Outcomes of antiretroviral treatment programmes in rural Lesotho: Health centres and hospitals compared

Journal of the International AIDS Society

Volumn 16, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Labhardt, Niklaus Daniel ^a,b   Keiser, Olivia ^c   Sello, Motlalepula ^a   Lejone, Thabo Ishmael ^b   Pfeiffer, Karolin ^d   Davies, Mary Ann ^e   Egger, Matthias ^c,e   Ehmer, Jochen ^d   Wandeler, Gilles ^c,f,g  

^a SolidarMed Lesotho ^*  (Lesotho)

^b KANTONSSPITAL LIESTAL   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^d SolidarMed Switzerland   (Switzerland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^g UNIVERSITÉ CHEIKH ANTA DIOP   (Senegal)

Author keywords

Antiretroviral treatment; Decentralization; HIV; Nurse based care; Retention in care; Rural Southern Africa; Task shifting

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS; DECENTRALIZATION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HOSPITAL CARE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; LESOTHO; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RURAL HEALTH CARE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS LOAD; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT; DECENTRALIZATION; HIV; NURSE-BASED CARE; RETENTION IN CARE; RURAL SOUTHERN AFRICA; TASK SHIFTING;

ADULT; ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTERS; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HOSPITALS; HUMANS; LESOTHO; MALE; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; MIDDLE AGED; RURAL POPULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84891538859     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17582652     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7448/IAS.16.1.18616     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Van Damme W, Kober K, Laga M. The real challenges for scaling up ART in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2006;20(5):653-6.
2. Kober K, Van Damme W. Scaling up access to antiretroviral treatment in Southern Africa: who will do the job? Lancet. 2004;364(9428):103-7.
3. World Health Organisation, HIV/AIDS Programme. Task shifting to tackle health worker shortages [Internet]. 2007. [cited 2013 Aug 12]. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthsystems/task-shifting-booklet.pdf
4. Gilks CF, Crowley S, Ekpini R, Gove S, Perriens J, Souteyrand Y, et al. The WHO public-health approach to antiretroviral treatment against HIV in resource-limited settings. Lancet. 2006;368(9534):505-10.
5. Mulamba F, Hirschhorn A, Oser R. Decentralizing antiretroviral treatment services at primary health care facilities: a guide to expanding access and care in resource-limited, generalized HIV epidemic settings. USAID, AIDSTAR-One Project 2010. [Interner]. [cited 2013 Aug 12]. Available from: http://www.aidstar-one.com/sites/default/files/Decentralizing%20ART-Final1.pdf
6. Rasschaert F, Philips M, Van Leemput L, Assefa Y, Schouten E, Van Damme W. Tackling health workforce shortages during antiretroviral treatment scale-up experiences from Ethiopia and Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011; 57(Suppl 2):S109-12.
7. Morris MB, Chapula BT, Chi BH, Mwango A, Chi HF, Mwanza J, et al. Use of task-shifting to rapidly scale-up HIV treatment services: experiences from Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:5.
8. Bemelmans M, Van Den Akker T, Ford N, Philips M, Zachariah R, Harries A, et al. Providing universal access to antiretroviral therapy in Thyolo, Malawi through task shifting and decentralization of HIV/AIDS care. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(12):1413-20.
9. Callaghan M, Ford N, Schneider H. A systematic review of task shifting for HIV treatment and care in Africa. Hum Resour Health. 2010;8(1):8.
10. Sanne I, Orrell C, Fox MP, Conradie F, Ive P, Zeinecker J, et al. Nurse versus doctor management of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (CIPRA-SA): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9734):33-40.
11. Fairall L, Bachmann MO, Lombard C, Timmerman V, Uebel K, Zwarenstein M, et al. Task shifting of antiretroviral treatment from doctors to primary-care nurses in South Africa (STRETCH): a pragmatic, parallel, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9845):889-98.
12. Cohen R, Lynch S, Bygrave H, Eggers E, Vlahakis N, Hilderbrand K, et al. Antiretroviral treatment outcomes from a nurse-driven, community-supported HIV/AIDS treatment programme in rural Lesotho: observational cohort assessment at two years. J Int AIDS Soc. 2009;12(1):23.
13. Shumbusho F, van Griensven J, Lowrance D, Turate I, Weaver MA, Price J, et al. Task shifting for scale-up of HIV care: evaluation of nurse-centered antiretroviral treatment at rural health centers in Rwanda. PLoS Med. 2009; 6(10):e1000163.
14. van Griensven J, De Naeyer L, Uwera J, Asiimwe A, Gazille C, Reid T. Success with antiretroviral treatment for children in Kigali, Rwanda: experience with health center/nurse-based care. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:39.
15. Humphreys CP, Wright J, Walley J, Mamvura CT, Bailey KA, Ntshalintshali SN, et al. Nurse led, primary care based antiretroviral treatment versus hospital care: a controlled prospective study in Swaziland. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010; 10:229.
16. Chang LW, Alamo S, Guma S, Christopher J, Suntoke T, Omasete R, et al. Two-year virologic outcomes of an alternative AIDS care model: evaluation of a peer health worker and nurse-staffed community-based program in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;50(3):276-82.
17. Bedelu M, Ford N, Hilderbrand K, Reuter H. Implementing antiretroviral therapy in rural communities: the Lusikisiki model of decentralized HIV/AIDS care. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(Suppl 3):S464-8.
18. Massaquoi M, Zachariah R, Manzi M, Pasulani O, Misindi D, Mwagomba B, et al. Patient retention and attrition on antiretroviral treatment at district level in rural Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103(6):594-600.
19. Selke HM, Kimaiyo S, Sidle JE, Vedanthan R, Tierney WM, Shen C, et al. Task-shifting of antiretroviral delivery from health care workers to persons living with HIV/AIDS: clinical outcomes of a community-based program in Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(4):483-90.
20. Kredo T, Ford N, Adeniyi FB, Garner P. Decentralising HIV treatment in lower- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2013;(6): Art. No. CD009987.
21. UNAIDS. Report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010 [Internet]. [cited 2013 Oct 24]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/GlobalReport/documents/20101123- GlobalReport-full-en.pdf
22. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National AIDS Commission. National HIV and AIDS estimates for Lesotho 2009 [Internet]. [cited 2010 Sep 5]. Available from: http://www.nas.org.ls/documents/default.php
23. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2010 [Internet]. [cited 2013 Oct 24]. Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2010/en/ index.html
24. Bygrave H, Saranchuk P, Makakole L, Ford F. Feasibility and benefits of scaling up antiretroviral treatment provision with the 2010 WHO antiretroviral therapy guidelines in rural Lesotho. Int Health. 2012;4:170-5.
25. Wandeler G, Keiser O, Pfeiffer K, Pestilli S, Fritz C, Labhardt ND, et al. Outcomes of antiretroviral treatment programs in rural southern Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;59(2):e9-16.
26. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho. Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey 2009 [Internet]. 2010. [cited 2012 Mar 12]. Available from: http://www.measuredhs.com/publications/publication-fr241-dhs-final-reports.cfm
27. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho. National antiretroviral treatment guidelines. Maseru: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho; 2007.
28. Egger M, Ekouevi DK, Williams C, Lyamuya RE, Mukumbi H, Braitstein P et al. Cohort profile: the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (Iedea) in sub-Saharan Africa. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2012;41(5):1256-64. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr080.
29. Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 1999;94:496-509.
30. Schöni-Affolter F, Keiser O, Mwango A, Stringer J, Ledergerber B, Mulenga L, et al. Estimating loss to follow-up in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: the effect of the competing risk of death in Zambia and Switzerland. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e27919.
31. Chan AK, Mateyu G, Jahn A, Schouten E, Arora P, Mlotha W, et al. Outcome assessment of decentralization of antiretroviral therapy provision in a rural district of Malawi using an integrated primary care model. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(Suppl 1):90-7.
32. Jaffar S, Amuron B, Foster S, Birungi J, Levin J, Namara G, et al. Rates of virological failure in patients treated in a home-based versus a facility-based HIV-care model in Jinja, southeast Uganda: a cluster-randomised equivalence trial. Lancet. 2009;374:2080-9.
33. McGuire M, Pinoges L, Kanapathipillai R, Munyenyembe T, Huckabee M, Makombe S, et al. Treatment initiation, program attrition and patient treatment outcomes associated with scale-up and decentralization of HIV care in rural Malawi. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e38044.
34. Chu C, Umanski G, Blank A, Grossberg R, Selwyn PA. HIV-infected patients and treatment outcomes: an equivalence study of community-located, primary care-based HIV treatment vs. hospital-based specialty care in the Bronx, New York. AIDS Care. 2010;22(12):1522-9.
35. Pinto AD, van Lettow M, Rachlis B, Chan AK, Sodhi SK. Patient costs associated with accessing HIV/AIDS care in Malawi. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013; 16:18055.
36. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection [Internet]. 2013. [cited 2013 Oct 24]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/ 85321/1/9789241505727-eng.pdf
37. Namusobya J, Semitala FC, Amanyire G, Kabami J, Chamie G, Bogere J, et al. High retention in care among HIV-infected patients entering care with CD4 levels >350/μl under routine program conditions in Uganda. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(9):1343-50. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit490.
38. Ochieng-Ooko V, Ochieng D, Sidle JE, Holdsworth M, Wools-Kaloustian K, Siika AM, et al. Influence of gender on loss to follow-up in a large HIV treatment programme in Western Kenya. Bull World Health Organ. 2010; 88(9):681-8.
39. Taylor-Smith K, Tweya H, Harries A, Schoutene E, Jahn A. Gender differences in retention and survival on antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infected adults in Malawi. Malawi Med J. 2010;22(2):49-56.
40. Koole O, Kalenga L, Kiumbu M, Menten J, Ryder RW, Mukumbi H, et al. Retention in a NGO supported antiretroviral program in the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40971.
41. Mills EJ, Bakanda C, Birungi J, Chan K, Hogg RS, Ford N, et al. Male gender predicts mortality in a large cohort of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. J Int AIDS Soc. 2011;14:52.
42. Bygrave H, Kranzer K, Hilderbrand K, Whittall J, Jouquet G, Goemaere E, et al. Trends in loss to follow-up among migrant workers on antiretroviral therapy in a community cohort in Lesotho. PLoS One. 2010;5(10):e13198.
43. May M, Boulle A, Phiri S, Messou E, Myer L, Wood R, et al. Prognosis of patients with HIV-1 infection starting antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: a collaborative analysis of scale-up programmes. Lancet. 2010;376:449-57.
44. Kamele M, Lejone TI, Makabane M, Emmel J, Pfeiffer J, Chabela A, et al. Physical tracing of patients - a resource-intensive approach in remote settings: Experience from rural Lesotho. Oral Presentation at the SAHARA Conference; 2011 Nov 28-Dec 2. Conference Report [Internet]. 2011. [cited 2013 Aug 12]. Available from: http://www.hsrc.ac.za/en/research-data/ktree-doc/10099.
45. Brinkhof MW, Spycher BD, Yiannoutsos C, Weigel R, Wood R, Messou E, et al. Adjusting mortality for loss to follow-up: analysis of five ART programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One. 2010;5(11):e14149.
46. Geng EH, Emenyonu N, Bwana MB, Glidden DV, Martin JN. Sampling-based approach to determining outcomes of patients lost to follow-up in antiretroviral therapy scale-up programs in Africa. JAMA. 2008;300(5):506-7.