Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA population-based case-control study

European Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 449-457

  Orellana, Cecilia ^a   Saevarsdottir, Saedis ^a,b   Klareskog, Lars ^b   Karlson, Elizabeth W ^c   Alfredsson, Lars ^a,d   Bengtsson, Camilla ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d STOCKHOLM COUNTY COUNCIL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Antibodies to citrullinated peptides (ACPA); Epidemiology; Etiology; Postmenopausal hormone therapy; Rheumatoid arthritis

Indexed keywords

CYCLIC CITRULLINATED PEPTIDE ANTIBODY; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; AUTOANTIBODY; CYCLIC CITRULLINATED PEPTIDE; CYCLOPEPTIDE; RHEUMATOID FACTOR;

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; LOW RISK PATIENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OBESITY; POPULATION BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY; POSTMENOPAUSE; RESIDENTIAL AREA; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; TREATMENT DURATION; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; BLOOD; CASE CONTROL STUDY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; IMMUNOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; PROCEDURES; SWEDEN;

AGED; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; AUTOANTIBODIES; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; PEPTIDES, CYCLIC; POSTMENOPAUSE; RHEUMATOID FACTOR; RISK FACTORS; SWEDEN;

EID: 84930673792     PISSN: 03932990     EISSN: 15737284     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10654-015-0004-y     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Klareskog L, Catrina AI, Paget S. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2009;373(9664):659–72.
2. Karlson EW, Deane K. Environmental and gene-environment interactions and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2012;38(2):405–26.
3. Neovius M, Simard JF, Askling J. Nationwide prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and penetration of disease-modifying drugs in Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(4):624–9.
4. Humphreys JH, Verstappen SM, Hyrich KL, Chipping JR, Marshall T, Symmons DP. The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in the UK: comparisons using the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria and the 1987 ACR classification criteria. Results from the norfolk arthritis register. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(8):1315–20.
5. Kvien TK, Uhlig T, Odegard S, Heiberg MS. Epidemiological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: the sex ratio. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1069:212–22.
6. Doran MF, Pond GR, Crowson CS, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Trends in incidence and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota, over a forty-year period. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(3):625–31.
7. Eriksson JK, Neovius M, Ernestam S, Lindblad S, Simard JF, Askling J. Incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in Sweden: a nationwide population-based assessment of incidence, its determinants, and treatment penetration. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(6):870–8.
8. Wallenius M, Skomsvoll JF, Irgens LM, Salvesen KA, Koldingsnes W, Mikkelsen K, et al. Postpartum onset of rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic arthritides: results from a patient register linked to a medical birth registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(2):332–6.
9. Guthrie KA, Dugowson CE, Voigt LF, Koepsell TD, Nelson JL. Does pregnancy provide vaccine-like protection against rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(7):1842–8.
10. Jorgensen KT, Pedersen BV, Jacobsen S, Biggar RJ, Frisch M. National cohort study of reproductive risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis in Denmark: a role for hyperemesis, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia? Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(2):358–63.
11. Pikwer M, Bergstrom U, Nilsson JA, Jacobsson L, Berglund G, Turesson C. Breast feeding, but not use of oral contraceptives, is associated with a reduced risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(4):526–30.
12. Karlson EW, Mandl LA, Hankinson SE, Grodstein F. Do breast-feeding and other reproductive factors influence future risk of rheumatoid arthritis? Results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(11):3458–67.
13. Doran MF, Crowson CS, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. The effect of oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a population based study. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(2):207–13.
14. Pladevall-Vila M, Delclos GL, Varas C, Guyer H, Brugues-Tarradellas J, Anglada-Arisa A. Controversy of oral contraceptives and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analysis of conflicting studies and review of conflicting meta-analyses with special emphasis on analysis of heterogeneity. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144(1):1–14.
15. Lansink M, de Boer A, Dijkmans BA, Vandenbroucke JP, Hazes JM. The onset of rheumatoid arthritis in relation to pregnancy and childbirth. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1993;11(2):171–4.
16. Silman A, Kay A, Brennan P. Timing of pregnancy in relation to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35(2):152–5.
17. Hernandez Avila M, Liang MH, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner B, et al. Reproductive factors, smoking, and the risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiology. 1990;1(4):285–91.
18. Spector TD, Roman E, Silman AJ. The pill, parity, and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(6):782–9.
19. Rodriguez LA, Tolosa LB, Ruigomez A, Johansson S, Wallander MA. Rheumatoid arthritis in UK primary care: incidence and prior morbidity. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009;38(3):173–7.
20. Walitt B, Pettinger M, Weinstein A, Katz J, Torner J, Wasko MC, et al. Effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on rheumatoid arthritis: the women’s health initiative randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(3):302–10.
21. Brennan P, Bankhead C, Silman A, Symmons D. Oral contraceptives and rheumatoid arthritis: results from a primary care-based incident case-control study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1997;26(6):817–23.
22. Koepsell TD, Dugowson CE, Nelson JL, Voigt LF, Daling JR. Non-contraceptive hormones and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis in menopausal women. Int J Epidemiol. 1994;23(6):1248–55.
23. Spector TD, Brennan P, Harris P, Studd JW, Silman AJ. Does estrogen replacement therapy protect against rheumatoid arthritis? J Rheumatol. 1991;18(10):1473–6.
24. Hernandez-Avila M, Liang MH, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner B, et al. Exogenous sex hormones and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(7):947–53.
25. Carette S, Marcoux S, Gingras S. Postmenopausal hormones and the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1989;16(7):911–3.
26. Linos A, Worthington JW, O’Fallon WM, Kurland LT. Case-control study of rheumatoid arthritis and prior use of oral contraceptives. Lancet. 1983;1(8337):1299–300.
27. Merlino LA, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Mikuls TR, Saag KG. Estrogen and other female reproductive risk factors are not strongly associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis in elderly women. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2003;33(2):72–82.
28. Salliot C, Bombardier C, Saraux A, Combe B, Dougados M. Hormonal replacement therapy may reduce the risk for RA in women with early arthritis who carry HLA-DRB1 *01 and/or *04 alleles by protecting against the production of anti-CCP: results from the ESPOIR cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(9):1683–6.
29. Vandenbroucke JP, Witteman JC, Valkenburg HA, Boersma JW, Cats A, Festen JJ, et al. Noncontraceptive hormones and rheumatoid arthritis in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. JAMA. 1986;255(10):1299–303.
30. Kallberg H, Ding B, Padyukov L, Bengtsson C, Ronnelid J, Klareskog L, et al. Smoking is a major preventable risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis: estimations of risks after various exposures to cigarette smoke. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(3):508–11.
31. Padyukov L, Seielstad M, Ong RT, Ding B, Ronnelid J, Seddighzadeh M, et al. A genome-wide association study suggests contrasting associations in ACPA-positive versus ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(2):259–65.
32. Raychaudhuri S. Recent advances in the genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010;22(2):109–18.
33. Klareskog L, Stolt P, Lundberg K, Kallberg H, Bengtsson C, Grunewald J, et al. A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(1):38–46.
34. Bengtsson C, Berglund A, Serra ML, Nise L, Nordmark B, Klareskog L, et al. Non-participation in EIRA: a population-based case-control study of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2010;39(4):344–6.
35. Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, et al. The American rheumatism association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31(3):315–24.
36. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO 3rd, et al. 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(9):2569–81.
37. WHO ATC/DDD index 2014. In: collaborating centre for drug statistics methodology. 2014; http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ Accessed 03 June 2014.
38. Stanczyk FZ, Hapgood JP, Winer S, Mishell DR Jr. Progestogens used in postmenopausal hormone therapy: differences in their pharmacological properties, intracellular actions, and clinical effects. Endocr Rev. 2013;34(2):171–208.
39. Ronnelid J, Wick MC, Lampa J, Lindblad S, Nordmark B, Klareskog L, et al. Longitudinal analysis of citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (anti-CP) during 5 year follow up in early rheumatoid arthritis: anti-CP status predicts worse disease activity and greater radiological progression. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(12):1744–9.
40. Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of autoantibodies in early rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2005;34(2):83–96.
41. Sitruk-Ware R, El-Etr M. Progesterone and related progestins: potential new health benefits. Climacteric. 2013;16(suppl 1):69–78.
42. Hernan MA, Alonso A, Logan R, Grodstein F, Michels KB, Willett WC, et al. Observational studies analyzed like randomized experiments: an application to postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease. Epidemiology. 2008;19(6):766–79.
43. Lambe M, Wigertz A, Holmqvist M, Adolfsson J, Bardage C, Fornander T, et al. Reductions in use of hormone replacement therapy: effects on Swedish breast cancer incidence trends only seen after several years. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;121(3):679–83.
44. Hughes GC, Martin D, Zhang K, Hudkins KL, Alpers CE, Clark EA, et al. Decrease in glomerulonephritis and Th1-associated autoantibody production after progesterone treatment in NZB/NZW mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(6):1775–84.
45. Pauklin S, Sernandez IV, Bachmann G, Ramiro AR, Petersen-Mahrt SK. Estrogen directly activates AID transcription and function. J Exp Med. 2009;206(1):99–111.
46. Hughes GC, Clark EA. Regulation of dendritic cells by female sex steroids: relevance to immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2007;40(6):470–81.
47. Tibbetts TA, Conneely OM, O’Malley BW. Progesterone via its receptor antagonizes the pro-inflammatory activity of estrogen in the mouse uterus. Biol Reprod. 1999;60(5):1158–65.
48. Straub RH, Buttgereit F, Cutolo M. Benefit of pregnancy in inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(6):801–3.
49. Hughes GC. Progesterone and autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(6–7):A502–14.
50. Orellana C, Wedren S, Kallberg H, Holmqvist M, Karlson EW, Alfredsson L, et al. Parity and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish epidemiological investigation of rheumatoid arthritis study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(4):752–5.
51. Moyer VA. Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(1):47–54.
52. Panay N, Hamoda H, Arya R, Savvas M. The 2013 British menopause society and women’s health concern recommendations on hormone replacement therapy. Menopause Int. 2013;19(2):59–68.