Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: a review

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Volumn 187, Issue 4, 2015, Pages

  Gall, Jillian E ^a   Boyd, Robert S ^b   Rajakaruna, Nishanta ^a,c  

^a Policy and Design   (United States)

^b AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Bioaccumulation; Ecosystem health; Environmental pollution; Metal hyperaccumulation; Metal toxicity; Phytoremediation

Indexed keywords

BIOACCUMULATION; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIODIVERSITY; BIOREMEDIATION; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; ECOSYSTEMS; GROUNDWATER; HEAVY METALS; MAMMALS; SERPENTINE; SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL; SOILS;

ECOSYSTEM HEALTH; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONS; HYPERACCUMULATION; METAL TOXICITY; PHYTOREMEDIATION;

SOIL POLLUTION;

ALUMINUM; ARSENIC; CADMIUM; COBALT; COPPER; HEAVY METAL; IRON; LEAD; MAGNESIUM; MANGANESE; MERCURY; NICKEL; RUNOFF; ZINC; SOIL; SOIL POLLUTANT;

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; DIET; ECOSYSTEM HEALTH; FOOD WEB; HEAVY METAL; HYPERACCUMULATION; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; PHYTOREMEDIATION; TOXICITY;

ARTICLE; BIOACCUMULATION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ECOSYSTEM HEALTH; ECOTOXICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOOD WEB; HEAVY METAL POISONING; HEAVY METAL REMOVAL; HUMAN; HUMAN IMPACT (ENVIRONMENT); INVERTEBRATE; LARGE MAMMAL; METALLOPHYTE; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; NONHUMAN; ORGANISMS BY SIZE; PHYTOREMEDIATION; PHYTOTOXICITY; PLANT; PLANT RESPONSE; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; SMALL MAMMAL; SOIL CHANGE; SOIL CHEMISTRY; SOIL MICROFLORA; SOIL POLLUTION; TERRESTRIAL SPECIES; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FOOD CHAIN; METABOLISM; POLLUTION; SOIL; SOIL POLLUTANT; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ANIMALIA; HEXAPODA; INVERTEBRATA; MAMMALIA;

ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; FOOD CHAIN; METALS, HEAVY; PLANTS; SOIL; SOIL POLLUTANTS;

EID: 84930965800     PISSN: 01676369     EISSN: 15732959     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4436-3     Document Type: Article

References (235)

1. Adriano, D. C., Wenzel, W. W., Vangronsveld, J., & Bolan, N. S. (2004). Role of assisted natural remediation in environmental cleanup. Geoderma, 122, 121–142.
2. Alonso, M. L., Benedito, J. L., Miranda, M., Castillo, C., Hernández, J., & Shore, R. F. (2002a). Interactions between toxic and essential trace metals in cattle from a region with low levels of pollution. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 42, 165–172.
3. Alonso, M. L., Benedito, J. L., Miranda, M., Castillo, C., Hernández, J., & Shore, R. F. (2002b). Cattle as biomonitors of soil arsenic, copper, and zinc concentrations in Galicia (NW Spain). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43, 103–108.
4. Alonso, M. L., Benedito, J. L., Miranda, M., Castillo, C., Hernández, J., & Shore, R. F. (2003). Mercury concentrations in cattle from NW Spain. Science of the Total Environment, 302, 93–100.
5. Amaya, E., Gil, F., Olmedo, P., Fernandez-Rodriguez, M., Fernandez, M. F., & Olea, N. (2013). Placental concentrations of heavy metals in a mother-child cohort. Environmental Research, 120, 63–70.
6. Anderson, B., de Peyster, A., Gad, S. C., Hakkinen, P. J. B., Kamrin, M., Locey, B., Mehendale, H. M., Pope, C., Shugart, L., & Wexler, P. (2005). Encyclopedia of toxicology (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
7. Angle, J. S., & Linacre, N. A. (2005). Metal phytoextraction—a survey of potential risks. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 7, 241–254.
8. Appleton, J., Lee, K. M., Sawicka-Kapusta, K., Damek, M., & Cooke, M. (2000). The heavy metal content of the teeth of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) as an exposure marker of environmental pollution in Poland. Environmental Pollution, 110, 441–449.
9. Atafar, Z., Mesdaghinia, A., Nouri, J., Homaee, M., Yunesian, M., Ahmadimoghaddam, M., & Mahvi, A. H. (2010). Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 160, 83–89.
10. Bååth, E. (1989). Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial processes and populations (a review). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 47, 335–379.
11. Babin-Fenske, J. J., & Anand, M. (2010). Terrestrial insect communities and the restoration of an industrially perturbed landscape: assessing success and surrogacy. Restoration Ecology, 18, 73–84.
12. Babin-Fenske, J., & Anand, M. (2011). Patterns of insect communities along a stress gradient following decommissioning of a Cu-Ni smelter. Environmental Pollution, 159, 3036–3043.
13. Bahadorani, S., & Hilliker, A. J. (2009). Biological and behavioral effects of heavy metals in Drosophila melanogaster adults and larvae. Journal of Insect Behavior, 22, 399–411.
14. Baker, A. J. M. (1981). Accumulators and excluders—strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 3, 643–654.
15. Baker, A. J. M., & Walker, P. L. (1989). Ecophysiology of metal uptake by tolerant plants. In A. J. Shaw (Ed.), Heavy metal tolerance in plants—evolutionary aspects (pp. 155–177). Boca Raton: CRC.
16. Bayley, M., Baatrup, E., Heimbach, U., & Bjerregaard, P. (1995). Elevated copper levels during larval development cause altered locomotor behavior in the adult carabid beetle Pterostichus cupreus L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 32, 166–170.
17. Beernaert, J., Scheirs, J., Leirs, H., Blust, R., & Verhagen, R. (2007). Non-destructive pollution exposure assessment by means of wood mice hair. Environmental Pollution, 145, 443–451.
18. Belimov, A. A., Hontzeas, N., Safronova, V. I., Demchinskaya, S. V., Piluzza, G., Bullitta, S., & Glick, B. R. (2005). Cadmium-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with the roots of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.). Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 37, 241–250.
19. Behmer, S. T., Lloyd, C. M., Raubenheimer, D., Stewart-Clark, J., Knight, J., Leighton, R. S., Harper, F. A., & Smith, J. A. C. (2005). Metal hyperaccumulation in plants: mechanisms of defence against insect herbivores. Functional Ecology, 19, 55–66.
20. Beyer, W. N., Connor, E. E., & Gerould, S. (1994). Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Management, 58, 375–382.
21. Bitterli, C., Bañuelos, G. S., & Schulin, R. (2010). Use of transfer factors to characterize uptake of selenium by plants. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 107, 206–216.
22. Blaylock, M. J., & Huang, J. W. (2000). Phytoextraction of metals. In I. Raskin & B. D. Ensley (Eds.), Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean up the environment (pp. 53–70). Toronto: Wiley.
23. Blottner, S., Frölich, K., Roelants, H., Streich, J., & Tataruch, F. (1999). Influence of environmental cadmium on testicular proliferation in roe deer. Reproductive Toxicology, 13, 261–267.
24. Boshoff, M., De Jonge, M., Dardenne, F., Blust, R., & Bervoets, L. (2014). The impact of metal pollution on soil faunal and microbial activity in two grassland ecosystems. Environmental Research, 134, 169–180.
25. Bourioug, M., Gimbert, F., Alaoui-Sehmer, L., Benbrahim, M., Aleya, L., & Alaoui-Sossé, B. (2015). Sewage sludge application in a plantation: effects on trace metal transfer in soil–plant–snail continuum. Science of the Total Environment, 502, 309–314.
26. Boyd, R. S. (2002). Does elevated body Ni concentration protect insects against pathogens? A test using Melanotrichus boydi (Heteroptera: Miridae). American Midland Naturalist, 147, 225–236.
27. Boyd, R. S. (2004). Ecology of metal hyperaccumulation. New Phytologist, 162, 563–567.
28. Boyd, R. S. (2007). The defense hypothesis of elemental hyperaccumulation: status, challenges and new directions. Plant and Soil, 293, 153–176.
29. Boyd, R. S. (2009). High-nickel insects and nickel hyperaccumulator plants: a review. Insect Science, 16, 19–31.
30. Boyd, R. S. (2010). Heavy metal pollutants and chemical ecology: exploring new frontiers. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36, 46–58.
31. Boyd, R. S. (2012). Plant defense using toxic inorganic ions: conceptual models of the defensive enhancement and joint effects hypotheses. Plant Science, 195, 88–95.
32. Boyd, R. S. (2014). Ecology and evolution of metal-hyperaccumulator plants. In N. Rajakaruna, R. S. Boyd, & T. Harris (Eds.), Plant ecology and evolution in harsh environments (pp. 227–241). Hauppauge: Nova.
33. Boyd, R. S., & Jaffré, T. (2001). Phytoenrichment of soil Ni concentration by Sebertia acuminata in New Caledonia and the concept of elemental allelopathy. South African Journal of Science, 97, 535–538.
34. Boyd, R. S., Kruckeberg, A. R., & Rajakaruna, N. (2009). Biology of ultramafic rocks and soils: research goals for the future. Northeastern Naturalist, 16, 422–440.
35. Boyd, R. S., & Martens, S. N. (1998). The significance of metal hyperaccumulation for biotic interactions. Chemoecology, 8, 1–7.
36. Boyd, R. S., & Rajakaruna, N. (2013). Heavy metal tolerance. In D. Gibson (Ed.), Oxford bibliographies in ecology (pp. 1–24). New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Boyd, R. S., & Wall, M. A. (2001). Responses of generalist predators fed high-Ni Melanotrichus boydi (Heteroptera: Miridae): elemental defense against the third trophic level. American Midland Naturalist, 146, 186–198.
38. Boyd, R. S., Wall, M. A., & Jaffré, T. (2006). Nickel levels in arthropods associated with Ni hyperaccumulator plants from an ultramafic site in New Caledonia. Insect Science, 13, 271–277.
39. Brandl, H. (2001). Heterotrophic leaching. In G. M. Gadd (Ed.), Fungi in bioremediation (pp. 383–423). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. Brandl, H., & Faramarzi, M. A. (2006). Microbe-metal-interactions for the biotechnological treatment of metal-containing solid waste. China Particuology, 4, 93–97.
41. Brekken, A., & Steinnes, E. (2004). Seasonal concentration of cadmium and zinc in native pasture plants: consequences for grazing animals. Science of the Total Environment, 326, 181–195.
42. Brussaard, L. (1997). Biodiversity and ecosystem function in soil. Ambio, 26, 563–570.
43. Buchwalter, D. B., Cain, D. J., Clements, W. H., & Luoma, S. N. (2007). Using biodynamic models to reconcile differences between laboratory toxicity tests and field biomonitoring with aquatic insects. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 4821–4828.
44. Cai, S., Yue, L., Hu, Z. N., Zhong, X. Z., Ye, Z. L., Xu, H. D., Liu, Y. R., Ji, R. D., Zhang, W. H., & Zhang, F. Y. (1990). Cadmium exposure and health effects among residents in an irrigation area with ore dressing waste water. Science of the Total Environment, 90, 67–73.
45. Cai, Q., Long, M. L., Zhu, M., Zhou, Q. Z., Zhang, L., & Liu, J. (2009). Food chain transfer of cadmium and lead to cattle in a lead-zinc smelter in Guizhou, China. Environmental Pollution, 157, 3078–3082.
46. Cao, H., Chen, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Qiao, L., & Men, Y. (2010). Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22, 1792–1799.
47. Cao, X., Ma, L. Q., Rhue, D. R., & Appel, C. S. (2004). Mechanisms of lead, copper, and zinc retention by phosphate rock. Environmental Pollution, 131, 435–444.
48. Chaffai, R., & Koyama, H. (2011). Heavy metal tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Advances in Botanical Research, 60, 1–49.
49. Chander, K., Brookes, P. C., & Harding, S. A. (1995). Microbial biomass dynamics following addition of metal-enriched sewage sludges to a sandy loam. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27, 1049–1421.
50. Chaney, R. L., Angle, J. S., Broadhurst, C. L., Peters, C. A., Tappero, R. V., & Sparks, D. L. (2007). Improved understanding of hyperaccumulation yields commercial phytoextraction and phytomining technologies. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36, 1429–1443.
51. Chary, N. S., Kamala, C. T., & Raj, D. S. S. (2008). Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69, 513–524.
52. Cheruiyot, D. J., Boyd, R. S., Coudron, T. A., & Cobine, P. (2013). Biotransfer, bioaccumulation and effects of herbivore dietary Co, Cu, Ni and Zn on growth and development of the insect predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 39, 764–772.
53. Cole, M. M. (1973). Geobotanical and biogeochemical investigations in the sclerophyllous woodland and shrub associations of the Eastern Goldfields area of Western Australia, with particular reference to the role of Hybanthus floribundus (Lindl.) F. Muell. as a nickel indicator and accumulator plant. Journal of Applied Ecology, 10, 269–320.
54. Comber, S. D. W., & Gunn, A. M. (1996). Heavy metals entering sewage-treatment works from domestic sources. Water and Environment Journal, 10, 137–142.
55. Cui, J., Zhu, Y. G., Zhai, R. H., Chen, D. Y., Huang, Y. Z., Qui, Y., & Liang, J. Z. (2004). Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environment International, 30, 785–791.
56. Dai, J., Becquer, T., Rouiller, J. H., Reversat, G., Bernhard-Reversat, F., Nahmani, J., & Lavelle, P. (2004). Heavy metal accumulation by two earthworm species and its relationship to total and DTPA-extractable metals in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 36, 91–98.
57. Damek-Poprawa, M., & Sawicka-Kapusta, K. (2003). Damage to the liver, kidney, and testis with reference to burden of heavy metals in yellow-necked mice from areas around steelworks and zinc smelters in Poland. Toxicology, 186, 1–10.
58. Devkota, B., & Schmidt, G. H. (2000). Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and grasshoppers from the Taigetos Mountains, Greece. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 78, 85–91.
59. Drouhot, S., Raoul, F., Crini, N., Tougard, C., Prudent, A. S., Druart, C., Rieffel, D., Lambert, J. C., Tête, N., Giraudoux, P., & Scheifler, R. (2014). Responses of wild small mammals to arsenic pollution at a partially remediated mining site in Southern France. Science of the Total Environment, 470–471, 1012–1022.
60. Eckel, H., Roth, U., Döhler, H., & Schultheis, U. (2008). Assessment and reduction of heavy metal input into agro-ecosystems. In P. Schlegel, S. Durosoy, & A. W. Jongbloed (Eds.), Trace elements in animal production systems (pp. 33–43). The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic.
61. Efremova, M., & Izosimova, A. (2012). Contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals. In C. Jakobsson (Ed.), Sustainable agriculture (pp. 250–252). Uppsala: Baltic University Press.
62. Ellis, R. J., Morgan, P., Weightman, A. J., & Fry, J. C. (2003). Cultivation-dependant and –independent approaches for determining bacterial diversity in heavy-metal contaminated soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 3223–3230.
63. Ensley, B. D. (2000). Rationale for use of phytoremediation. In I. Raskin & B. D. Ensley (Eds.), Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean up the environment (pp. 3–13). New York: Wiley.
64. Epstein, E., & Bloom, A. J. (2004). Mineral nutrition of plants: principles and perspectives (2nd ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer.
65. Ernst, W. H. O. (2006). Evolution of metal tolerance in higher plants. Forest Snow and Landscape Research, 80, 251–274.
66. Fitz, W. J., & Wenzel, W. W. (2002). Arsenic transformations in the soil–rhizosphere–plant system: fundamentals and potential application to phytoremediation. Journal of Biotechnology, 99, 259–278.
67. Freeman, J. L., Quinn, C. F., Marcus, M. A., Fakra, S., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. (2006). Selenium-tolerant diamondback moth disarms hyperaccumulator plant defense. Current Biology, 16, 2181–2192.
68. Friesl-Hanl, W., Platzer, K., Horak, O., & Gerzabek, M. H. (2009). Immobilising of Cd, Pb, and Zn contaminated arable soils close to a former Pb/Zn smelter: a field study in Austria over 5 years. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31, 581–594.
69. Fritsch, C., Coeurdassier, M., Giraudoux, P., Raoul, F., Douay, F., Rieffel, D., de Vaufleury, A., & Scheifler, R. (2011). Spatially explicit analysis of metal transfer to biota: influence of soil contamination and landscape. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e20682. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020682.
70. Gadd, G. M. (1990). Heavy metal accumulation by bacteria and other microorganisms. Experientia, 46, 834–840.
71. Gadd, G. M. (2010). Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation. Microbiology, 156, 609–643.
72. Gall, J. E., & Rajakaruna, N. (2013). The physiology, functional genomics, and applied ecology of heavy metal-tolerant Brassicaceae. In L. Minglin (Ed.), Brassicaceae: characterization, functional genomics and health benefits (pp. 121–148). Hauppauge: Nova.
73. Ghosh, M., & Singh, S. P. (2005). A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its byproducts. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 3, 1–18.
74. Giller, K. E., Witter, E., & McGrath, S. P. (1998). Toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms and microbial processes in agricultural soils: a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, 1389–1414.
75. Giller, K. E., Witter, E., & McGrath, S. P. (2009). Heavy metals and soil microbes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41, 2031–2037.
76. Gimeno-García, E., Andreu, V., & Boluda, R. (1996). Heavy metals incidence in the application of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to rice farming soils. Environmental Pollution, 92, 19–25.
77. Gollenberg, A. L., Hediger, M. L., Lee, P. A., Himes, J. H., & Louis, G. M. B. (2010). Association between lead and cadmium and reproductive hormones in peripubertal U.S. girls. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 1782–1787.
78. Goodyear, K. L., & McNeill, S. (1999). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic macro-invertebrates of different feeding guilds: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 229, 1–19.
79. Goyal, N., Jain, S. C., & Banerjee, U. C. (2003). Comparative studies on the microbial adsorption of heavy metals. Advances in Environmental Research, 7, 311–319.
80. Gray, J. S. (2002). Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 45, 46–52.
81. Green, I. D., Diaz, A., & Tibbett, M. (2010). Factors affecting the concentration in seven-spotted ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata L.) of Cd and Zn transferred through the food chain. Environmental Pollution, 158, 135–141.
82. Grzes, I. M. (2010). Ants and heavy metal pollution—a review. European Journal of Soil Biology, 46, 350–355.
83. Gundacker, C., Frölich, S., Graf-Rohrmeister, K., Eibenberger, B., Jessenig, V., Gicic, D., Prinz, S., Witmann, K. J., Zielser, H., Vallant, B., Pollak, A., & Husslein, P. (2010). Prenatal lead and mercury exposure in Austria. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 5744–5749.
84. Gupta, S. K., Vollmer, M. K., & Krebs, R. (1996). The importance of mobile, mobilisable and pseudo total heavy metal fractions in soil for three-level risk assessment and risk management. Science of the Total Environment, 178, 11–20.
85. Haferburg, G., Kothe, E. (2007). Microbes and metals: interactions in the environment. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 453–467.
86. Haferburg, G., & Kothe, E. (2010). Metallomics: lessons for metalliferous soil remediation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 87, 1271–1280.
87. Hamers, T., van den Berg, J. H. J., van Gestel, C. A. M., van Schooten, F. J., & Murk, A. J. (2006). Risk assessment of metals and organic pollutants for herbivorous and carnivorous small mammal food chains in a polluted floodplain (Biesbosch, The Netherlands). Environmental Pollution, 144, 581–595.
88. Harrison, S. P., & Rajakaruna, N. (2011). What have we learned from serpentine about evolution, ecology, and other sciences? In S. P. Harrison & N. Rajakaruna (Eds.), Serpentine: evolution and ecology of a model system (pp. 417–427). Berkeley: University of California Press.
89. Heikens, A., Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M., & Hendriks, A. J. (2001). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in terrestrial invertebrates. Environmental Pollution, 113, 385–393.
90. Hladun, K. R., Parker, D. R., & Trumble, J. T. (2011). Selenium accumulation in the floral tissues of two Brassicaceae species and its impact on floral traits and plant performance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 74, 90–97.
91. Hobbelen, P. H. F., Koolhaas, J. E., & Van Gestel, C. A. M. (2006). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa in relation to total and available metal concentrations in field soils. Environmental Pollution, 144, 639–646.
92. Hol, W. H., de Boer, W., Termorshuizen, A. J., Meyer, K. M., Schneider, J. H. M., van Dam, N. M., van Veen, J. A., & van der Putten, W. H. (2010). Reduction of rare soil microbes modifies plant-herbivore interactions. Ecology Letters, 13, 292–301.
93. Hossain, M.A., Piyatida, P., Teixeria da Silva, J.A., Fujita, M. (2012). Molecular mechanism of heavy metal toxicity and tolerance in plants: central role of glutathione in detoxification of reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal and in heavy metal chelation. Journal of Botany 2012, doi.org/10.1155/2012/872875.
94. Hough, R. L., Breward, N., Young, S. D., Crout, N. M., Tye, A. M., Moir, A. M., & Thornton, I. (2004). Assessing potential risk of heavy metal exposure from consumption of home-produced vegetables by urban populations. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 215–221.
95. Hunter, B. A., & Johnson, M. S. (1982). Food chain relationships of copper and cadmium in contaminated grassland ecosystems. Oikos, 38, 108–117.
96. Hunter, B. A., Johnson, M. S., & Thompson, D. J. (1987). Ecotoxicology of copper and cadmium in a contaminated grassland ecosystem. Journal of Applied Ecology, 24, 601–614.
97. Idris, R., Trifonova, R., Puschenreiter, M., Wenzel, W. W., & Sessitsch, A. (2004). Bacterial communities associated with flowering plants of the Ni hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 2667–2677.
98. Jabeen, R., Ahmad, A., & Iqbal, M. (2009). Phytoremediation of heavy metals: physiological and molecular mechanisms. Botanical Review, 75, 339–364.
99. Janssens, T. K. S., Roelofs, D., & van Straalen, N. M. (2009). Molecular mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance and evolution in invertebrates. Insect Science, 16, 3–18.
100. Järup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68, 167–182.
101. Javied, S., Mehmood, T., Chaudhry, M. M., Tufail, M., & Irfan, N. (2009). Heavy metal pollution from phosphate rock used for the production of fertilizer in Pakistan. Microchemical Journal, 91, 94–99.
102. Jiao, W., Chen, W., Chang, A. C., & Page, A. L. (2012). Environmental risks of trace elements associated with long-term phosphate fertilizers applications: a review. Environmental Pollution, 168, 44–53.
103. Jin, T., Nordberg, M., Frech, W., Dumont, X., Bernard, A., Ye, T. T., Kong, Q., Wang, Z., Li, P., Lundstrom, N. G., Li, Y., & Nordberg, G. F. (2002). Cadmium biomonitoring and renal dysfunction among a population environmentally exposed to cadmium from smelting in China (ChinaCad). BioMetals, 15, 397–410.
104. Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. (2001). Trace elements in soils and plants (3rd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC.
105. Khan, A. T., Thompson, S. J., & Mielke, H. W. (1995). Lead and mercury levels in raccoons from Macon County, Alabama. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 54, 812–816.
106. Khan, S., Cao, Q., Zheng, Y. M., Huang, Y. Z., & Zhu, Y. G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 152, 686–692.
107. Kelessidis, A., & Stasinakis, A. S. (2012). Comparative study of the methods used for treatment and final disposal of sewage sludge in European countries. Waste Management, 32, 1186–1195.
108. Kothe, E., & Büchel, G. (2014). Umbrella: using microbes for the regulation of heavy metal mobility at ecosystem and landscape scale. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 6761–6764.
109. Kramarova, M., Massanyi, P., Slamecka, J., Tataruch, F., Jancova, A., Gasparik, J., Fabis, M., Kovacik, J., Toman, R., Galova, J., & Jurcik, R. (2005). Distribution of cadmium and lead in liver and kidney, of some wild animals in Slovakia. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 40, 593–600.
110. Krämer, U. (2010). Metal hyperaccumulation in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61, 517–534.
111. Komarnicki, G. J. K. (2000). Tissue, sex and age specific accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) by populations of the mole (Talpa europaea L.) in a central urban area. Chemosphere, 41, 1593–1602.
112. Kools, S. A. E., Boivin, M. Y., Van Der Wurff, A. W. G., Berg, M. P., van Gestel, C. A. M., & Van Straalen, N. M. (2009). Assessment of structure and function in metal polluted grasslands using terrestrial model ecosystems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72, 51–59.
113. Kupper, H., & Leitenmaier, B. (2011). Cadmium-accumulating plants. In A. Sigel, H. Sigel, & R. K. O. Sigel (Eds.), Cadmium: from toxicity to essentiality (pp. 373–393). New York: Springer.
114. Langdon, C. J., Piearce, T. G., Meharg, A. A., & Semple, K. T. (2003). Interactions between earthworms and arsenic in the soil environment: a review. Environmental Pollution, 124, 361–373.
115. Lee, I.-S., Kim, O. K., Chang, Y.-Y., Bae, B., Kim, H. H., & Baek, K. H. (2002). Heavy metal concentration and enzyme activities in soil from a contaminated Korean shooting range. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 94, 406–411.
116. Lopes, P. A., Viegas-Crespo, A. M., Nunes, A. C., Pinheiro, T., Marques, C., Santos, M. C., & Mathias, M. L. (2002). Influence of age, sex, and sexual activity on trace element levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus and Mus pretus). Biological Trace Element Research, 85, 227–239.
117. Lord, C. G., Gaines, K. F., Boring, C. S., Brisbin, I. L., Gochfeld, M., & Burger, J. (2002). Raccoon (Procyon lotor) as a bioindicator of mercury contamination at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Savannah River site. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43, 356–363.
118. Lugon-Moulin, N., Ryan, L., Donini, P., & Rossi, L. (2006). Cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers used for tobacco production. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 26, 151–155.
119. Luo, L., Ma, Y., Zhang, S., Wei, D., & Zhu, Y. G. (2009). An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2524–2530.
120. Ma, W., Denneman, W., & Faber, J. (1991). Hazardous exposure of ground-living small mammals to cadmium, and lead in contaminated terrestrial ecosystems. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 20, 266–270.
121. Maestri, E., Marmiroli, M., Visioli, G., & Marmiroli, N. (2010). Metal tolerance and hyperaccumulation: costs and trade-offs between traits and environment. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 68, 1–13.
122. Mahajan, V. E., Yadav, R. R., Dakshinkar, N. P., Dhoot, V. M., Bhojane, G. R., Naik, M. K., Shrivastava, P., Naoghare, P. K., & Krishnamurthi, K. (2012). Influence of mercury from fly ash on cattle reared nearby thermal power plant. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 7365–7372.
123. Mann, R. M., Vijver, M. G., & Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M. (2011). Metals and metalloids in terrestrial systems: Bioaccumulation, biomagnification and subsequent adverse effects. In F. Sánchez-Bayo, P. J. van den Brink, & R. M. Mann (Eds.), Ecological impacts of toxic chemicals (pp. 43–62). Sharjah: Bentham.
124. Marschner, P. (2012). Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants (3rd ed.). London: Academic.
125. Martens, S. N., & Boyd, R. S. (1994). The ecological significance of nickel hyperaccumulation: a plant chemical defense. Oecologia, 98, 379–384.
126. Martens, S. N., & Boyd, R. S. (2002). The defensive role of Ni hyperaccumulation by plants: a field experiment. American Journal of Botany, 89, 998–1003.
127. Mathews, S., Ma, L. Q., Rathinasabapathi, C., & Stamps, R. H. (2009). Arsenic reduced scale-insect infestation on arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 65, 282–286.
128. Matsubara, M., & Itoh, T. (2006). The present situation and future issues on beneficial use of sewage sludge. Saisei to riyo (Association for Utilization of Sewage Sludge), 29, 19–27.
129. McClellan, K., & Halden, R. U. (2010). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in archived US biosolids from the 2001 EPA national sewage sludge survey. Water Research, 44, 658–668.
130. Meier, S., Borie, F., Bolan, N., & Cornejo, P. (2012). Phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 741–775.
131. Meindl, G. A., & Ashman, T.-L. (2013). The effects of aluminum and nickel in nectar on the foraging behavior of bumblebees. Environmental Pollution, 177, 78–81.
132. Meindl, G. A., Bain, D. J., & Ashman, T.-L. (2014). Nickel accumulation in leaves, floral organs and rewards varies by serpentine soil affinity. AoB Plants. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plu036.
133. Menzies, N. W., Donn, M. J., & Kopittke, P. M. (2007). Evaluation of extractants for estimation of the phytoavailable trace metals in soils. Environmental Pollution, 145, 121–130.
134. Mertens, J., Luyssaert, S., Verbeeren, S., Vervaeke, P., & Lust, N. (2001). Metal concentrations in small mammals and willow leaves on disposal facilities for dredged material. Environmental Pollution, 115, 17–22.
135. Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, J., & Przybylowicz, W. J. (2001). Phytophagous insects associated with the Ni-hyperaccumulating plant Berkheya coddii (Asteraceae) in Mpumalanga, South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 97, 596–598.
136. Migula, P., Przybylowicz, W. J., Nakonieczny, M., Augustyniak, M., Tarnawska, M., & Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, J. (2011). Micro-PIXE studies of Ni-elimination strategies in representatives of two families of beetles feeding on Ni-hyperaccumulating plant Berkheya coddii. X-Ray Spectrometry, 40, 194–197.
137. Miranda, M., Benedito, J. L., Blanco-Penedo, I., Lopez-Lamas, C., Merino, A., & Lopez-Alonso, M. (2009). Metal accumulation in cattle raised in a serpentine-soil area: relationship between metal concentrations in soil, forage and animal tissues. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 23, 231–238.
138. Miranda, M., López Alonso, M., Castillo, C., Hernández, J., & Benedito, J. L. (2005). Effects of moderate pollution on toxic and trace metal levels in calves from a polluted area of northern Spain. Environment International, 31, 543–548.
139. Mogren, C. L., & Trumble, J. T. (2010). The impacts of metals and metalloids on insect behavior. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 135, 1–17.
140. Moriarty, M. M., Koch, I., & Reimer, K. J. (2012). Arsenic speciation, distribution and bioaccessibility in shrews and their food. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 62, 529–538.
141. Mortvedt, J. J. (1996). Heavy metal contaminants in inorganic and organic fertilizers. Fertilizer Research, 43, 55–61.
142. Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J. W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M. D., & Lester, J. N. (2006). Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: implications for human health. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 112, 41–48.
143. Nica, D. V., Bura, M., Gergen, I., Harmanescu, M., & Bordean, D. (2012). Bioaccumulative and conchological assessment of heavy metal transfer in a soil-plant-snail food chain. Chemistry Central Journal, 6, 1–15.
144. Nicholson, F. A., Smith, S. R., Alloway, B. J., Carlton-Smith, C., & Chambers, B. J. (2003). An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. Science of the Total Environment, 311, 205–219.
145. Neilson, S., & Rajakaruna, N. (2012). Roles of rhizospheric processes and plant physiology in phytoremediation of contaminated sites using oilseed Brassicas. In N. A. Anjum, I. Ahmad, M. E. Pereira, A. C. Duarte, S. Umar, & N. A. Khan (Eds.), The plant family brassicaceae: contribution towards phytoremediation. Environmental pollution book series (Vol. 21, pp. 313–330). Dordrecht: Springer.
146. Neilson, S., & Rajakaruna, N. (2014). Phytoremediation of agricultural soils: using plants to clean metal-contaminated arable lands. In A. A. Ansari, S. S. Gill, & G. R. Lanza (Eds.), Phytoremediation: management of environmental contaminants (pp. 159–168). Dordrecht: Springer.
147. Nordberg, G. F., Jin, T., Kong, Q., Ye, T., Cai, S., & Wang, Z. (1997). Biological monitoring of cadmium exposure and renal effects in a population group residing in a polluted area in China. Science of the Total Environment, 199, 111–114.
148. Noret, N., Josens, G., Escarre, J., Lefevre, C., Panichelli, S., & Meerts, P. (2007). Development of Issoria lathonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) on zinc-accumulating and nonaccumulating Viola species (Violaceae). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26, 565–571.
149. Notten, M. J. M., Oosthoek, A. J. P., Rozema, J., & Aerts, R. (2006). Heavy metal pollution affects consumption of landsnail Cepaea nemoralis fed on naturally polluted Urtica dioica leaves. Ecotoxicology, 15, 295–304.
150. Notten, M. J. M., Walraven, N., Beets, C. J., Vroon, P., Rozema, J., & Aerts, R. (2008). Investigating the origin of Pb pollution in a terrestrial soil-plant-snail food chain by means of Pb isotope ratios. Applied Geochemistry, 23, 1581–1593.
151. Nziguheba, G., & Smolders, E. (2008). Inputs of trace elements in agricultural soils via phosphate fertilizers in European countries. Science of the Total Environment, 390, 53–57.
152. O’Dell, R. E., & Rajakaruna, N. (2011). Intraspecific variation, adaptation, and evolution. In S. H. Harrison & N. Rajakaruna (Eds.), Serpentine: the evolution and ecology of a model system (pp. 97–137). Berkeley: University of California Press.
153. Oken, E., Wright, R. O., Kleinman, K. P., Bellinger, D., Amarasiriwardena, C. J., Hu, H., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Gillman, M. W. (2005). Maternal fish consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in a U.S. cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1376–1380.
154. Otero, N., Vitoria, L., Soler, A., & Canals, A. (2005). Fertiliser characterisation: major, trace and rare earth elements. Applied Geochemistry, 20, 1473–1488.
155. Oves, M., Khan, M. S., Zaidi, A., & Ahmad, E. (2012). Soil contamination, nutritive value, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals: an overview. In A. Zaidi, P. A. Wani, & M. S. Khan (Eds.), Toxicity of heavy metals to legumes and bioremediation (pp. 1–27). New York: Springer.
156. Pan, J., Plant, J. A., Voulvoulis, N., Oates, C. J., & Ihlenfeld, C. (2010). Cadmium levels in Europe: implications for human health. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 32, 1–12.
157. Pankakoski, E., Koivisto, I., Hyvarinen, H., & Terhivuo, J. (1994). Shrews as indicators of heavy metal pollution. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 18, 137–149.
158. Patrashkov, S. A., Petukhov, V. L., Korotkevich, O. S., & Petukhov, I. V. (2003). Content of heavy metals in the hair. Journal de Physique IV France, 107, 1025–1027.
159. Pennanen, T., Perkiömäki, J., Kiikilä, O., Vanhala, P., Neuhoven, S., & Fritze, H. (1998). Prolonged, simulated acid rain and heavy metal deposition: separated and combined effects on forest soil microbial community structure. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 27, 291–300.
160. Peralta-Videa, J. R., Lopez, M. L., Narayan, M., Saupe, G., & Gardea-Torresdey, J. (2009). The biochemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants: implications for the food chain. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 41, 1665–1677.
161. Pérez-de-Mora, A., Burgos, P., Madejón, E., Cabrera, F., Jaeckel, P., & Schloter, M. (2006). Microbial community structure and function in a soil contaminated by heavy metals: effects of plant growth and different amendments. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 38, 327–341.
162. Peterson, L. R., Trivett, V., Baker, A. J. M., Aguiar, C., & Pollard, A. J. (2003). Spread of metals through an invertebrate food chain as influenced by a plant that hyperaccumulates nickel. Chemoecology, 13, 103–108.
163. Pilon-Smits, E. (2005). Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 56, 15–39.
164. Phillips, C. J. C., & Tudoreanu, L. (2011). A model of cadmium in the liver and kidney of sheep derived from soil and dietary characteristics. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91, 370–376.
165. Pokorny, B., & Ribaric-Lasnik, C. (2002). Seasonal variability of mercury and heavy metals in roe deer. Environmental Pollution, 117, 35–46.
166. Pollard, A. J., Reeves, R. D., & Baker, A. J. M. (2014). Facultative hyperaccumulation of heavy metals and metalloids. Plant Science, 217, 8–17.
167. Pragst, F., & Balikova, M. (2006). State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clinica Chimica Acta, 370, 17–49.
168. Prosi, F., Storch, V., & Janssen, H. H. (1983). Small cells in the midgut glands of terrestrial Isopoda: sites of heavy metal accumulation. Zoomorphology, 102, 53–64.
169. Pruvot, C., Douay, F., Hervé, F., & Waterlot, C. (2006). Heavy metals in soil, crops and grass as a source of human exposure in the former mining areas. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 6, 215–220.
170. Przybylowicz, W. J., Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, J., Migula, P., Glowacka, E., Nakonieczny, M., & Augustyniak, M. (2003). Functional analysis of metals distribution in organs of the beetle Chrysolina pardalina exposed to excess of nickel by Micro-PIXE. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 210, 343–348.
171. Quinn, C. F., Prins, C. N., Freeman, J. L., Gross, A. M., Hantzis, L. J., Reynolds, R. J. B., Yang, S., Covey, P. A., Bañuelos, G. S., Pickering, I. J., Fakra, S. C., Marcus, M. A., Arathi, H. S., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. (2011). Selenium accumulation in flowers and its effects on pollination. New Phytologist, 192, 727–737.
172. Rajakaruna, N., & Boyd, R. S. (2008). Edaphic Factor. In S. E. Jorgensen & B. D. Fath (Eds.), General ecology: encyclopedia of ecology (2nd ed., pp. 1201–1207). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
173. Rajakaruna, N., Boyd, R. S., & Harris, T. B. (Eds.). (2014). Plant ecology and evolution in harsh environments. Hauppauge: Nova.
174. Rajakaruna, N., Tompkins, K. M., & Pavicevic, P. G. (2006). Phytoremediation: an affordable green technology for the clean-up of metal contaminated sites in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science, 35, 25–39.
175. Rashed, M., & Soltan, M. (2005). Animal hair as biological indicator for heavy metal pollution in urban and rural areas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 110, 41–53.
176. Rathinasabapathi, B., Rangasamy, M., Froeba, J., Cherry, R. H., McAuslane, H. J., Capinera, J. L., Srivastava, M., & Ma, L. Q. (2007). Arsenic hyperaccumulation in the Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) deters grasshopper (Schistocerca americana) herbivory. New Phytologist, 175, 363–369.
177. Rattan, R. K., Datta, S. P., Chhonkar, P. K., Suribabu, K., & Singh, A. K. (2005). Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater—a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 109, 310–322.
178. Reeves, R. D., Brooks, R. R., & Macfarlane, R. M. (1981). Nickel uptake by Californian Streptanthus and Caulanthus with particular reference to the hyperaccumulator S. polygaloides Gray (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany, 68, 708–712.
179. Reglero, M. M., Monsalve-González, L., Taggart, M. A., & Mateo, R. (2008). Transfer of metals to plants and red deer in an old lead mining area in Spain. Science of the Total Environment, 406, 287–297.
180. Reglero, M. M., Taggart, M. A., Monsalve-González, L., & Mateo, R. (2009). Heavy metal exposure in large game from a lead mining area: effects on oxidative stress and fatty acid composition in liver. Environmental Pollution, 157, 1388–1395.
181. Roberts, R. D., & Johnson, M. S. (1978). Dispersal of heavy metals from abandoned mine workings and their transference through terrestrial food chains. Environmental Pollution, 16, 293–310.
182. Roggeman, S., van den Brink, N., Van Praet, N., Blust, R., & Bervoets, L. (2013). Metal exposure and accumulation patterns in free-range cows (Bos taurus) in a contaminated natural area: Influence of spatial and social behavior. Environmental Pollution, 172, 186–199.
183. Rogival, D., Scheirs, J., & Blust, R. (2007). Transfer and accumulation of metals in a soil-diet-wood mouse food chain along a metal pollution gradient. Environmental Pollution, 145, 516–528.
184. Rosen, G. D., & Roberts, P. A. (1996). Comprehensive survey of the response of growing pigs to supplementary copper in feed. London: Field Investigations and Nutrition Service Ltd.
185. Ryan, J. A., Pahren, H. R., & Lucas, J. B. (1982). Controlling cadmium in the human food chain: a review and rationale based on health effects. Environmental Research, 28, 251–302.
186. Sahoo, P. K., & Kim, K. (2013). A review of the arsenic concentration in paddy rice from the perspective of geoscience. Geosciences Journal, 17, 107–122.
187. Sample, B. E., Schlekat, C., Spurgeon, D. J., Menzie, C., Rauscher, J., & Adams, B. (2014). Recommendations to improve wildlife exposure estimation for development of soil screening and cleanup values. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 10, 372–387.
188. Sánchez, M. L. (Ed.). (2008). Causes and effects of heavy metal pollution. New York: Nova.
189. Sánchez-Chardi, A., & Nadal, J. (2007). Bioaccumulation of metals and effects of landfill pollution in small mammals. Part I. The greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula. Chemosphere, 68, 703–711.
190. Sánchez-Chardi, A., Penarroja-Matutano, C., Ribeiro, C. A. O., & Nadal, J. (2007a). Bioaccumulation of metals and effects of a landfill in small mammals. Part II. The wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus. Chemosphere, 70, 101–109.
191. Sánchez-Chardi, A., López-Fuster, M. J., & Nadal, J. (2007b). Bioaccumulation of lead, mercury, and cadmium in the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula, from the Ebro Delta (NE Spain): Sex- and age-dependent variation. Environmental Pollution, 145, 7–14.
192. Santhiya, D., & Ting, Y. P. (2005). Bioleaching of spent refinery processing catalyst using Aspergillus niger with high-yield oxalic acid. Journal of Biotechnology, 116, 171–184.
193. Scheirs, J., De Coen, A., Covaci, A., Beernaert, J., Kayawe, V. M., Caturla, M., De Wolf, H., Baert, P., Van Oostveldt, P., Verhagen, R., Blust, R., & De Coen, W. (2006a). Genotoxicity in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) along a pollution gradient: exposure-, age-, and gender-related effects. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25, 2154–2162.
194. Scheirs, J., Vandevyvere, I., Wollaert, K., Blust, R., & Bruyn, L. D. (2006b). Plant-mediated effects of heavy metal pollution on host choice of a grass miner. Environmental Pollution, 143, 138–145.
195. Schmidt, T., & Schlegel, H. G. (1989). Nickel and cobalt resistance of various bacteria isolated from soil and highly polluted domestic and industrial wastes. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 62, 315–328.
196. Scott, C. A., Faruqui, N. I., & Raschid-Sally, L. (2004). Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture: management challenges in developing countries. In C. A. Scott, N. I. Faruqui, & L. Raschid-Sally (Eds.), Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture (pp. 1–10). Oxfordshire: CABI.
197. Silver, S., & Phung, L. T. (2009). Heavy metals, bacterial resistance. In M. Schaechter (Ed.), Encyclopedia of microbiology (pp. 220–227). Oxford: Elsevier.
198. Smith, G. J., & Rongstad, O. J. (1982). Small mammal heavy metal concentrations from mined and controlled sites. Environmental Pollution, 28, 121–134.
199. Smith, K. S., Balistrieri, L. S., & Todd, A. S. (2014). Using biotic ligand models to predict metal toxicity in mineralized systems. Applied Geochemistry. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.07.005.
200. Spears, J. W., Harvey, R. W., & Samsell, L. J. (1986). Effects of dietary nickel and protein on growth, nitrogen metabolism and tissue concentrations of nickel, iron, zinc, manganese and copper in calves. Journal of Nutrition, 116, 1873–82.
201. Stankovic, S., Kalaba, P., & Stankovic, A. R. (2014). Biota as toxic metal indicators. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 12, 63–84.
202. Strauss, S. Y., & Boyd, R. S. (2011). Herbivory and other cross-kingdom interactions on harsh soils. In S. H. Harrison & N. Rajakaruna (Eds.), Serpentine: the evolution and ecology of a model system (pp. 181–199). Berkeley: University of California Press.
203. Street, R. A. (2012). Heavy metals in medicinal plant products: an African perspective. South African Journal of Botany, 82, 67–74.
204. Sun, H., Dang, S., Xia, Q., Tang, W., & Zhang, G. (2011). The effect of dietary nickel on the immune responses of Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae. Journal of Insect Physiology, 57, 954–961.
205. Swarup, D., & Dwivedi, S. K. (2002). Environmental pollution and effects of lead and fluoride on animal health. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
206. Tang, Y.-T., Deng, T.-H.-B., Wu, Q.-H., Wang, S.-Z., Qiu, R.-L., Wei, Z.-B., Guo, X.-F., Wu, Q.-T., Lei, M., Chen, T.-B., Echevarria, G., Sterckeman, T., Simonnot, M. O., & Morel, J. L. (2012). Designing cropping systems for metal-contaminated sites: a review. Pedosphere, 22, 470–488.
207. Tête, N., Durfort, M., Rieffel, D., Scheifler, R., & Sánchez-Chardi, A. (2014). Histopathology related to cadmium and lead bioaccumulation in chronically exposed wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus, around a former smelter. Science of the Total Environment, 481, 167–177.
208. Tsao, D.T. (Ed.). (2003). Phytoremediation, advances in biochemical engineering/ biotechnology (Vol 78). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
209. Unterbrunner, R., Puschenreiter, M., Sommer, P., Wieshammer, G., Tlustoš, P., Zupan, M., & Wenzel, W. W. (2007). Heavy metal accumulation in trees growing on contaminated sites in Central Europe. Environmental Pollution, 148, 107–114.
210. Utmazian, M. N. D. S., Wieshammer, G., Vega, R., & Wenzel, W. W. (2007). Hydroponic screening for metal resistance and accumulation of cadmium and zinc in twenty clones of willows and poplars. Environmental Pollution, 148, 155–165.
211. van den Brink, N., Lammertsma, D., Dimmers, W., Boerwinkel, M. C., & van der Hout, A. (2010). Effects of soil properties on food web accumulation of heavy metals to the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). Environmental Pollution, 158, 245–251.
212. van der Ent, A., Baker, A. J. M., Reeves, R. D., Pollard, A. J., & Schat, H. (2013). Hyperaccumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements: facts and fiction. Plant and Soil, 362, 319–334.
213. van der Fels-Klerx, I., Römkens, P., Franz, E., & van Raamsdonk, L. (2011). Modeling cadmium in the feed chain and cattle organs. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment, 15, 53–59.
214. Van Kauwenbergh, S.J. (2002). Cadmium content of phosphate rocks and fertilizers, International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) Technical Conference, Chennai, India, September 2002.
215. Vargha, B., Ötvös, E., & Tuba, Z. (2002). Investigations on ecological effects of heavy metal pollution in Hungary by moss-dwelling water bears (Tardigrada), as bioindicators. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 9, 141–146.
216. Veltman, K., Huijbregts, M. A. J., Hamers, T., Wijnhoven, S., & Hendriks, A. J. (2007). Cadmium accumulation in herbivorous and carnivorous small mammals: meta-analysis of field data and validation of the bioaccumulation model optimal modeling for ecotoxicological applications. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26, 1488–1496.
217. Vermeulen, F., Van den Brink, N., D’Havé, H., Mubiana, V. K., Blust, R., Bervoets, L., & De Coen, W. (2009). Habitat type-based bioaccumulation and risk assessment of metal and As contamination in earthworms, beetles and woodlice. Environmental Pollution, 157, 3098–3105.
218. Vithanage, M., Rajapaksha, A. U., Oze, C., Rajakaruna, N., & Dissanayake, C. B. (2014). Metal release from serpentine soils in Sri Lanka. Environmental and Monitoring Assessment, 186, 3415–3429.
219. Wall, M. A., & Boyd, R. S. (2002). Nickel accumulation in serpentine arthropods from the Red Hills, California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 78, 168–176.
220. Wall, M. A., & Boyd, R. S. (2006). Melanotrichus boydi (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a specialist on the nickel hyperaccumulator Streptanthus polygaloides (Brassicaceae). Southwestern Naturalist, 51, 481–489.
221. Watanabe, T., Zhang, Z. W., Qu, J. B., Gao, W. P., Jian, Z. K., Shimbo, S., Nakatsuka, H., Matsuda-Inoguchi, N., Higashikawa, K., & Ikeda, M. (2000). Background lead and cadmium exposure of adult women in Xian City and two farming villages in Shaanxi Province, China. Science of the Total Environment, 247, 1–13.
222. Wenzel, W. W. (2009). Rhizosphere processes and management in plant-assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) of soils. Plant and Soil, 321, 385–408.
223. Wenzel, W. W., & Jockwer, F. (1999). Accumulation of heavy metals in plants grown on mineralised soils of the Austrian Alps. Environmental Pollution, 104, 145–155.
224. Whiting, S. N., Reeves, R. D., Richards, D., Johnson, M. S., Cooke, J. A., Malaisee, F., Paton, A., Smith, J. A. C., Angle, J. S., Chaney, R. L., Ginocchio, R., Jaffré, T., Johns, R., McIntyre, T., Purvis, O. W., Salt, D. E., Schat, H., Zhao, F. J., & Baker, A. J. M. (2004). Research priorities for conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and their potential for restoration and site remediation. Restoration Ecology, 12, 106–116.
225. Wijnhoven, S., Leuven, R. S. E. W., van der Velde, G., Jungheim, G., Koelemij, E. I., de Vries, F. T., Eijsackers, H. J. P., & Smits, A. J. M. (2007). Heavy-metal concentrations in small mammals from a diffusely polluted floodplain: importance of species- and location-specific characteristics. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 52, 603–613.
226. Wilbur, S. B., Hansen, H., Pohl, H., Colman, J., & McClure, P. (2004). Using the ATSDR guidance manual for the assessment of joint toxic action of chemical mixtures. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 18, 223–230.
227. Wilkinson, J. M., Hill, J., & Phillips, C. J. (2003). The accumulation of potentially-toxic metals by grazing ruminants. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 62, 267–77.
228. Williamson, S. D., & Balkwill, K. (2006). Factors determining levels of threat to serpentine endemics. South African Journal of Botany, 72, 619–626.
229. Witter, E., Gong, P., Bääth, E., & Marstorp, H. (2000). A study of the structure and metal tolerance of the soil microbial community six years after cessation of sewer sludge applications. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19, 1983–1991.
230. Wittman, R., & Hu, H. (2002). Cadmium exposure and nephropathy in a 28-year old female metals worker. Environmental Health Perspectives, 10, 1261–1266.
231. Wright, R. O., Amarasiriwardena, C., Woolf, A. D., Jim, R., & Bellinger, D. C. (2006). Neurophysical correlates of hair arsenic, manganese, and cadmium levels in school-age children residing near a hazardous waste site. Neurotoxicology, 27, 210–216.
232. Wuana, R.A., Okieimen, F.E. (2011). Heavy metals in contaminated soils: a review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecology, 1–20.
233. Xiong, J., He, Z., Liu, D., Mahmood, Q., & Yang, X. (2008). The role of bacteria in the heavy metals removal and growth of Sedum alfredii in an aqueous medium. Chemosphere, 70, 489–904.
234. Yang, X. E., Jin, X. F., Feng, Y., & Islam, E. (2005). Molecular mechanisms and genetic basis of heavy metal tolerance/hyperaccumulation in plants. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 47, 1025–1035.
235. Zhuang, P., McBride, M. B., Xia, H., Li, N., & Li, Z. (2009). Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 1551–1561.