Considerations and challenges in defining optimal iron utilization in hemodialysis

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1238-1247

  Charytan, David M ^a   Pai, Amy Barton ^a,b   Chan, Christopher T ^a,c   Coyne, Daniel W ^a,d   Hung, Adriana M ^a,e   Kovesdy, Csaba P ^a,f   Fishbane, Steven ^a,g   American Society of Nephrology, ^h  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b ALBANY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^g DONALD AND BARBARA ZUCKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HOFSTRA NORTHWELL   (United States)

^h NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IRON; ANTIANEMIC AGENT; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FERRITIN; IRON DERIVATIVE;

DRUG UTILIZATION; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; HEMODIALYSIS; HEMODIALYSIS PATIENT; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON STORAGE; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; TREND STUDY; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; ANIMAL; COMPLICATION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE MODEL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; METABOLISM; PROCEDURES; PROGNOSIS; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RISK ASSESSMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; ANIMALS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FERRITINS; HEMATINICS; HUMANS; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; IRON COMPOUNDS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RENAL DIALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84930433794     PISSN: 10466673     EISSN: 15333450     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2014090922     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, Egrie JC, Nissenson AR, Okamoto DM, Schwab SJ, Goodkin DA: The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med 339: 584-590, 1998
2. Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Eckardt KU, Feyzi JM, Ivanovich P, Kewalramani R, Levey AS, Lewis EF, McGill JB, McMurray JJ, Parfrey P, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Singh AK, Solomon SD, Toto R; TREAT Investigators: A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 361: 2019-2032, 2009
3. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, Barnhart H, Sapp S, Wolfson M, Reddan D; CHOIR Investigators: Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 355: 2085-2098, 2006
4. Drüeke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, Eckardt KU, Macdougall IC, Tsakiris D, Burger HU, Scherhag A; CREATE Investigators: Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med 355: 2071-2084, 2006
5. US Food and Drug Administration: US FDA drug safety communication: Modified dosing recommendations to improve the safe use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in chronic kidney disease, 2011. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm259639.htm. Accessed June 11, 2014
6. Suki WN, Zabaneh R, Cangiano JL, Reed J, Fischer D, Garrett L, Ling BN, Chasan-Taber S, Dillon MA, Blair AT, Burke SK: Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 72: 1130-1137, 2007
7. Chertow GM, Block GA, Correa-Rotter R, Drüeke TB, Floege J, Goodman WG, Herzog CA, Kubo Y, London GM, Mahaffey KW, Mix TC, Moe SM, Trotman ML, Wheeler DC, Parfrey PS; EVOLVE Trial Investigators: Effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 367: 2482-2494, 2012
8. Paniagua R, Amato D, Vonesh E, Correa-Rotter R, Ramos A, Moran J, Mujais S; Mexican Nephrology Collaborative Study Group: Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis: ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 13: 1307-1320, 2002
9. Nesrallah GE, Cuerden M, Wong JH, Pierratos A: Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and buttonhole cannulation: Long-term safety and efficacy of mupirocin prophylaxis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 1047-1053, 2010
10. Hirth RA, Turenne MN, Wheeler JR, Nahra TA, Sleeman KK, Zhang W, Messana JA: The initial impact of Medicare's new prospective payment system for kidney dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 62: 662-669, 2013
11. US Renal Data System: USRDS 2008 Annual Data Report: Atlas of End Stage Renal Disease in the United States, Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2008
12. Coyne DW, Brennan DC: Seeking safe and efficacious anemia management. Semin Dial 22: 590-591, 2009
13. National Kidney Foundation-Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative: NKF-DOQI clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of anemia of chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 30 [Suppl 3]: S192-S240, 1997
14. KDOQI: IV. NKF-K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease: Update 2000. Am J Kidney Dis 37 [Suppl 1]: S182-S238, 2001
15. US Renal Data System: USRDS 1996 Annual Data Report, Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1996
16. US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services: 2008 Annual Report, End Stage Renal Disease Clinical Performance Measures Project, Baltimore, MD, US Department of Health and Human Services, US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service Office of Clinical Standards and Quality, 2008
17. Freburger JK, Ng LJ, Bradbury BD, Kshirsagar AV, Brookhart MA: Changing patterns of anemia management in US hemodialysis patients. Am J Med 125: 906.e9-914.e9, 2012
18. Collins AJ, Monda KL, Molony JT, Li S, Gilbertson DT, Bradbury BD: Effect of facility-level hemoglobin concentration on dialysis patient risk of transfusion. Am J Kidney Dis 63: 997-1006, 2014
19. Thamer M, Zhang Y, Lai D, Kshirsagar O, Cotter D: Influence of safety warnings on ESA prescribing among dialysis patients using an interrupted time series. BMC Nephrol 14: 172, 2013
20. Coyne DW: The health-related quality of life was not improved by targeting higher hemoglobin in the Normal Hematocrit Trial. Kidney Int 82: 235-241, 2012
21. US Food and Drug Administration: Public Health Advisory: Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs): Epoetin alfa (marketed as Procrit, Epogen), Darbepoetin alfa (marketed as Aranesp), 2007. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm054721.htm. Accessed March 19, 2007
22. Susantitaphong P, Alqahtani F, Jaber BL: Efficacy and safety of intravenous iron therapy for functional iron deficiency anemia in hemodialysis patients: A meta-analysis. Am J Nephrol 39: 130-141, 2014
23. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes: KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int 2: 279-335, 2012
24. Bohlius J, Schmidlin K, Brillant C, Schwarzer G, Trelle S, Seidenfeld J, Zwahlen M, Clarke MJ, Weingart O, Kluge S, Piper M, Napoli M, Rades D, Steensma D, Djulbegovic B, Fey MF, Ray-Coquard I, Moebus V, Thomas G, Untch M, Schumacher M, Egger M, Engert A: Erythropoietin or Darbepoetin for patients with cancer - meta-analysis based on individual patient data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD007303, 2009
25. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, HHS: Medicare Program; end-stage renal disease prospective payment system. Final rule. Fed Regist 75: 49029-49214, 2010
26. Weiner DE, Winkelmayer WC: Commentary on 'The DOPPS practice monitor for U.S. dialysis care: Update on trends in anemia management 2 years into the bundle': Iron(y) abounds 2 years later. Am J Kidney Dis 62: 1217-1220, 2013
27. Epogen: Epogen Package Insert. US Food and Drug Administration, June 24, 2011
28. Fuller DS, Pisoni RL, Bieber BA, Port FK, Robinson BM: The DOPPS practice monitor for U.S. dialysis care: Update on trends in anemia management 2 years into the bundle. Am J Kidney Dis 62: 1213-1216, 2013
29. Arbor Research Collaborative for Health: DOPPS Practice Monitor, Ann Arbor, MI, Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, 2014
30. Ganz T, Nemeth E: Hepcidin and disorders of iron metabolism. Annu Rev Med 62: 347-360, 2011
31. Ganz T: Systemic iron homeostasis. Physiol Rev 93: 1721-1741, 2013
32. Coyne DW: Hepcidin: Clinical utility as a diagnostic tool and therapeutic target. Kidney Int 80: 240-244, 2011
33. Kautz L, Jung G, Valore EV, Rivella S, Nemeth E, Ganz T: Identification of erythroferrone as an erythroid regulator of iron metabolism. Nat Genet 46: 678-684, 2014
34. Rozen-Zvi B, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, Leibovici L, Shpilberg O, Gafter U: Intravenous versus oral iron supplementation for the treatment of anemia in CKD: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 52: 897-906, 2008
35. Coyne DW, Kapoian T, Suki W, Singh AK, Moran JE, Dahl NV, Rizkala AR; DRIVE Study Group: Ferric gluconate is highly efficacious in anemic hemodialysis patients with high serum ferritin and low transferrin saturation: Results of the Dialysis Patients' Response to IV Iron with Elevated Ferritin (DRIVE) Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 975-984, 2007
36. Kapoian T, O'Mara NB, Singh AK, Moran J, Rizkala AR, Geronemus R, Kopelman RC, Dahl NV, Coyne DW: Ferric gluconate reduces epoetin requirements in hemodialysis patients with elevated ferritin. J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 372-379, 2008
37. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes: KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Summary of recommendation statements. Kidney Int Suppl 2: 283-287, 2012
38. Gabay C, Kushner I: Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 340: 448-454, 1999
39. Hung A, Pupim L, Yu C, Shintani A, Siew E, Ayus C, Hakim RM, Ikizler TA: Determinants of C-reactive protein in chronic hemodialysis patients: Relevance of dialysis catheter utilization. Hemodial Int 12: 236-243, 2008
40. Canavese C, Bergamo D, Ciccone G, Longo F, Fop F, Thea A, Martina G, Piga A: Validation of serum ferritin values by magnetic susceptometry in predicting iron overload in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 65: 1091-1098, 2004
41. Fishbane S, Kowalski EA, Imbriano LJ, Maesaka JK: The evaluation of iron status in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 7: 2654-2657, 1996
42. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Höffken B, Wünsch H, Fink H, Kleiner M, Luft FC: Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in renal failure patients during the post-erythropoietin era. Am J Kidney Dis 26: 292-299, 1995
43. Tessitore N, Solero GP, Lippi G, Bassi A, Faccini GB, Bedogna V, Gammaro L, Brocco G, Restivo G, Bernich P, Lupo A, Maschio G: The role of iron status markers in predicting response to intravenous iron in haemodialysis patients on maintenance erythropoietin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16: 1416-1423, 2001
44. Ghoti H, Rachmilewitz EA, Simon-Lopez R, Gaber R, Katzir Z, Konen E, Kushnir T, Girelli D, Campostrini N, Fibach E, Goitein O: Evidence for tissue iron overload in long-term hemodialysis patients and the impact of withdrawing parenteral iron. Eur J Haematol 89: 87-93, 2012
45. Rostoker G, Griuncelli M, Loridon C, Couprie R, Benmaadi A, Bounhiol C, Roy M, Machado G, Janklewicz P, Drahi G, Dahan H, Cohen Y: Hemodialysis-associated hemosiderosis in the era of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: A MRI study. Am J Med 125: 991.e1-999.e1, 2012
46. Rocha LA, Barreto DV, Barreto FC, Dias CB, Moysés R, Silva MR, Moura LA, Draibe SA, Jorgetti V, Carvalho AB, Canziani ME: Serum ferritin level remains a reliable marker of bone marrow iron stores evaluated by histomorphometry in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 105-109, 2009
47. Sloand JA, Shelly MA, Feigin A, Bernstein P, Monk RD: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron dextran therapy in patients with ESRD and restless legs syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 43: 663-670, 2004
48. Fishbane S, Frei GL, Maesaka J: Reduction in recombinant human erythropoietin doses by the use of chronic intravenous iron supplementation. Am J Kidney Dis 26: 41-46, 1995
49. Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Blumenthal S, Charytan C, Pennell JP, Reed J, Rothstein M, Strom J, Wolfe A, Van Wyck D, Yee J; United States Iron Sucrose (Venofer) Clinical Trials Group: Iron sucrose in hemodialysis patients: Safety of replacement and maintenance regimens. Kidney Int 66: 1193-1198, 2004
50. Michael B, Coyne DW, Fishbane S, Folkert V, Lynn R, Nissenson AR, Agarwal R, Eschbach JW, Fadem SZ, Trout JR, Strobos J, Warnock DG; Ferrlecit Publication Committee: Sodium ferric gluconate complex in hemodialysis patients: Adverse reactions compared to placebo and iron dextran. Kidney Int 61: 1830-1839, 2002
51. Pizzi LT, Bunz TJ, Coyne DW, Goldfarb DS, Singh AK: Ferric gluconate treatment provides cost savings in patients with high ferritin and low transferrin saturation. Kidney Int 74: 1588-1595, 2008
52. Szczech LA, Barnhart HX, Inrig JK, Reddan DN, Sapp S, Califf RM, Patel UD, Singh AK: Secondary analysis of the CHOIR trial epoetin-alpha dose and achieved hemoglobin outcomes. Kidney Int 74: 791-798, 2008
53. Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, Willenheimer R, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Lüscher TF, Bart B, Banasiak W, Niegowska J, Kirwan BA, Mori C, von Eisenhart Rothe B, Pocock SJ, Poole-Wilson PA, Ponikowski P; FAIR-HF Trial Investigators: Ferric carboxymaltosein patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 361: 2436-2448, 2009
54. Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, Ertl G, Komajda M, Mareev V, McDonagh T, Parkhomenko A, Tavazzi L, Levesque V, Mori C, Roubert B, Filippatos G, Ruschitzka F, Anker SD; CONFIRM-HF Investigators: Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency [published online ahead of print August 31, 2014]. Eur Heart J doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu385
55. EU Clinical Trials Register: Proactive IV Iron Therapy for Haemodialysis Patients (PIVOTAL), 2013. Available at: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2013-002267-25/GB. Accessed June 27, 2014
56. Danielson BG: Structure, chemistry, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous iron agents. J Am Soc Nephrol 15[Suppl 2]: S93-S98, 2004
57. Jahn MR, Andreasen HB, Futterer S, Nawroth T, Schunemann V, Kolb U, Hofmeister W, Munoz M, Bock K, Meldal M, Langguth P: A comparative study of the physicochemical properties of iron isomaltoside 1000 (Monofer), a new intravenous iron preparation and its clinical implications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 78: 480-491, 2011
58. Duncan R, Gaspar R: Nanomedicine(s) under the microscope. Mol Pharm 8: 2101-2141, 2011
59. Pai AB, Nielsen JC, Kausz A, Miller P, Owen JS: Plasma pharmacokinetics of two consecutive doses of ferumoxytol in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 88: 237-242, 2010
60. Henderson PA, Hillman RS: Characteristics of iron dextran utilization in man. Blood 34: 357-375, 1969
61. Cabantchik ZI: Labile iron in cells and body fluids: Physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 5: 45, 2014
62. Pai AB, Boyd AV, McQuade CR, Harford A, Norenberg JP, Zager PG: Comparison of oxidative stress markers after intravenous administration of iron dextran, sodium ferric gluconate, and iron sucrose in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Pharmacotherapy 27: 343-350, 2007
63. Balakrishnan VS, Rao M, Kausz AT, Brenner L, Pereira BJ, Frigo TB, Lewis JM: Physicochemical properties of ferumoxytol, a new intravenous iron preparation. Eur J Clin Invest 39: 489-496, 2009
64. Zager RA, Johnson AC, Hanson SY, Wasse H: Parenteral iron formulations: A comparative toxicologic analysis and mechanisms of cell injury. Am J Kidney Dis 40: 90-103, 2002
65. Toblli JE, Cao G, Oliveri L, Angerosa M: Assessment of the extent of oxidative stress induced by intravenous ferumoxytol, ferric carboxymaltose, iron sucrose and iron dextran in a nonclinical model. Arzneimittelforschung 61: 399-410, 2011
66. Lim CS, Vaziri ND: The effects of iron dextran on the oxidative stress in cardiovascular tissues of rats with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 65: 1802-1809, 2004
67. Fishbane S, Mathew A, Vaziri ND: Iron toxicity: Relevance for dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29: 255-259, 2014
68. Johnson AC, Becker K, Zager RA: Parenteral iron formulations differentially affect MCP-1, HO-1, and NGAL gene expression and renal responses to injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 299: F426-F435, 2010
69. Gupta A, Zhuo J, Zha J, Reddy S, Olp J, Pai A: Effect of different intravenous iron preparations on lymphocyte intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and subpopulation survival. BMC Nephrol 11: 16, 2010
70. Parkkinen J, von Bonsdorff L, Peltonen S, Gronhagen-Riska C, Rosenlof K: Catalytically active iron and bacterial growth in serum of haemodialysis patients after i.v. iron-saccharate administration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15: 1827-1834, 2000
71. Barton Pai A, Pai MP, Depczynski J, McQuade CR, Mercier RC: Non-transferrin-bound iron is associated with enhanced Staphylococcus aureus growth in hemodialysis patients receiving intravenous iron sucrose. Am J Nephrol 26: 304-309, 2006
72. Macdougall IC, Bock AH, Carrera F, Eckardt KU, Gaillard C, Van Wyck D, Roubert B, Nolen JG, Roger SD; FIND-CKD Study Investigators: FIND-CKD: A randomized trial of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus oral iron in patients with chronic kidney disease and iron deficiency anaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29: 2075-2084, 2014
73. Feldman HI, Santanna J, Guo W, Furst H, Franklin E, Joffe M, Marcus S, Faich G: Iron administration and clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 13: 734-744, 2002
74. Feldman HI, Joffe M, Robinson B, Knauss J, Cizman B, Guo W, Franklin-Becker E, Faich G: Administration of parenteral iron and mortality among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 15: 1623-1632, 2004
75. Kaysen GA, Müller HG, Ding J, Chertow GM: Challenging the validity of the EPO index. Am J Kidney Dis 47: 166, 2006
76. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Regidor DL, McAllister CJ, Michael B, Warnock DG: Time-dependent associations between iron and mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 3070-3080, 2005
77. Kshirsagar AV, Freburger JK, Ellis AR, Wang L, Winkelmayer WC, Brookhart MA: Intravenous iron supplementation practices and short-term risk of cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients. PLoS ONE 8: e78930, 2013
78. Kuo KL, Hung SC, Lin YP, Tang CF, Lee TS, Lin CP, Tarng DC: Intravenous ferric chloride hexahydrate supplementation induced endothelial dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk among hemodialysis patients. PLoS ONE 7: e50295, 2012
79. Hoen B, Paul-Dauphin A, Hestin D, Kessler M: EPIBACDIAL: A multicenter prospective study of risk factors for bacteremia in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 869-876, 1998
80. Brookhart MA, Freburger JK, Ellis AR, Wang L, Winkelmayer WC, Kshirsagar AV: Infection risk with bolus versus maintenance iron supplementation in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 24: 1151-1158, 2013
81. Kliger AS, Foley RN, Goldfarb DS, Goldstein SL, Johansen K, Singh A, Szczech L: KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Anemia in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 62: 849-859, 2013
82. Kuo KL, Hung SC, Wei YH, Tarng DC: Intravenous iron exacerbates oxidative DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 1817-1826, 2008
83. Chertow GM, Mason PD, Vaage-Nilsen O, Ahlmen J: Update on adverse drug events associated with parenteral iron. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 378-382, 2006
84. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Morgan J, Barré PE, Campbell P, Cartier P, Coyle D, Fine A, Handa P, Kingma I, Lau CY, Levin A, Mendelssohn D, Muirhead N, Murphy B, Plante RK, Posen G, Wells GA: Effect of hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients with asymptomatic cardiomyopathy. Kidney Int 58: 1325-1335, 2000
85. Charytan C, Bernardo MV, Koch TA, Butcher A, Morris D, Bregman DB: Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus standard medical care in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized, active-controlled, multi-center study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28: 953-964, 2013
86. Renal Network of the Upper Midwest Inc: Elab 2011 National and Trend Report, Saint Paul, MN, Renal Network of the Upper Midwest Inc, 2011
87. Auerbach M, Winchester J, Wahab A, Richards K, McGinley M, Hall F, Anderson J, Briefel G: A randomized trial of three iron dextran infusion methods for anemia in EPO-treated dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 31: 81-86, 1998
88. Rodgers GM, Auerbach M, Cella D, Chertow GM, Coyne DW, Glaspy JA, Henry DH: High-molecular weight iron dextran: A wolf in sheep's clothing? J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 833-834, 2008
89. Auerbach M, Ballard H: Clinical use of intravenous iron: Administration, efficacy, and safety. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010: 338-347, 2010
90. Folkert VW, Michael B, Agarwal R, Coyne DW, Dahl N, Myirski P, Warnock DG; Ferrlecit Publication Committee: Chronic use of sodium ferric gluconate complex in hemodialysis patients: Safety of higher-dose (> or =250 mg) administration. Am J Kidney Dis 41: 651-657, 2003
91. Hollands JM, Foote EF, Rodriguez A, Rothschild J, Young S: Safety of high-dose iron sucrose infusion in hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm 63: 731-734, 2006
92. Macdougall IC, Strauss WE, McLaughlin J, Li Z, Dellanna F, Hertel J: A randomized comparison of ferumoxytol and iron sucrose for treating iron deficiency anemia in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 705-712, 2014
93. Schiller B, Bhat P, Sharma A: Safety and effectiveness of ferumoxytol in hemodialysis patients at 3 dialysis chains in the United States over a 12-month period. Clin Ther 36: 70-83, 2014
94. Onken JE, Bregman DB, Harrington RA, Morris D, Buerkert J, Hamerski D, Iftikhar H, Mangoo-Karim R, Martin ER, Martinez CO, Newman GE, Qunibi WY, Ross DL, Singh B, Smith MT, Butcher A, Koch TA, Goodnough LT: Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron-deficiency anemia and impaired renal function: The REPAIR-IDA trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29: 833-842, 2014