Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in Caribbean-born migrants and their descendants in England: systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence rates, 1950–2013

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Volumn 50, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 1039-1055

  Tortelli, A ^a   Errazuriz, A ^b   Croudace, T ^c   Morgan, C ^d   Murray, R M ^d   Jones, P B ^b   Szoke, A ^a,e   Kirkbride, J B ^f  

^a INSERM U955   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

^d KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e ASSISTANCE PUBLIQUE HÔPITAUX DE PARIS   (France)

^f UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Ethnicity; Incidence; Meta analysis; Migration; Psychotic disorders; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

BLACK PERSON; CARIBBEAN; ENGLAND; ETHNOLOGY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; META ANALYSIS; MIGRATION; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; REPRODUCIBILITY; RISK; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; CARIBBEAN REGION; ENGLAND; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RISK; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TRANSIENTS AND MIGRANTS;

EID: 84930818194     PISSN: 09337954     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1021-6     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Bourque F, van der Ven E, Malla A (2011) A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants. Psychol Med 41(5):897–910. doi:10.1017/S0033291710001406
2. Kirkbride JB, Errazuriz A, Croudace TJ, Morgan C, Jackson D, Boydell J, Murray RM, Jones PB (2012) Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in England, 1950–2009: A systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS One 7(3):e31660. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031660
3. Ødegaard Ø (1932) Emigration and insanity. Acta Psychiatr Neurol 4:1–206
4. Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Lloyd T, Hutchinson G, Tarrant J, Lun Alan Fung W, Holloway J, Mallett R, Harrison G, Leff J, Jones PB, Murray RM (2006) Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study. Psychol Med 36(11):1541–1550
5. Malzberg B (1964) Mental Disease among Native and Foreign-Born Whites in New York State, 1949-1951. Ment Hyg 48:478–499
6. Weiser M, Werbeloff N, Vishna T, Yoffe R, Lubin G, Shmushkevitch M, Davidson M (2008) Elaboration on immigration and risk for schizophrenia. Psychol Med 38(08):1113–1119. doi:10.1017/S003329170700205X
7. Werbeloff N, Levine SZ, Rabinowitz J (2012) Elaboration on the association between immigration and schizophrenia: a population-based national study disaggregating annual trends, country of origin and sex over 15 years. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47(2):303–311. doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0342-3
8. Bruxner G, Burvill P, Fazio S, Febbo S (1997) Aspects of psychiatric admissions of migrants to hospitals in Perth, Western Australia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 31(4):532–542
9. Cantor-Graae E, Selten J-P (2005) Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Psychiatry 162(1):12–24
10. Harrison G, Owens D, Holton A, Neilson D, Boot D (1988) A prospective study of severe mental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients. Psychol Med 18(3):643–657
11. Fung WLA, Jones PB, Bhugra D (2009) Ethnicity and mental health: the example of schizophrenia and related psychoses in migrant populations in the Western world. Psychiatry 8(9):335–341
12. Veling W, Susser E, van Os J, Mackenbach JP, Selten J-P, Hoek HW (2008) Ethnic density of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders among immigrants. Am J Psychiatry 165(1):66–73. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030423
13. Selten J-P, Cantor-Graae E, Slaets J, Kahn RS (2002) Odegaard’s selection hypothesis revisited: schizophrenia in surinamese immigrants to the Netherlands. Am J Psychiatry 159(4):669–671
14. van der Ven E, Dalman C, Wicks S, Allebeck P, Magnusson C, van Os J, Selten JP (2014) Testing Ødegaard’s selective migration hypothesis: a longitudinal cohort study of risk factors for non-affective psychotic disorders among prospective emigrants. Psychological Medicine First View:1–8. doi:10.1017/S0033291714001780
15. Pinsent RJFH (1963) Morbidity in an immigrant population. The Lancet 281(7278):437–439
16. Kiev A (1965) Psychiatric morbidity of west indian immigrants in an urban group practice. Br J Psychiatry 111:51–56
17. Hemsi LK (1967) Psychiatric morbidity of West Indian immigrants. Soc Psychiatr 2:95–100
18. Giggs J (1973) High rates of schizophrenia among immigrants in Nottingham. Nurs Times 69(38):1210–1212
19. Cochrane R (1977) Mental illness in immigrants to England and Wales: an analysis of mental hospital admissions, 1971. Soc Psychiatry 12 (1):25–35. doi:10.1007/BF00578979
20. Kirkbride JB, Barker D, Cowden F, Stamps R, Yang M, Jones PB, Coid JW (2008) Psychoses, ethnicity and socio-economic status. Br J Psychiatry 193(1):18–24
21. Bhugra D, Hilwig M, Hossein B, Marceau H, Neehall J, Leff J, Mallett R, Der G (1996) First-contact incidence rates of schizophrenia in Trinidad and one-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 169(5):587–592
22. Hickling FW, Rodgers-Johnson P (1995) The incidence of first contact schizophrenia in Jamaica. Br J Psychiatry 167(2):193–196
23. Mahy GE, Mallett R, Leff J, Bhugra D (1999) First-contact incidence rate of schizophrenia on Barbados. Br J Psychiatry 175:28–33
24. Surveys OoPCa (1994) 1991 census user guide vol. 58: undercoverage in Great Britain. OPCS, London
25. Morgan C, Hutchinson G (2009) The social determinants of psychosis in migrant and ethnic minority populations: a public health tragedy. Psychol Med:1–5
26. Kirkbride JB, Coid JW, Morgan C, Fearon P, Dazzan P, Yang M, Lloyd T, Harrison GL, Murray RM, Jones PB (2010) Translating the epidemiology of psychosis into public mental health: evidence, challenges and future prospects. J Publ Mental Health 9(2):4–14
27. Boydell J, Bebbington P, Bhavsar V, Kravariti E, van Os J, Murray RM, Dutta R (2013) Unemployment, ethnicity and psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 127(3):202–209. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01921.x
28. Kennedy N, Boydell J, van Os J, Murray RM (2004) Ethnic differences in first clinical presentation of bipolar disorder: results from an epidemiological study. J Affect Disord 83(2–3):161–168. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.06.006
29. Dersimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta analysis in clinical-trials. Control Clin Trials 7(3):177–188
30. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21(11):1539–1558. doi:10.1002/Sim.1186
31. Gould M, Theodore K, Pilling S, Bebbington P, Hinton M, Johnson S (2006) Initial treatment phase in early psychosis: Can intensive home treatment prevent admission? Psychiatric Bull 30(7):243–246. doi:10.1192/pb.30.7.243
32. Thomas CS, Stone K, Osborn M, Thomas PF, Fisher M (1993) Psychiatric morbidity and compulsory admission among UK-born Europeans, Afro-Caribbeans and Asians in central Manchester. Br J Psychiatry 163:91–99
33. Castle D, Wessely S, Der G, Murray RM (1991) The incidence of operationally defined schizophrenia in Camberwell, 1965–84. Br J Psychiatry 159:790–794
34. Leff JP, Fischer M, Bertelsen A (1976) A cross-national epidemiological study of mania. Br J Psychiatry 129:428–442
35. Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Jones P, Harrison G, Leff J, Murray R, Fearon P (2006) First episode psychosis and ethnicity: initial findings from the AESOP study. World Psychiatry 5(1):40–46
36. Carpenter L, Brockington IF (1980) A study of mental illness in Asians, West Indians and Africans living in Manchester. Br J Psychiatry 137:201–205
37. van Os J, Castle DJ, Takei N, Der G, Murray RM (1996) Psychotic illness in ethnic minorities: clarification from the 1991 census. Psychol Med 26(1):203–208
38. Bhugra D, Leff J, Mallett R, Der G, Corridan B, Rudge S (1997) Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in Whites, African- Caribbeans and Asians in London. Psychol Med 27(4):791–798
39. King M, Coker E, Leavey G, Hoare A, Johnson-Sabine E (1994) Incidence of psychotic illness in London: comparison of ethnic groups. Br Med J 309(6962):1115–1119
40. Harrison G, Glazebrook C, Brewin J, Cantwell R, Dalkin T, Fox R, Jones P, Medley I (1997) Increased incidence of psychotic disorders in migrants from the Caribbean to the United Kingdom. Psychol Med 27(4):799–806
41. Castle DJ, Wessely S, Van Os J, Murray RM (1998) Psychosis in the inner city: The Camberwell First Episode Study. Maudsley monographs, No 40. Psychology Press/Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis, Hove, England
42. Cochrane R, Bal SS (1988) Ethnic density is unrelated to incidence of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 153:363–366
43. Littlewood R, Lipsedge M (1978) Migration, ethnicity and diagnosis. Psychiatria Clinica 11(1):15–22
44. Coid JW, Kirkbride JB, Barker D, Cowden F, Stamps R, Yang M, Jones PB (2008) Raised incidence rates of all psychoses among migrant groups: findings from the East London first episode psychosis study. Arch Gen Psych 65(11):1250–1258
45. Rwegellera GG (1977) Psychiatric morbidity among West Africans and West Indians living in London. Psychol Med 7(2):317–329
46. Cochrane R, Bal SS (1989) Mental hospital admission rates of immigrants to England: a comparison of 1971 and 1981. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 24(1):2–11
47. Wing JK, Hailey AM (1972) Evaluating a community psychiatric service: The Camberwell Register 1964-71. Oxford University Press, London
48. Bebbington PE, Hurry J, Tennant C (1981) Psychiatric disorders in selected immigrant groups in Camberwell. Social Psychiatry 16(1):43–51
49. van Os J, Takei N, Castle DJ, Wessely S, Der G, MacDonald AM, Murray RM (1996) The incidence of mania: time trends in relation to gender and ethnicity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 31(3–4):129–136
50. Bhavsar V, Boydell J, Murray R, Power P (2014) Identifying aspects of neighbourhood deprivation associated with increased incidence of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 156(1):115–121. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.014
51. McGrath J, Saha S, Welham J, El Saadi O, MacCauley C, Chant D (2004) A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. BMC Med 2(13):1–22
52. Hickling FW, McKenzie K, Mullen R, Murray R (1999) A Jamaican psychiatrist evaluates diagnoses at a London psychiatric hospital. Br J Psychiatry 175:283–285
53. Lewis G, Croft-Jeffreys C, David A (1990) Are British psychiatrists racist? Br J Psychiatry 157:410–415
54. Bhui K, Ullrich S, Coid J (2014) Which pathways to psychiatric care lead to earlier treatment and a shorter duration of first-episode psychosis? BMC Psychiatry 14(1):72
55. Morgan C, Mallett MR, Hutchinson G, Bagalkote H, Morgan K, Fearon P, Dazzan P, Boydell J, McKenzie K, Harrison G, Murray RM, Jones PB, Craig T, Leff J (2005) Pathways to care and ethnicity I. Sample characteristics and compulsory admission: report from the AESOP study. Br J Psychiatry 186(4):281–289
56. Commander MJ, Cochrane R, Sashidharan SP, Akilu F, Wildsmith E (1999) Mental health care for Asian, black and white patients with non-affective psychoses: pathways to the psychiatric hospital, in-patient and after-care. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 34(9):484–491
57. Thornicroft G, Davies S, Leese M (1999) Health service research and forensic psychiatry: A Black and White case. International Review of Psychiatry 11(2–3):250–257. doi:10.1080/09540269974447
58. Leao TS, Sundquist J, Frank G, Johansson LM, Johansson SE, Sundquist K (2006) Incidence of schizophrenia or other psychoses in first- and second-generation immigrants: a national cohort study. J Nerv Ment Dis 194(1):27–33
59. Hjern A, Wicks S, Dalman C (2004) Social adversity contributes to high morbidity in psychoses in immigrants -a national cohort study of two generations of Swedish residents. Psychol Med 34:1025–1033
60. Sharp C, Budd T (2003) Minority ethnic groups and crime: findings from the Offending Crime Survey, 2003. Home office. Accessed 2nd Sep 2008
61. Coulthard M, Farrell M, Singleton N, Meltzer H (2002) Tobacco, alcohol and drug use and mental health. HMSO, London
62. Hoare J, Moon D (2010) Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2009/10 British Crime Survey. Office for National Statistics, London
63. McGuire PK, Jones P, Harvey I, Bebbington P, Toone B, Lewis S, Murray RM (1994) Cannabis and acute psychosis. Schizophr Res 13(2):161–167
64. Schofield P, Ashworth M, Jones R (2011) Ethnic isolation and psychosis: re-examining the ethnic density effect. Psychol Med 41(06):1263–1269. doi:10.1017/S0033291710001649
65. Kirkbride JB, Jones PB, Ullrich S, Coid JW (2014) Social Deprivation, Inequality, and the Neighborhood-Level Incidence of Psychotic Syndromes in East London. Schizophr Bull 40(1):169–180. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs151
66. Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Fearon P, Dazzan P, Murray RM, Jones PB (2007) Neighbourhood-level effects on psychoses: re-examining the role of context. Psychol Med 37(10):1413–1425
67. Morgan C, Kirkbride J, Hutchinson G, Craig T, Morgan K, Dazzan P, Boydell J, Doody GA, Jones PB, Murray RM, Leff J, Fearon P (2008) Cumulative social disadvantage, ethnicity and first-episode psychosis: a case-control study. Psychol Med 38:1701–1715
68. Morgan C, Kirkbride JB, Leff J, Hutchinson G, McKenzie K, Morgan K, Dazzan P, Craig T, Doody G, Jones PB, Murray RM, Fearon P (2007) Parental separation, loss and psychosis in different ethnic groups: a case-control study. Psychol Med 37(4):495–503
69. Shaw RJ, Atkin K, Becares L, Albor CB, Stafford M, Kiernan KE, Nazroo JY, Wilkinson RG, Pickett KE (2012) Impact of ethnic density on adult mental disorders: narrative review. Br J Psychiatry 201(1):11–19. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083675
70. Kirkbride J, Boydell J, Ploubidis G, Morgan C, Dazzan P, McKenzie K, Murray R, Jones P (2008) Testing the association between the incidence of schizophrenia and social capital in an urban area. Psychol Med 38(8):1083–1094
71. Boydell J, van Os J, McKenzie K, Allardyce J, Goel R, McCreadie RG, Murray RM (2001) Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: ecological study into interactions with environment. Br Med J 323(7325):1336–1338
72. Das-Munshi J, Bécares L, Boydell JE, Dewey ME, Morgan C, Stansfeld SA, Prince MJ (2012) Ethnic density as a buffer for psychotic experiences: findings from a national survey (EMPIRIC). Br J Psychiatry 201(4):282–290. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.102376
73. Veling W, Selten J-P, Susser E, Laan W, Mackenbach JP, Hoek HW (2007) Discrimination and the incidence of psychotic disorders among ethnic minorities in The Netherlands. Int J Epidemiol 36(4):761–768. doi:10.1093/ije/dym085
74. March D, Hatch SL, Morgan C, Kirkbride JB, Bresnahan M, Fearon P, Susser E (2008) Psychosis and Place. Epidemiol Rev 30(1):84–100. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn006
75. Murray RM, Sham P, Van Os J, Zanelli J, Cannon M, McDonald C (2004) A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 71(2–3):405–416
76. Howes OD, Murray RM (2014) Schizophrenia: an integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model. Lancet 383(9929):1677–1687. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62036-X
77. Zammit S, Allebeck P, David AS, Dalman C, Hemmingsson T, Lundberg I, Lewis G (2004) A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ Score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(4):354–360
78. Pereira R (2002) The Census Coverage Survey—the key element of a one number census. Office for National Statistics, Titchfield
79. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1973) Census 1971, England and Wales County Report. Greater London—Part 1. HMSO, London