Chemistry and Related Properties of Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol

Chemical Reviews

Volumn 115, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 4383-4399

  Quinn, Patricia K ^a   Collins, Douglas B ^b   Grassian, Vicki H ^b,c   Prather, Kimberly A ^b   Bates, Timothy S ^d  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b University of California at San Diego   (United States)

^c University of Iowa   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; DROPS; GEOCHEMISTRY; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PRODUCTION METHODS; RADIATION BALANCE; SEA SPRAY AEROSOLS; WATER UPTAKE PROPERTIES;

SURFACE WATERS;

EID: 84930660879     PISSN: 00092665     EISSN: 15206890     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cr500713g     Document Type: Review

References (196)

1. Seinfeld, J. H.; Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change; 2 nd ed.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 2006.
2. Corbett, J. J.; Winebrake, J. J.; Green, E. H.; Kasibhatla, P.; Eyring, V.; Lauer, A. Mortality from ship emissions: A global assessment Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 8512 - 8518
3. Warneck, P. Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1988.
4. Woodcock, A. H. Note concerning human respiratory irritation associated with high concentrations of plankton and mass mortality of marine organisms J. Mar. Res. 1948, 7, 56 - 62
5. de Leeuw, G.; Andreas, E. L.; Anguelova, M. D.; Fairall, C. W.; Lewis, E. R.; O'Dowd, C.; Schulz, M.; Schwartz, S. E. Production flux of sea spray aerosol Rev. Geophys. 2011, 49, Rg2001
6. Blanchard, D. C. Condensation nuclei and raindrop spectra J. Atmos. Sci. 1963, 20, 624 - 625
7. Foulk, C. W. Foaming and priming of boiler water Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng.. 1932, 54, 105 - 113
8. Clarke, A. D.; Owens, S. R.; Zhou, J. C. An ultrafine sea-salt flux from breaking waves: Implications for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine atmosphere J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2006, 111
9. Fuentes, E.; Coe, H.; Green, D.; de Leeuw, G.; McFiggans, G. Laboratory-generated primary marine aerosol via bubble-bursting and atomization Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2010, 3, 141 - 162
10. Spiel, D. E. On the births of film drops from bubbles bursting on seawater surfaces J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 1998, 103, 24907 - 24918
11. Bikerman, J. J. Foams; Springer Verlag: New York, Heidelberg, and Berlin, 1973.
12. Lewis, E. R.; Schwartz, S. E. Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements, and Models-A Critical Review; American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC, 2004.
13. Monahan, E. C.; Fairall, C. W.; Davidson, K. L.; Boyle, P. J. Observed inter-relations between 10 m winds, ocean whitecaps, and marine aerosols Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 1983, 109, 379 - 392
14. Andreas, E. L. Sea spray and the turbulent air-sea heat fluxes J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 1992, 97, 11429 - 11441
15. Modini, R. L.; Russell, L. M.; Deane, G. B.; Stokes, M. D. Effect of soluble surfactant on bubble persistence and bubble-produced aerosol particles J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2013, 118, 1388 - 1400
16. Long, M. S.; Keene, W. C.; Kieber, D. J.; Frossard, A. A.; Russell, L. M.; Maben, J. R.; Kinsey, J. D.; Quinn, P. K.; Bates, T. S. Light-enhanced primary marine aerosol production from biologically productive seawater Geophys. Res. Lett. 2014, 41, 2661 - 2670
17. Blanchard, D. C. Bubble scavenging and water-to-air transfer of organic material in sea. In Applied Chemistry at Protein Interfaces; Advances in Chemistry, Vol. 145; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975; Chapt. 18, pp 360 - 387
18. Brown, J. W.; Skop, R. A.; Viechnicki, J.; Tseng, R. S. Transport of surface-active organic materials from seawater to the air-water-interface by an ascending current field Fluid Dyn. Res. 1992, 9, 97 - 105
19. Hoffman, E. J.; Duce, R. A. Factors influencing organic-carbon content of marine aerosols-Laboratory study J. Geophys. Res., C: Oceans Atmos. 1976, 81, 3667 - 3670
20. Tseng, R. S.; Viechnicki, J. T.; Skop, R. A.; Brown, J. W. Sea-to-air transfer of surface-active organic-compounds by bursting bubbles J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 1992, 97, 5201 - 5206
21. Skop, R. A.; Viechnicki, J. T.; Brown, J. W. A model for microbubble scavenging of surface-active lipid molecules from seawater J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 1994, 99, 16395 - 16402
22. Stefan, R. L.; Szeri, A. J. Surfactant scavenging and surface deposition by rising bubbles J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1999, 212, 1 - 13
23. Bates, T. S.; Anderson, T. L.; Baynard, T.; Bond, T.; Boucher, O.; Carmichael, G.; Clarke, A.; Erlick, C.; Guo, H.; Horowitz, L.; Howell, S.; Kulkarni, S.; Maring, H.; McComiskey, A.; Middlebrook, A.; Noone, K.; O'Dowd, C. D.; Ogren, J.; Penner, J.; Quinn, P. K.; Ravishankara, A. R.; Savoie, D. L.; Schwartz, S. E.; Shinozuka, Y.; Tang, Y.; Weber, R. J.; Wu, Y. Aerosol direct radiative effects over the northwest Atlantic, northwest Pacific, and North Indian Oceans: Estimates based on in-situ chemical and optical measurements and chemical transport modeling Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6, 1657 - 1732
24. Murphy, D. M.; Anderson, J. R.; Quinn, P. K.; McInnes, L. M.; Brechtel, F. J.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; Middlebrook, A. M.; Posfai, M.; Thomson, D. S.; Buseck, P. R. Influence of sea-salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer Nature. 1998, 392, 62 - 65
25. Quinn, P. K.; Coffman, D. J. Comment on "Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results" by Tegen et al J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 1999, 104, 4241 - 4248
26. Kleefeld, C.; O'Dowd, C. D.; O'Reilly, S.; Jennings, S. G.; Aalto, P.; Becker, E.; Kunz, G.; de Leeuw, G. Relative contribution of submicron and supermicron particles to aerosol light scattering in the marine boundary layer J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2002, 107
27. Jacobson, M. Z. Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2001, 106, 1551 - 1568
28. Takemura, T.; Nakajima, T.; Dubovik, O.; Holben, B. N.; Kinne, S. Single-scattering albedo and radiative forcing of various aerosol species with a global three-dimensional model J. Clim. 2002, 15, 333 - 352
29. Hoppel, W. A.; Frick, G. M.; Fitzgerald, J. W. Deducing droplet concentration and supersaturation in marine boundary layer clouds from surface aerosol measurements J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 1996, 101, 26553 - 26565
30. Leaitch, W. R.; Banic, C. M.; Isaac, G. A.; Couture, M. D.; Liu, P. S. K.; Gultepe, I.; Li, S. M.; Kleinman, L.; Daum, P. H.; MacPherson, J. I. Physical and chemical observations in marine stratus during the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment: Factors controlling cloud droplet number concentrations J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 1996, 101, 29123 - 29135
31. Hudson, J. G.; Garrett, T. J.; Hobbs, P. V.; Strader, S. R.; Xie, Y. H.; Yum, S. S. Cloud condensation nuclei and ship tracks J. Atmos. Sci. 2000, 57, 2696 - 2706
32. Roberts, G.; Mauger, G.; Hadley, O.; Ramanathan, V. North American and Asian aerosols over the eastern Pacific Ocean and their role in regulating cloud condensation nuclei J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2006, 111
33. Hudson, J. G.; Noble, S.; Jha, V. Stratus cloud supersaturations Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37
34. Köhler, H. The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets Trans. Faraday Soc. 1936, 32, 1152 - 1161
35. Feingold, G.; Cotton, W. R.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; Davis, J. T. The impact of giant cloud condensation nuclei on drizzle formation in stratocumulus: Implications for cloud radiative properties J. Atmos. Sci. 1999, 56, 4100 - 4117
36. Rosenfeld, D.; Lahav, R.; Khain, A.; Pinsky, M. The role of sea spray in cleansing air pollution over ocean via cloud processes Science 2002, 297, 1667 - 1670
37. Posselt, R.; Lohmann, U. Influence of giant CCN on warm rain processes in the ECHAM5 GCM Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8, 3769 - 3788
38. Clarke, A. D.; Davis, D.; Kapustin, V. N.; Eisele, F.; Chen, G.; Paluch, I.; Lenschow, D.; Bandy, A. R.; Thornton, D.; Moore, K.; Mauldin, L.; Tanner, D.; Litchy, M.; Carroll, M. A.; Collins, J.; Albercook, C. Particle nucleation in the tropical boundary layer and its coupling to marine sulfur sources Science 1998, 282, 89 - 92
39. Guazzotti, S. A.; Coffee, K. R.; Prather, K. A. Continuous measurements of size-resolved particle chemistry during INDOEX-Intensive Field Phase 99 J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2001, 106, 28607 - 28627
40. Rinaldi, M.; Decesari, S.; Finessi, E.; Giulianelli, L.; Carbone, C.; Fuzzi, S.; O'Dowd, C. D.; Ceburnis, D.; Facchini, M. C. Primary and secondary organic marine aerosol and oceanic biological activity: Recent results and new perspectives for future studies Adv. Meteorol. 2010, 310682
41. Rinaldi, M.; Decesari, S.; Finessi, E.; Giulianelli, L.; Carbone, C.; Fuzzi, S.; O'Dowd, C. D.; Ceburnis, D.; Facchini, M. C. Primary and secondary organic marine aerosol and oceanic biological activity: Recent results and new perspectives for future studies Adv. Meteorol. 2010, 310682
42. Turekian, V. C.; Macko, S. A.; Keene, W. C. Concentrations, isotopic compositions, and sources of size-resolved, particulate organic carbon and oxalate in near-surface marine air at Bermuda during spring J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2003, 108
43. Zhou, X. L.; Davis, A. J.; Kieber, D. J.; Keene, W. C.; Maben, J. R.; Maring, H.; Dahl, E. E.; Izaguirre, M. A.; Sander, R.; Smoydzyn, L. Photochemical production of hydroxyl radical and hydroperoxides in water extracts of nascent marine aerosols produced by bursting bubbles from Sargasso seawater Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35
44. Prather, K. A.; Bertram, T. H.; Grassian, V. H.; Deane, G. B.; Stokes, M. D.; DeMott, P. J.; Aluwihare, L. I.; Palenik, B.; Azam, F.; Seinfeld, J. H.; Moffet, R. C.; Molina, M. J.; Cappa, C. D.; Geiger, F. M.; Roberts, G. C.; Russell, L. M.; Ault, A. P.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Collins, D. B.; Corrigan, C. E.; Cuadra-Rodriguez, L. A.; Ebben, C. J.; Forestieri, S. D.; Guasco, T. L.; Hersey, S. P.; Kim, M. J.; Lambert, W.; Modini, R. L.; Mui, W.; Pedler, B. E.; Ruppel, M. J.; Ryder, O. S.; Schoepp, N.; Sullivan, R. C.; Zhao, D. Bringing the ocean into the laboratory to probe the chemical complexity of sea spray aerosol Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110, 7550 - 7555
45. Bates, T. S.; Kapustin, V. N.; Quinn, P. K.; Covert, D. S.; Coffman, D. J.; Mari, C.; Durkee, P. A.; De Bruyn, W. J.; Saltzman, E. S. Processes controlling the distribution of aerosol particles in the lower marine boundary layer during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 1998, 103, 16369 - 16383
46. Facchini, M. C.; Rinaldi, M.; Decesari, S.; Carbone, C.; Finessi, E.; Mircea, M.; Fuzzi, S.; Ceburnis, D.; Flanagan, R.; Nilsson, E. D.; de Leeuw, G.; Martino, M.; Woeltjen, J.; O'Dowd, C. D. Primary submicron marine aerosol dominated by insoluble organic colloids and aggregates Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35 L17814
47. Bates, T. S.; Quinn, P. K.; Frossard, A. A.; Russell, L. M.; Hakala, J.; Petaja, T.; Kulmala, M.; Covert, D. S.; Cappa, C. D.; Li, S. M.; Hayden, K. L.; Nuaaman, I.; McLaren, R.; Massoli, P.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Onasch, T. B.; Sueper, D.; Worsnop, D. R.; Keene, W. C. Measurements of ocean derived aerosol off the coast of California J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2012, 117
48. Quinn, P. K.; Bates, T. S.; Schultz, K. S.; Coffman, D. J.; Frossard, A. A.; Russell, L. M.; Keene, W. C.; Kieber, D. J. Contribution of sea surface carbon pool to organic matter enrichment in sea spray aerosol Nat. Geosci. 2014, 7, 228 - 232
49. Hultin, K. A. H.; Nilsson, E. D.; Krejci, R.; Martensson, E. M.; Ehn, M.; Hagstrom, A.; de Leeuw, G. In situ laboratory sea spray production during the Marine Aerosol Production 2006 cruise on the northeastern Atlantic Ocean J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2010, 115 D06201
50. Keene, W. C.; Maring, H.; Maben, J. R.; Kieber, D. J.; Pszenny, A. A. P.; Dahl, E. E.; Izaguirre, M. A.; Davis, A. J.; Long, M. S.; Zhou, X. L.; Smoydzin, L.; Sander, R. Chemical and physical characteristics of nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model air-sea interface J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2007, 112 D21202
51. Collins, D. B.; Ault, A. P.; Moffet, R. C.; Ruppel, M. J.; Cuadra-Rodriguez, L. A.; Guasco, T. L.; Corrigan, C. E.; Pedler, B. E.; Azam, F.; Aluwihare, L. I.; Bertram, T. H.; Roberts, G. C.; Grassian, V. H.; Prather, K. A. Impact of marine biogeochemistry on the chemical mixing state and cloud forming ability of nascent sea spray aerosol J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2013, 118, 8553 - 8565
52. Collins, D. B.; Zhao, D. F.; Ruppel, M. J.; Laskina, O.; Grandquist, J. R.; Modini, R. L.; Stokes, M. D.; Russell, L. M.; Bertram, T. H.; Grassian, V. H.; Deane, G. B.; Prather, K. A. Direct aerosol chemical composition measurements to evaluate the physicochemical differences between controlled sea spray aerosol generation schemes Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. 2014, 7, 6457 - 6499
53. Ault, A. P.; Moffet, R. C.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Collins, D. B.; Ruppel, M. J.; Cuadra-Rodriguez, L. A.; Zhao, D.; Guasco, T. L.; Ebben, C. J.; Geiger, F. M.; Bertram, T. H.; Prather, K. A.; Grassian, V. H. Size-dependent changes in sea spray aerosol composition and properties with different seawater conditions Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 5603 - 5612
54. Park, J. Y.; Lim, S.; Park, K. Mixing state of submicrometer sea spray particles enriched by insoluble species in bubble-bursting experiments J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 2014, 31, 93 - 104
55. Tyree, C. A.; Hellion, V. M.; Alexandrova, O. A.; Allen, J. O. Foam droplets generated from natural and artificial seawaters J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2007, 112 D12204
56. Moore, M. J. K.; Furutani, H.; Roberts, G. C.; Moffet, R. C.; Gilles, M. K.; Palenik, B.; Prather, K. A. Effect of organic compounds on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of sea spray aerosol produced by bubble bursting Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 7462 - 7469
57. Hultin, K. A. H.; Krejci, R.; Pinhassi, J.; Gomez-Consarnau, L.; Martensson, E. M.; Hagstrom, A.; Nilsson, E. D. Aerosol and bacterial emissions from Baltic Seawater Atmos. Res. 2011, 99, 1 - 14
58. Niedermeier, D.; Wex, H.; Voigtlander, J.; Stratmann, F.; Bruggemann, E.; Kiselev, A.; Henk, H.; Heintzenberg, J. LACIS-measurements and parameterization of sea-salt particle hygroscopic growth and activation Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8, 579 - 590
59. Modini, R. L.; Harris, B.; Ristovski, Z. D. The organic fraction of bubble-generated, accumulation mode sea spray aerosol (SSA) Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 2867 - 2877
60. Schmitt-Kopplin, P.; Liger-Belair, G.; Koch, B. P.; Flerus, R.; Kattner, G.; Harir, M.; Kanawati, B.; Lucio, M.; Tziotis, D.; Hertkorn, N.; Gebefugi, I. Dissolved organic matter in sea spray: A transfer study from marine surface water to aerosols Biogeosciences 2012, 9, 1571 - 1582
61. Decesari, S.; Facchini, M. C.; Fuzzi, S.; McFiggans, G. B.; Coe, H.; Bower, K. N. The water-soluble organic component of size-segregated aerosol, cloud water and wet depositions from Jeju Island during ACE-Asia Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 211 - 222
62. O'Dowd, C. D.; de Leeuw, G. Marine aerosol production: A review of the current knowledge Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 2007, 365, 1753 - 1774
63. Massel, S. R. Ocean Waves Breaking and Marine Aerosol Fluxes; Springer: New York, 2007.
64. Gantt, B.; Meskhidze, N. The physical and chemical characteristics of marine primary organic aerosol: A review Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 3979 - 3996
65. Hedges, J. I. Global biogeochemical cycles: progress and problems Mar. Chem. 1992, 39, 67 - 93
66. Biller, S. J.; Schubotz, F.; Roggensack, S. E.; Thompson, A. W.; Summons, R. E.; Chisholm, S. W. Bacterial vesicles in marine ecosystems Science 2014, 343, 183 - 186
67. Verdugo, P. Marine microgels Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2012, 4 (4) 375 - 400
68. Verdugo, P.; Alldredge, A. L.; Azam, F.; Kirchman, D. L.; Passow, U.; Santschi, P. H. The oceanic gel phase: A bridge in the DOM-POM continuum Mar. Chem. 2004, 92, 67 - 85
69. Suttle, C. A. Marine viruses: Major players in the global ecosystem Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2007, 5, 801 - 812
70. Hansell, D. A.; Carlson, C. A. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, 2 nd ed.; Academic Press: London, 2015.
71. Benner, R. In Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter; Hansell, D. A.; Carlson, C. A., Eds.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 2002.
72. Azam, F.; Fenchel, T.; Field, J. G.; Gray, J. S.; Meyerreil, L. A.; Thingstad, F. The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser. 1983, 10, 257 - 263
73. Hollibaugh, J. T.; Azam, F. Microbial-degradation of dissolved proteins in seawater Limnol. Oceanogr. 1983, 28, 1104 - 1116
74. Azam, F. Microbial control of oceanic carbon flux: The plot thickens Science 1998, 280, 694 - 696
75. Jiao, N.; Herndl, G. J.; Hansell, D. A.; Benner, R.; Kattner, G.; Wilhelm, S. W.; Kirchman, D. L.; Weinbauer, M. G.; Luo, T. W.; Chen, F.; Azam, F. Microbial production of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter: Long-term carbon storage in the global ocean Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2010, 8, 593 - 599
76. Pomeroy, L. R.; Williams, P. J. I.; Azam, F.; Hobbie, J. E. The microbial loop Oceanography 2007, 20, 28 - 33
77. Kujawinski, E. B. The Impact of Microbial Metabolism on Marine Dissolved Organic Matter Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2011, 3 (3) 567 - 599
78. Ogawa, H.; Amagai, Y.; Koike, I.; Kaiser, K.; Benner, R. Production of refractory dissolved organic matter by bacteria Science 2001, 292, 917 - 920
79. Gruber, D. F.; Simjouw, J. P.; Seitzinger, S. P.; Taghon, G. L. Dynamics and characterization of refractory dissolved organic matter produced by a pure bacterial culture in an experimental predator-prey system Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72, 4184 - 4191
80. Flerus, R.; Lechtenfeld, O. J.; Koch, B. P.; McCallister, S. L.; Schmitt-Kopplin, P.; Benner, R.; Kaiser, K.; Kattner, G. A molecular perspective on the ageing of marine dissolved organic matter Biogeosciences 2012, 9, 1935 - 1955
81. Hansell, D. A.; Carlson, C. A. Biogeochemistry of total organic carbon and nitrogen in the Sargasso Sea: Control by convective overturn Deep-Sea Res., Part II 2001, 48, 1649 - 1667
82. Hansell, D. A.; Carlson, C. A.; Repeta, D. J.; Schlitzer, R. Dissolved organic matter in the ocean: New insights stimulated by a controversy Oceanography 2009, 22, 52 - 61
83. Hwang, J. S.; Druffel, E. R. M.; Bauer, J. E. Incorporation of aged dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by oceanic particulate organic carbon (POC): An experimental approach using natural carbon isotopes Mar. Chem. 2006, 98, 315 - 322
84. Lin, K. J.; Carlson, D. J. Photoinduced degradation of tracer phenols added to marine surface microlayers Mar. Chem. 1991, 33, 9 - 22
85. Borch, N. H.; Kirchmann, D. L. Concentration and composition of dissolved combined neutral sugars (polysaccharides) in seawater determined by HPLC-PAD Mar. Chem. 1997, 57, 85 - 95
86. Skoog, A.; Benner, R. Aldoses in various size fractions of marine organic matter: Implications for carbon cycling Limnol. Oceanogr. 1997, 42, 1803 - 1813
87. Hubberton, U.; Lara, R. J.; Kattner, G. Refractory organic compounds in polar waters: Relationship between humic substances and amino acids in the Arctic and Antarctic J. Mar. Res. 1995, 53, 137 - 149
88. Kennicutt, M. C.; Jeffrey, L. M. Chemical and GC-MS characterization of marine dissolved lipids Mar. Chem. 1981, 10, 367 - 387
89. Benner, R.; Pakulski, J. D.; McCarthy, M.; Hedges, J. I.; Hatcher, P. G. Bulk chemical characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the ocean Science 1992, 255, 1561 - 1564
90. Kujawinski, E. B.; Del Vecchio, R.; Blough, N. V.; Klein, G. C.; Marshall, A. G. Probing molecular-level transformations of dissolved organic matter: insights on photochemical degradation and protozoan modification of DOM from electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Mar. Chem. 2004, 92, 23 - 37
91. Cortes-Francisco, N.; Caixach, J. Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter through a desalination process by high resolution mass spectrometry Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 9619 - 9627
92. Passow, U.; Alldredge, A. L.; Logan, B. E. The role of particulate carbohydrate exudates in the flocculation of diatom blooms Deep Sea Res., Part I 1994, 41, 335 - 357
93. Alldredge, A. L.; Passow, U.; Logan, B. E. The abundance and significance of a class of large, transparent organic particles in the ocean Deep Sea Res., Part I 1993, 40, 1131 - 1140
94. Kovac, N.; Bajt, O.; Faganeli, J.; Sket, B.; Orel, B. Study of macroaggregate composition using FT-IR and H-1-NMR spectroscopy Mar. Chem. 2002, 78, 205 - 215
95. Sieburth, J. M. N.; Willis, P. J.; Johnson, K. M.; Burney, C. M.; Lavoie, D. M.; Hinga, K. R.; Caron, D. A.; French, F. W.; Johnson, P. W.; Davis, P. G. Dissolved organic-matter and heterotrophic microneuston in surface microlayers of North-Atlantic Science 1976, 194, 1415 - 1418
96. Obernosterer, I.; Catala, P.; Lami, R.; Caparros, J.; Ras, J.; Bricaud, A.; Dupuy, C.; van Wambeke, F.; Lebaron, P. Biochemical characteristics and bacterial community structure of the sea surface microlayer in the South Pacific Ocean Biogeosciences 2008, 5, 693 - 705
97. Carlson, D. J. Dissolved organic materials in surface microlayers: Temporal and spatial variability and relation to sea state Limnol. Oceanogr. 1983, 28, 415 - 431
98. Cunliffe, M.; Upstill-Goddard, R. C.; Murrell, J. C. Microbiology of aquatic surface microlayers FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2011, 35, 233 - 246
99. Martiny, A. C.; Vrugt, J. A.; Lomas, M. W. Concentrations and ratios of particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the global ocean Sci. Data 2014, 1 140048
100. van Pinxteren, M.; Muller, C.; Iinuma, Y.; Stolle, C.; Herrmann, H. Chemical characterization of dissolved organic compounds from coastal sea surface micro layers (Baltic Sea, Germany) Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 10455 - 10462
101. Kuznetsova, M.; Lee, C.; Aller, J. Characterization of the proteinaceous matter in marine aerosols Mar. Chem. 2005, 96, 359 - 377
102. Kuznetsova, M.; Lee, C.; Aller, J.; Frew, N. Enrichment of amino acids in the sea surface microlayer at coastal and open ocean sites in the North Atlantic Ocean Limnol. Oceanogr. 2004, 49, 1605 - 1619
103. Newman, J.; Branden, C. I.; Jones, T. A. Structure determination and refinement of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from Synechococcus Pcc6301 Acta Crystallogr., Sect. D-Biol. Crystallogr. 1993, 49, 548 - 560
104. Marty, J. C.; Saliot, A.; Buatmenard, P.; Chesselet, R.; Hunter, K. A. Relationship between the lipid compositions of marine aerosols, the sea-surface microlayer, and subsurface water J. Geophys. Res., C: Oceans Atmos. 1979, 84, 5707 - 5716
105. DeFlaun, M. F.; Paul, J. H.; Jeffrey, W. H. Distribution and molecular-weight of dissolved dna in subtropical estuarine and oceanic environments Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser. 1987, 38, 65 - 73
106. Sakano, S.; Kamatani, A. Determination of dissolved nucleic-acids in seawater by the fluorescence dye, ethidium-bromide Mar. Chem. 1992, 37, 239 - 255
107. Barbier, M.; Tusseau, D.; Marty, J. C.; Saliot, A. Sterols in aerosols, surface microlayer and subsurface water in the Northeastern Tropical Atlantic Oceanol. Acta 1981, 4, 77 - 84
108. Yang, G. P.; Tsunogai, S.; Watanabe, S. Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the surface microlayer and subsurface seawater of Funka Bay, Japan J. Oceanogr. 2005, 61, 69 - 78
109. Zhang, J.; Yang, G. P. Chemical properties of colored dissolved organic matter in the sea-surface microlayer and subsurface water of Jiaozhou Bay, China in autumn and winter Acta Oceanol Sin. 2013, 32, 26 - 39
110. Aller, J. Y.; Kuznetsova, M. R.; Jahns, C. J.; Kemp, P. F. The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols J. Aerosol Sci. 2005, 36, 801 - 812
111. Orellana, M. V.; Matrai, P. A.; Leck, C.; Rauschenberg, C. D.; Lee, A. M.; Coz, E. Marine microgels as a source of cloud condensation nuclei in the high Arctic Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108, 13612 - 13617
112. Liss, P. S.; Duce, R. A. The Sea Surface and Global Change; Cambridge University Press: New York, 1997.
113. Wurl, O.; Holmes, M. The gelatinous nature of the sea-surface microlayer Mar. Chem. 2008, 110, 89 - 97
114. Wurl, O.; Miller, L.; Ruttgers, R.; Vagle, S. The distribution and fate of surface-active substances in the sea-surface microlayer and water column Mar. Chem. 2009, 115, 1 - 9
115. Wurl, O.; Wurl, E.; Miller, L.; Johnson, K.; Vagle, S. Formation and global distribution of sea-surface microlayers Biogeosciences 2011, 8, 121 - 135
116. Mopper, K.; Kieber, D. J. In Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter; Hansell, D. A.; Carlson, C. A., Eds.; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 2002.
117. Leck, C.; Bigg, E. K. Biogenic particles in the surface microlayer and overlaying atmosphere in the central Arctic Ocean during summer Tellus, Ser. B 2005, 57, 305 - 316
118. Fuentes, E.; Coe, H.; Green, D.; de Leeuw, G.; McFiggans, G. On the impacts of phytoplankton-derived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol, Part 1: Source fluxes Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 9295 - 9317
119. Martensson, E. M.; Nilsson, E. D.; de Leeuw, G.; Cohen, L. H.; Hansson, H. C. Laboratory simulations and parameterization of the primary marine aerosol production J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2003, 108, 4297
120. Zabori, J.; Matisans, M.; Krejci, R.; Nilsson, E. D.; Strom, J. Artificial primary marine aerosol production: a laboratory study with varying water temperature, salinity, and succinic acid concentration Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 10709 - 10724
121. Frossard, A. A.; Russell, L. M.; Burrows, S. M.; Elliott, S. M.; Bates, T. S.; Quinn, P. K. Sources and composition of submicron organic mass in marine aerosol particles J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2014, 119, 12977 - 13003
122. Blanchard, D. C. Sea-to-air transport of surface active material Science 1964, 146, 396
123. Blanchard, D. C.; Woodcock, A. H. Bubble formation and modification in the sea and its meteorological significance Tellus 1957, 9, 145 - 158
124. Cipriano, R. J.; Blanchard, D. C. Bubble and aerosol spectra produced by a laboratory breaking wave J. Geophys. Res., C: Oceans Atmos. 1981, 86, 8085 - 8092
125. Duce, R. A.; Hoffman, E. J. Chemical fractionation at air-sea interface Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1976, 4, 187 - 228
126. Frossard, A. A.; Russell, L. M.; Massoli, P.; Bates, T. S.; Quinn, P. K. Side-by-side comparison of four techniques explains the apparent differences in the organic composition of generated and ambient marine aerosol particles Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, v - x
127. Resch, F.; Afeti, G. Film drop distributions from bubbles bursting in seawater J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 1991, 96, 10681 - 10688
128. Sellegri, K.; O'Dowd, C. D.; Yoon, Y. J.; Jennings, S. G.; de Leeuw, G. Surfactants and submicron sea spray generation J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2006, 111 D22215
129. Stokes, M. D.; Deane, G. B.; Prather, K. A.; Bertram, T. H.; Ruppel, M. J.; Ryder, O. S.; Brady, J. M.; Zhao, D. A marine aerosol reference tank system as a breaking wave analogue Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2013, 6, 1085 - 1094
130. Wu, J. Jet drops produced by bubbles bursting at the surface of seawater J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32, 3286 - 3290
131. Cloke, J.; McKay, W. A.; Liss, P. S. Laboratory investigations into the effect of marine organic material on the sea-salt aerosol generated by bubble bursting Mar. Chem. 1991, 34, 77 - 95
132. Deane, G. B.; Stokes, M. D. Scale dependence of bubble creation mechanisms in breaking waves Nature 2002, 418, 839 - 844
133. Rapp, R. J.; Melville, W. K. Laboratory Measurements of deep-water breaking waves Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 1990, 331, 735 - &
134. Zhu, Y. G.; Oguz, H. N.; Prosperetti, A. On the mechanism of air entrainment by liquid jets at a free surface J. Fluid Mech. 2000, 404, 151 - 177
135. Garrett, C.; Li, M.; Farmer, D. The connection between bubble size spectra and energy dissipation rates in the upper ocean J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2000, 30, 2163 - 2171
136. Callaghan, A. H.; Stokes, M. D.; Deane, G. B. The effect of water temperature on air entrainment, bubble plumes, and surface foam in a laboratory breaking-wave analog J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans. 2014, 119, 7463 - 7482
137. Medwin, H.; Breitz, N. D. Ambient and transient bubble spectral densities in quiescent seas and under spilling breakers J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 1989, 94, 12751 - 12759
138. Bowyer, P. A. Video measurements of near-surface bubble spectra J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 2001, 106, 14179 - 14190
139. King, S. M.; Butcher, A. C.; Rosenoern, T.; Coz, E.; Lieke, K. I.; de Leeuw, G.; Nilsson, E. D.; Bilde, M. Investigating primary marine aerosol properties: CCN activity of sea salt and mixed inorganic-organic particles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 10405 - 10412
140. Callaghan, A. H.; Deane, G. B.; Stokes, M. D.; Ward, B. Observed variation in the decay time of oceanic whitecap foam J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 2012, 117 C09015
141. Callaghan, A. H.; Deane, G. B.; Stokes, M. D. Two regimes of laboratory whitecap foam decay: bubble-plume controlled and surfactant stabilized J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2013, 43, 1114 - 1126
142. Aluwihare, L. I.; Repeta, D. J.; Chen, R. F. A major biopolymeric component to dissolved organic carbon in surface sea water Nature 1997, 387, 166 - 169
143. Hoffman, E. J.; Duce, R. A. Organic-carbon in marine atmospheric particulate matter: Concentration and particle-size distribution Geophys. Res. Lett. 1977, 4, 449 - 452
144. Fuentes, E.; Coe, H.; Green, D.; McFiggans, G. On the impacts of phytoplankton-derived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol, Part 2: Composition, hygroscopicity and cloud condensation activity Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 2585 - 2602
145. 2 and application to atmospheric marine aerosol chemistry Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107, 6616 - 6621
146. Guasco, T. L.; Cuadra-Rodriguez, L. A.; Pedler, B. E.; Ault, A. P.; Collins, D. B.; Zhao, D.; Kim, M. J.; Ruppel, M. J.; Wilson, S. C.; Pomeroy, R. S.; Grassian, V. H.; Azam, F.; Bertram, T. H.; Prather, K. A. Transition metal associations with primary biological particles in sea spray aerosol generated in a wave channel Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 48, 1324 - 1333
147. Pratt, K. A.; DeMott, P. J.; French, J. R.; Wang, Z.; Westphal, D. L.; Heymsfield, A. J.; Twohy, C. H.; Prenni, A. J.; Prather, K. A. In situ detection of biological particles in cloud ice-crystals Nat. Geosci. 2009, 2, 397 - 400
148. Russell, S. C. Microorganism characterization by single particle mass spectrometry Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2009, 28, 376 - 387
149. Ault, A. P.; Zhao, D. F.; Ebben, C. J.; Tauber, M. J.; Geiger, F. M.; Prather, K. A.; Grassian, V. H. Raman microspectroscopy and vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy as probes of the bulk and surface compositions of size-resolved sea spray aerosol particles Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 6206 - 6214
150. Moffet, R. C.; Henn, T.; Laskin, A.; Gilles, M. K. Automated chemical analysis of internally mixed aerosol particles using X-ray spectromicroscopy at the carbon K-edge Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 7906 - 7914
151. Hawkins, L. N.; Russell, L. M. Polysaccharides, proteins, and phytoplankton fragments: Four chemically distinct types of marine primary organic aerosol classified by single particle spectromicroscopy Adv. Meteorol. 2010, 612132
152. Hawkins, L. N.; Russell, L. M. Polysaccharides, proteins, and phytoplankton fragments: Four chemically distinct types of marine primary organic aerosol classified by single particle spectromicroscopy Adv. Meteorol. 2010, 612132
153. Ebben, C. J.; Ault, A. P.; Ruppel, M. J.; Ryder, O. S.; Bertram, T. H.; Grassian, V. H.; Prather, K. A.; Geiger, F. M. Size-resolved sea spray aerosol particles studied by vibrational sum frequency generation J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 6589 - 6601
154. Voss, L. F.; Bazerbashi, M. F.; Beekman, C. P.; Hadad, C. M.; Allen, H. C. Oxidation of oleic acid at air/liquid interfaces J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2007, 112
155. Stemmler, K.; Vlasenko, A.; Guimbaud, C.; Ammann, M. The effect of fatty acid surfactants on the uptake of nitric acid to deliquesced NaCl aerosol Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8, 5127 - 5141
156. Jennings, S. G.; O'Dowd, C. D.; Cooke, W. F.; Sheridan, P. J.; Cachier, H. Volatility of elemental carbon Geophys. Res. Lett. 1994, 21, 1719 - 1722
157. Johnson, G.; Ristovski, Z.; Morawska, L. Application of the VH-TDMA technique to coastal ambient aerosols Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31 L16105
158. Bigg, E. K.; Leck, C. The composition of fragments of bubbles bursting at the ocean surface J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2008, 113
159. Wex, H.; Fuentes, E.; Tsagkogeorgas, G.; Voigtlander, J.; Clauss, T.; Kiselev, A.; Green, D. H.; Coe, H.; McFiggans, G.; Stratmann, F. The influence of algal exudate on the hygroscopicity of sea spray particles Adv. Meteorol. 2010, 365131
160. Wex, H.; Fuentes, E.; Tsagkogeorgas, G.; Voigtlander, J.; Clauss, T.; Kiselev, A.; Green, D. H.; Coe, H.; McFiggans, G.; Stratmann, F. The influence of algal exudate on the hygroscopicity of sea spray particles Adv. Meteorol. 2010, 365131
161. Petters, M. D.; Kreidenweis, S. M. A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7, 1961 - 1971
162. Bilde, M.; Svenningsson, B. CCN activation of slightly soluble organics: The importance of small amounts of inorganic salt and particle phase Tellus, Ser. B 2004, 56, 128 - 134
163. Schnell, R. C.; Vali, G. Biogenic ice nuclei. 1. Terrestrial and marine sources J. Atmos Sci. 1976, 33, 1554 - 1564
164. Rosinski, J.; Haagenson, P. L.; Nagamoto, C. T.; Parungo, F. Nature of ice-forming nuclei in marine air masses J. Aerosol Sci. 1987, 18, 291-&
165. Schnell, R. C. Ice nuclei in seawater, fog water and marine air off coast of Nova-Scotia: Summer 1975 J. Atmos. Sci. 1977, 34, 1299 - 1305
166. Bigg, E. K. Ice nucleus concentrations in remote areas J. Atmos. Sci. 1973, 30, 1153 - 1157
167. Schnell, R. C. Ice nuclei produced by laboratory cultured marine phytoplankton Geophys. Res. Lett. 1975, 2, 500 - 502
168. Knopf, D. A.; Alpert, P. A.; Wang, B.; Aller, J. Y. Stimulation of ice nucleation by marine diatoms Nat. Geosci. 2011, 4, 88 - 90
169. Alpert, P. A.; Aller, J. Y.; Knopf, D. A. Initiation of the ice phase by marine biogenic surfaces in supersaturated gas and supercooled aqueous phases Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 19882 - 19894
170. Alpert, P. A.; Aller, J. Y.; Knopf, D. A. Ice nucleation from aqueous NaCl droplets with and without marine diatoms Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 5539 - 5555
171. Yun, Y. X.; Penner, J. E. An evaluation of the potential radiative forcing and climatic impact of marine organic aerosols as heterogeneous ice nuclei Geophys. Res. Lett. 2013, 40, 4121 - 4126
172. Burrows, S. M.; Hoose, C.; Poschl, U.; Lawrence, M. G. Ice nuclei in marine air: Biogenic particles or dust? Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 245 - 267
173. Mohler, O.; Georgakopoulos, D. G.; Morris, C. E.; Benz, S.; Ebert, V.; Hunsmann, S.; Saathoff, H.; Schnaiter, M.; Wagner, R. Heterogeneous ice nucleation activity of bacteria: New laboratory experiments at simulated cloud conditions Biogeosciences 2008, 5, 1425 - 1435
174. Murray, B. J.; O'Sullivan, D.; Atkinson, J. D.; Webb, M. E. Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 6519 - 6554
175. O'Sullivan, D.; Murray, B. J.; Malkin, T. L.; Whale, T. F.; Umo, N. S.; Atkinson, J. D.; Price, H. C.; Baustian, K. J.; Browse, J.; Webb, M. E. Ice nucleation by fertile soil dusts: Relative importance of mineral and biogenic components Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 1853 - 1867
176. Atkinson, J. D.; Murray, B. J.; Woodhouse, M. T.; Whale, T. F.; Baustian, K. J.; Carslaw, K. S.; Dobbie, S.; O'Sullivan, D.; Malkin, T. L. The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds Nature 2013, 498, 355 - 358
177. 500, 490
178. Blanchard, D. C.; Syzdek, L. D. Concentration of bacteria in jet drops from bursting bubbles J. Geophys. Res. 1972, 77, 5087
179. Sullivan, R. C.; Petters, M. D.; DeMott, P. J.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; Wex, H.; Niedermeier, D.; Hartmann, S.; Clauss, T.; Stratmann, F.; Reitz, P.; Schneider, J.; Sierau, B. Irreversible loss of ice nucleation active sites in mineral dust particles caused by sulphuric acid condensation Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 11471 - 11487
180. Niedermeier, D.; Hartmann, S.; Clauss, T.; Wex, H.; Kiselev, A.; Sullivan, R. C.; DeMott, P. J.; Petters, M. D.; Reitz, P.; Schneider, J.; Mikhailov, E.; Sierau, B.; Stetzer, O.; Reimann, B.; Bundke, U.; Shaw, R. A.; Buchholz, A.; Mentel, T. F.; Stratmann, F. Experimental study of the role of physicochemical surface processing on the IN ability of mineral dust particles Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 11131 - 11144
181. Sullivan, R. C.; Minambres, L.; DeMott, P. J.; Prenni, A. J.; Carrico, C. M.; Levin, E. J. T.; Kreidenweis, S. M. Chemical processing does not always impair heterogeneous ice nucleation of mineral dust particles Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37 L24805
182. Monahan, E. C.; O'Muircheartaigh, I. G. Whitecaps and the passive remote-sensing of the ocean surface Int. J. Remote Sens. 1986, 7, 627 - 642
183. Gong, S. L. A parameterization of sea-salt aerosol source function for sub- and super-micron particles Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 2003, 17
184. Jaegle, L.; Quinn, P. K.; Bates, T. S.; Alexander, B.; Lin, J. T. Global distribution of sea salt aerosols: new constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 3137 - 3157
185. O'Dowd, C. D.; Langmann, B.; Varghese, S.; Scannell, C.; Ceburnis, D.; Facchini, M. C. A combined organic-inorganic sea-spray source function Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35 L01801
186. Vignati, E.; Facchini, M. C.; Rinaldi, M.; Scannell, C.; Ceburnis, D.; Sciare, J.; Kanakidou, M.; Myriokefalitakis, S.; Dentener, F.; O'Dowd, C. D. Global scale emission and distribution of sea-spray aerosol: Sea-salt and organic enrichment Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 670 - 677
187. Gantt, B.; Meskhidze, N.; Facchini, M. C.; Rinaldi, M.; Ceburnis, D.; O'Dowd, C. D. Wind speed dependent size-resolved parameterization for the organic mass fraction of sea spray aerosol Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 8777 - 8790
188. Long, M. S.; Keene, W. C.; Kieber, D. J.; Erickson, D. J.; Maring, H. A sea-state based source function for size- and composition-resolved marine aerosol production Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 1203 - 1216
189. Burrows, S. M.; Ogunro, O.; Frossard, A. A.; Russell, L. M.; Rasch, P. J.; Elliott, S. A physically-based framework for modelling the organic fractionation of sea spray aerosol from bubble film Langmuir equilibria Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2014, 14, 5375 - 5443
190. O'Dowd, C. D.; Smith, M. H. Physicochemical properties of aerosols over the Northeast Atlantic: Evidence for wind-speed-related submicron sea-salt aerosol production J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 1993, 98, 1137 - 1149
191. Nilsson, E. D.; Martensson, E. M.; van Ekeren, J. S.; de Leeuw, G.; Moerman, M.; O'Dowd, C. Primary marine aerosol emissions: Size resolved eddy covariance measurements with estimates of the sea salt and organic carbon fractions Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2007, 7, 13345 - 13400
192. Bates, T. S.; Coffman, D. J.; Covert, D. S.; Quinn, P. K. Regional marine boundary layer aerosol size distributions in the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: A comparison of INDOEX measurements with ACE-1 and ACE-2, and Aerosols99 J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 2002, 107, 8026
193. Lana, A.; Bell, T. G.; Simo, R.; Vallina, S. M.; Ballabrera-Poy, J.; Kettle, A. J.; Dachs, J.; Bopp, L.; Saltzman, E. S.; Stefels, J.; Johnson, J. E.; Liss, P. S. An updated climatology of surface dimethylsulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 2011, 25 GB003850
194. Bates, T. S.; Lamb, B. K.; Guenther, A. B.; Dignon, J.; Stoiber, R. E. Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sources J. Atmos. Chem. 1992, 14, 315 - 337
195. Bates, T. S.; Calhoun, J. A.; Quinn, P. K. Variations in the concentration ratio of methane-sulfonate to sulfate in marine aerosol particles over the South Pacific Ocean J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97, 9859 - 9865
196. Bates, T. S.; Kelly, K. C.; Johnson, J. E.; Gammon, R. H. A reevaluation of the open source of methane to the atmosphere J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 1996, 101, 6919 - 6930
197. Facchini, M. C.; Decesari, S.; Rinaldi, M.; Carbone, C.; Finessi, E.; Mircea, M.; Fuzzi, S.; Moretti, F.; Tagliavini, E.; Ceburnis, D.; O'Dowd, C. D. Important source of marine secondary organic aerosol from biogenic amines Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 9116 - 9121
198. Müller, C.; Iinuma, Y.; Karstensen, J.; van Pinxteren, D.; Lehmann, S.; Gnauk, T.; Herrmann, H. Seasonal variation of aliphatic amines in marine sub-micrometer particles at the Cape Verde islands Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 9587 - 9597
199. Shaw, S. L.; Gantt, B.; Meskhidze, N. Production and emissions of marine isoprene and monoterpenes: A review Adv. Meteorol. 2010, 408696
200. Shaw, S. L.; Gantt, B.; Meskhidze, N. Production and emissions of marine isoprene and monoterpenes: A review Adv. Meteorol. 2010, 408696