kenya: evidence from a cluster-randomized trial. AIDS Care. 2013;25(Suppl 1):S97-107.
35. Larmarange J, Balestre E, Orne-Gliemann J, Iwuji C, Okesola N, Newell ML, et al. HIV ascertainment through repeat home-based testing in the context of a treatment as prevention trial (ANRS 12249 TasP) in rural South Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014;30(Suppl 1):A287.
36. Muloongo K, Tshuma N, Chimoyi L, Setswe G, Sarfo B, Nyasulu P. Factors contributing to home-based acceptability of rapid testing for HIV infection among the inner city commuter population in Johannesburg, South Africa. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2014;108(10):632-8.
37. Sabapathy K, Van den Bergh R, Fidler S, Hayes R, Ford N. Uptake of homebased voluntary HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(12):e1001351.
38. Mutale W, Michelo C, Jurgensen M, Fylkesnes K. Home-based voluntary HIV counselling and testing found highly acceptable and to reduce inequalities. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:347.
39. Jurgensen M, Sandoy IF, Michelo C, Fylkesnes K, Mwangala S, Blystad A. The seven Cs of the high acceptability of home-based VCT: results from a mixed methods approach in Zambia. Soc Sci Med. 2013;97:210-9.
40. Sekandi JN, Sempeera H, List J, Mugerwa MA, Asiimwe S, Yin X, et al. High acceptance of home-based HIV counseling and testing in an urban community setting in Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:730.
41. Bigogo G, Amolloh M, Laserson KF, Audi A, Aura B, Dalal W, et al. The impact of home-based HIV counseling and testing on care-seeking and incidence of common infectious disease syndromes in rural western Kenya. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;6:376.
42. Medley A, Ackers M, Amolloh M, Owuor P, Muttai H, Audi B, et al. Early uptake of HIV clinical care after testing HIV-positive during home-based testing and counseling in western Kenya. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(1):224-34.
43. Wachira J, Kimaiyo S, Ndege S, Mamlin J, Braitstein P. What is the impact of home-based HIV counseling and testing on the clinical status of newly enrolled adults in a large HIV care program in Western Kenya? Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 54(2):275-81.
44. Doherty T, Tabana H, Jackson D, Naik R, Zembe W, Lombard C, et al. Effect of home based HIV counselling and testing intervention in rural South Africa: cluster randomised trial. BMJ. 2013;346:f3481.
45. Jackson D, Naik R, Tabana H, Pillay M, Madurai S, Zembe W, et al. Quality of home-based rapid HIV testing by community lay counsellors in a rural district of South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18744, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.18744
46. van Rooyen H, Barnabas RV, Baeten JM, Phakathi Z, Joseph P, Krows M, et al. High HIV testing uptake and linkage to care in a novel program of home-based HIV counseling and testing with facilitated referral in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;64(1):e1-8.
47. Kroeger K, Taylor AW, Marlow HM, Fleming DT, Beyleveld V, Alwano MG, et al. Perceptions of door-to-door HIV counselling and testing in Botswana. SAHARA J. 2011;8(4):171-8.
48. Hayes R, Ayles H, Beyers N, Sabapathy K, Floyd S, Shanaube K, et al. HPTN 071 (PopART): rationale and design of a cluster-randomised trial of the population impact of an HIV combination prevention intervention including universal testing and treatment a study protocol for a cluster randomised trial. Trials. 2014;15:57.
49. Cori A, Ayles H, Beyers N, Schaap A, Floyd S, Sabapathy K, et al. HPTN 071 (PopART): a cluster-randomized trial of the population impact of an HIV combination prevention intervention including universal testing and treatment: mathematical model. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e84511.
50. Vermund SH, Fidler SJ, Ayles H, Beyers N, Hayes RJ. Can combination prevention strategies reduce HIV transmission in generalized epidemic settings in Africa? The HPTN 071 (PopART) study plan in South Africa and Zambia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63(Suppl 2):S221-7.
51. Wang R, Goyal R, Lei Q, Essex M, De Gruttola V. Sample size considerations in the design of cluster randomized trials of combination HIV prevention. Clin Trials. 2014;11(3):309-18.
52. Novitsky V, Bussmann H, Logan A, Moyo S, van Widenfelt E, Okui L, et al. Phylogenetic relatedness of circulating HIV-1C variants in Mochudi, Botswana. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e80589.
53. Census Office. 2011 Population & housing census. Preliminary results brief. Gaborone, Botswana: Census Office; 2011.
54. South African National Accreditation System (SANAS). Certificate of accreditation: Botswana-Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory. Pretoria: SANAS; 2010.
55. HIV/AIDS Network Coordination. Virology quality assurance. Available from: https://www.hanc.info/labs/labresources/vqaResources/Pages/default.aspx [cited 2014 Nov 16].
56. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. World population prospects: the 2012 revision, CD-ROM edition. New York: United Nations; 2013.
57. Statistics Botswana. Preliminary results: Botswana AIDS Impact Survey IV (BAIS IV), 2013. Gaborone: Statistics Botswana; 2013.
58. Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using a bootstrap. Evolution. 1985;39:783-91.
59. Felsenstein J. Inferring phylogenies: Sinauer Associates. Massachusetts: Sunderland; 2004. 664 p.
60. Nei M, Kumar S. Molecular evolution and phylogenetics. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. 333 p.
61. Salichos L, Rokas A. Inferring ancient divergences requires genes with strong phylogenetic signals. Nature. 2013;497(7449):327-31.
62. Salichos L, Stamatakis A, Rokas A. Novel information theory-based measures for quantifying incongruence among phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 2014;31(5):1261-71.
63. R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Available from: http://www.R-project.org/2013 [cited 2015 Feb 5].
64. Gomez-Olive FX, Angotti N, Houle B, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Kabudula C, Menken J, et al. Prevalence of HIV among those 15 and older in rural South Africa. AIDS Care. 2013;25(9):1122-8.
65. Welz T, Hosegood V, Jaffar S, Batzing-Feigenbaum J, Herbst K, Newell ML. Continued very high prevalence of HIV infection in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a population-based longitudinal study. AIDS. 2007;21(11): 1467-72.
66. Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Singh B, Short R, Ngxongo S. Seroprevalence of HIV infection in rural South Africa. AIDS. 1992;6(12): 1535-9.
67. Abdool Karim Q, Sibeko S, Baxter C. Preventing HIV infection in women: a global health imperative. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(Suppl 3):S122-9.
68. Delva W, Abdool Karim Q. The HIV epidemic in southern Africa: is an AIDS-free generation possible? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2014;11(2):99-108.
69. Hallum-Montes R, Morgan S, Rovito HM, Wrisby C, Anastario MP. Linking peers, patients, and providers: a qualitative study of a peer integration program for hard-to-reach patients living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care. 2013; 25(8):968-72.
70. Rodriguez-Garcia R, Wilson D, York N, Low C, N'Jie N, Bonnel R. Evaluation of the community response to HIV and AIDS: learning from a portfolio approach. AIDS Care. 2013;25(Suppl 1):S7-19.
71. Magnani R, Sabin K, Saidel T, Heckathorn D. Review of sampling hardto- reach and hidden populations for HIV surveillance. AIDS. 2005;19(Suppl 2): S67-72.
72. Rodriguez K, Castor D, Mah TL, Cook SH, Auguiste LM, Halkitis PN, et al. Participation in research involving novel sampling and study designs to identify acute HIV-1 infection among minority men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2013;25(7):828-34.
73. Zembe YZ, Townsend L, Thorson A, Ekstrom AM. Predictors of inconsistent condom use among a hard to reach population of young women with multiple sexual partners in peri-urban South Africa. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e51998.
74. Anochie PI, Onyeneke EC, Onyeozirila AC, Onyeneke CN, Ogu AC, Igbolekwu LC, et al. Model alternative strategies for tuberculosis and human immune deficiency virus case-finding in hard-to-reach populations in rural eastern Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2011;30(6):417-20.
75. Nglazi MD, van Schaik N, Kranzer K, Lawn SD, Wood R, Bekker LG. An incentivized HIV counseling and testing program targeting hard-to-reach unemployed men in Cape Town, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;59(3):e28-34.
76. Gardner EM, McLees MP, Steiner JF, Del Rio C, Burman WJ. The spectrum of engagement in HIV care and its relevance to test-and-treat strategies for prevention of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(6):793-800.
77. Gardner EM, Young B. The HIV care cascade through time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):5-6.
78. Cohen SM, Van Handel MM, Branson BM, Blair JM, Hall HI, Hu X, et al. Vital signs: HIV prevention through care and treatment United States. Atlanta, GA: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC; 2011.
79. Nosyk B, Montaner JS, Colley G, Lima VD, Chan K, Heath K, et al. The cascade of HIV care in British Columbia, Canada, 1996-2011: a populationbased retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):40-9.
80. Quinn TC,Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C,Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(13):921-9.
81. Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Li X, Laeyendecker O, et al. Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(9):1403-9.
82. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493-505.
83. Hensen B, Taoka S, Lewis JJ, Weiss HA, Hargreaves J. Systematic review of strategies to increase men's HIV-testing in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2014; 28(14):2133-45.
84. Collinson MA. Striving against adversity: the dynamics of migration, health and poverty in rural South Africa. Glob Health Action. 2010;3.
85. Collinson MA, White MJ, Bocquier P, McGarvey ST, Afolabi SA, Clark SJ, et al. Migration and the epidemiological transition: insights from the Agincourt sub-district of northeast South Africa. Glob Health Action. 2014;7:23514, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.23514
86. Vearey J. Learning from HIV: exploring migration and health in South Africa. Glob Public Health. 2012;7(1):58-70.
87. Potts D. The slowing of sub-Saharan Africa's urbanization: evidence and implications for urban livelihoods. Environ Urban. 2009;21:2539.
88. Zulu EM, Beguy D, Ezeh AC, Bocquier P, Madise NJ, Cleland J, et al. Overview of migration, poverty and health dynamics in Nairobi City's slum settlements. J Urban Health. 2011;88(Suppl 2):S185-99.
89. Reed HE. Moving across boundaries: migration in South Africa, 1950-2000. Demography. 2013;50(1):71-95.
90. Aggleton P, Bell SA, Kelly-Hanku A. 'Mobile men with money': HIV prevention and the erasure of difference. Glob Public Health. 2014;9(3):257-70.
91. IOM International Organization for Migration. Mobile populations and HIV/AIDS in the southern African region: recommendations for action. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2003.